For educational purposes only

1. POPULATION THEORIES
MALTHUSIAN BOSERUPIAN RICARDIAN CORNUCOPIAN

2. THOMAS MALTHUS
The Malthusian theory, developed by
Thomas Robert Malthus in the late 18th and
early 19th centuries, states that population
growth will eventually outpace the growth of
food production, leading to wide- spread
poverty and starvation.

3. THOMAS MALTHUS
• Thomas Robert Malthus set out His view
about population. His famous book
“ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
POPULATION”
• Follow of Law Diminishing
• He view the rapid increases of population
depended by the law of diminishing food
supply.
• Malthusian Trap

4. THOMAS MALTHUS
CLASSICAL CONCEPT
The Malthusian Theory explains the
relationship between the population Growth
and food supply. He stated that the
population increases faster than the supply
of food.

5. THOMAS MALTHUS
Theory of Malthus
• Food is necessary for human existence
• Human population tends to grow faster
than in the earth to Produce subsistence.
• The effects of these two unequal powers
must be kept equal.
• Since human tends to not to limit their
population size voluntarily “PREVENTIVE
CHECKS” in Malthus theory.

6. THOMAS MALTHUS
CRITICISMS:
The Malthus Theory was widely discussed
and criticized during 19th and 20th century.
• The concept of Mathematician form was wrong. He
did not prove the relation between arithmetic and
geometric progression.
• Land is limited but technological advancement
increases the food production.

7. THOMAS MALTHUS
CRITICISMS:
The Malthus Theory was widely discussed
and criticized during 19th and 20th century.
• Malthus did not clear distinguish between fecundity
and fertility.
• Malthus did not success in connecting both positive
checks and preventive checks
• He neglected man power if population growth is high
the man power will be high.

8. ESTER BOSERUP
Boserup is known for her theory of
agricultural intensification, also known
as Boserup's theory, which posits that
population change drives the intensity of
agricultural production.
Boserup argues that population
growth is independent of food and that
population increase is a cause of changes
in agriculture.

9. ESTER BOSERUP
According to Malthusian Theory, the
size and growth of the population depend
on the food supply and agricultural
methods. In Boserup's theory, agricultural
methods depend on the size of the
population.

10. ESTER BOSERUP
MALTHUS THEORY BOSERUP THEORY

11. David Ricardo
Ricardian economics are the economic
theories of David Ricardo, an
English political economist born in 1772
who made a fortune as a stockbroker and
loan broker.
Ricardo is known for his Essay on the
Influence of a Low Price of Corn on the
Profits of Stock is the Law of Diminishing
Returns.

12. David Ricardo
RICARDIAN EQUIVALENCE
is an economic theory that says
that financing government spending out of
current taxes or future taxes (and current
deficits) will have equivalent effects on the
overall economy.
Ricardian equivalence maintains that
government deficit spending is equivalent to
spending out of current taxes.

13. David Ricardo
RENTRICARDIAN THEORY
Rent is the payment made to landlord
for the use of land.
Rent is the portion of the produce of the earth
which is paid to landlord for the use of the
original and indestructible powers of the soil.

14. David Ricardo
ASSUMPTION
1. Rent of land arises due to the
differences in fertility.
2. Ricardo assumes the operation of the law of
diminishing marginal returns in the case of the
cultivation of land.
3. Ricardo looks at the supply of land from the
standpoint of society as a whole.
4. In the Ricardian theory it is assumed that land,
being a gift of nature, has no supply price and no cost
of production.

15. David Ricardo
RICARDIAN THEORY OF TRADE
Ricardo David developed this international
trade theory based in comparative
advantage and specialization, two concepts
that broke with mercantilism that until then was
the ruling economic doctrine.

16. David Ricardo
Theory of comparative advantage
• suppose that this is the marginal cost data
for England and Portugal for the production
of wine and cloth.
England Portugal
wine 8 2
cloth 4 2
MARGINAL COST

17. David Ricardo
• Suppose that Portugal decided to
devote 70% of its resources to the
production of wine, with the
remaining 30% use to produce cloth.
W=70/2=35
C =30/2 =15
• World output of wine has increased
from 31.25 to 35, and cloth output
has risen from 37.5 to 40

18. David Ricardo
Although Portugal has an Absolute advantage
in the production of both goods, both countries
could benefits from trade.
-Wine is relatively less costly in Portugal
• Portugal has a comparative advantage in
wine
-Cloth is relatively less costly in England
• England has a comparative advantage in
cloth

19. Frank J Tipler
Creator of the Cornucopian theory -
Frank J Tipler
• Wrote the book
- The physics of immortality
• Claims to have existence of life after
death called the
‘’ Omega point’’

20. Frank J Tipler
CORNUCOPIAN
A cornucopian is someone who believes that
continued progress and provision of material items for
mankind can be met by advances In technology.
• They believe that there is enough matter and energy
on the earth to support the peaking growth of the
population which is estimated to be about nine million
in 2050. looking further into the future they believe
that outer- space will give humanity almost unlimited
room for growth.
• There is no historical evidence that society will run out
of resources.

21. Frank J Tipler
CORNUCOPIAN
• General agreement that large families and growing
population are highly desirable.
• Such opinions have been expressed by religious
leaders because large families theoretically contribute
more adherents ( supporters, believers) to the faith.
• Large numbers of adherents make religion both socially
and politically powerful

22. Frank J Tipler
• Many people have faith in the human ability to find
Technological innovation that will produce increases in
earths carrying capacity - People who believe this are
called cornucopian’s.
• They would point to agricultural and industrial
revolution, which led to unprecedented (never done
before) increase in world population.
• Cornucopians would suggest the nature of the next
revolution is IMPOSSIBLE to predict.
• They would say that the next revolution would have to
solve the most serious threats we face.

23. AZASSU!