2. SPONTANEOUS REPORTING
Unsolicated Pt, Pc, HCP NPP, UMC, PCC
Communication
PURPOSE
To provide EARLY WARNING SIGNAL of previously
unrecognized drug toxicity.
ADR
3. SPONTANEOUS REPORTING
SCHEME
Health professional who are willing to
participate
Simplicity in submission of report
Prompt entry of reports onto a data base
Follow up of serious reports
Analytical tools detect signals
Process for dealing with the signals
Feed back of reporters
4. Pros
1.Covers the whole population Includes all
medicines
2.Continual monitoring throughout life- cycle of a
medicine
3.Detects signals of new, rare or serious ADRs
4.Most commonly used method & Easiest method
to establish
5.Relatively inexpensive
5. Cons
Inherent under-reporting
Captures only suspected ADRs
Reporting bias-e.g. Seriousness, severity New
medicine. Advertising of product, Publicity of
specific ADR
Difficult to detect delayed ADRs & ADRs
with high background incidence
6. Case series
A series of case-reports can deliver signs of an
association between a medicine and an adverse
event, but they are normally more valuable for
producing theories than for confirming a
relationship between medicine exposure and
outcome.
7. ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE
It pursues to determine the particular number
of adverse events through a constant pre-
organized process.
Method :- Follow up of pt who treated with a
drug is important.
Pt who fill prescription for a drug may be
asked to fill or complete a survey & give
permission to contact later.
8. SENTINEL SITES
Sentinel- an indicator of the presence of disease.
Active surveillance can be attained by revising
medical records or questioning patients and/or
physicians in a section of sentinel sites to
guarantee that comprehensive and precise data
on reported adverse events are collected from
these sites.
LIMITATIONS
Small no.of patient
augmented cost
9. DRUG EVENT REPORTING
i) Medicine event monitoring
This is a process of active Pharmacovigilance surveillance.
Studies using this process are cohort-based and prospective and
observational.
For medication event monitoring, patients can be acknowledged from
electronic or automated health insurance claims.
A single prescription or a series might be composed over the period of
monitoring.
A follow-up questionnaire can then be sent to each prescribing physician
or patient at pre-specified intervals to acquire outcome data.
Requests for data on patient demographics, indication for treatment,
duration of therapy, dosage, clinical events, reasons for termination
and applicable past history can be involved in the questionnaires.
Limitations- the poor physician and patient reply rates.
10. Cohort Event monitoring
A prospective, longitudnal observational study for
defined group of patient to identify ADR associated
with one or more monitored medicines.
Pt on specific drug initially recruited
clinical visit, home visit, phone call
Questionnaire fill at initial & post treatment
complete follow up is taken
11. It records all clinical even not just suspected .
PROS
Early detection of signals of unsuspected ADR
Near complete profile of AE/ADR for medicine
of interest.
Assessment of risk & identification of risk
factors.
Drug comparision
Preganancy outcome
Death recorded
12. Cohort Event monitoring
CONS
More labour intensive than SR
More costly
New to health professionals & PV centres.
Training requires.
13. Registries
A registry is a list of patients presenting with the identical
representative(s).
This representative can be a disease (disease registry) or a
specific exposure (medicine registry).
Disease registries, such as registries for blood dyscrasias, severe
cutaneous reactions, or congenital malformations can help to
gather data on medicine exposure and other factors related to a
clinical condition.
Exposure (medicine) registries address populations exposed to
the medicines of interest to govern if a medicine has a distinct
influence on this group of patients. Some exposure (medicine)
registries address drug exposures in specific populations, such
as pregnant women.
14. ACTIVE SURVELLIANCE PASSIVE SURVELLIANCE
Data is actively collected Data is passively collected
Health system staff goes to the patients
to gather data
Data itself reported to health system
Ex:- health worker goes house to house
to detect fever cases & collect blood
samples
Ex:- pt’s coming to PHC, CHC, Private
practioners etc..
Mostly used when disease is targeted for
elimination or eradication
Mostly used when disease is targeted for
control.
Includes mainly NVBDCP & NLEP Includes most of the National Health
Programs in India.
More expensive Less expensive
Diseases :- Poliomyelitis, leprosy,
neonatal tetanus.
Diseases:- Diptheria, Hepatitis B,
Mumps.
15. COMPARITIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
1. COHORT STUDIES
Group of people with defined characteristics who are followed up
to determine incidence of, or mortality from, some specific
diseases, all causes of death or some other outcome.
OBJECTIVE
Incidence
Natural history
Cause
Prognosis
16. TYPES OF COHORT STUDIES
PROSPECTIVE
A group of people chosen who do not have the outcome of
interest.
Investigator measure variety variables that might be relevant to
the development of the condition.
Over a period of time people in this sample are observed
whether they develop outcome of interest.
In single cohort----people who do not develop outcome of
Interest consider Internal control.
17. RETROSPECTIVE
These use data collected for other purposes.
Methodology remains same.
Study performed Posthoc
The study period may be many years but the time to
complete the study is only as long as it take to collect &
analyze the data.
Cheaper & Quicker.
18. Cohort study design
Population
selected sample
Variable + Variable -
Condition
develops
Condition does
not develop
Condition
develops
Condition does
not develop
19. PROS
Gather data regarding sequence of events, can assess causality.
Examine multiple outcomes for a given explorer.
Good for investigating rare exposure
Can calculate rate of disease in exposed & unexposed individuals
over time.
CONS
Large number of subjects are required to study rare exposure.