The document analyzes how Beijing's urban heat island (UHI) is affected by meteorological conditions like precipitation, cloud cover, and humidity during the Chinese New Year holiday period. It finds that UHI intensity is strongest on non-precipitating, clear, and low humidity days. It also finds that excluding days with precipitation, high cloud cover, or high humidity, the average UHI during the holiday week is 0.76°C lower than the background period, indicating population movement impacts are more detectable under favorable meteorological conditions. The study suggests better understanding how population movements globally affect anthropogenic climate change.
Changes of Temperature Field in Storms Under Influence of Cold SurgeAI Publications
This study goal is to explore changes of the temperature field during storms operating in the East Sea under the influence of cold air over time. Studies on wave–current interaction have focused mainly on tropical cyclones, while less attention has been paid to other weather systems (Gong et al, 2018). Strong winds in coastal areas can cause dramatic changes in water level and currents, which influence wave height and direction, thereby increasing hazardous conditions (Sun et al, 2018). Wave parameters in the outer region of the typhoon are more sensitive to the current but less sensitive to the water elevation than those in the inner region of the typhoon (Hsiao et al, 2020). The results show that the temperature field in the storm under the influence of cold air has an asymmetrical distribution around the center.
An Empirical Study of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Environment Quality...ijceronline
This paper attempts to examine the determinants of environmental degradation within the framework of Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using China's city-level panel data from 2003 to 2012. The population agglomeration as well as three types of cities such as municipalities, sub-provincial city and prefecture-level city are considered in our paper. Our empirical results with the whole sample data verified the theory of the EKC hypothesis, which shows a reverse "U" shape between economic growth and environmental pollution. In addition, the effect of population on environmental pollution is quite different among the various types of cities. The results of this study can serve as a useful reference for policy makers in terms of achieving economic and environmental sustainability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Changes of Temperature Field in Storms Under Influence of Cold SurgeAI Publications
This study goal is to explore changes of the temperature field during storms operating in the East Sea under the influence of cold air over time. Studies on wave–current interaction have focused mainly on tropical cyclones, while less attention has been paid to other weather systems (Gong et al, 2018). Strong winds in coastal areas can cause dramatic changes in water level and currents, which influence wave height and direction, thereby increasing hazardous conditions (Sun et al, 2018). Wave parameters in the outer region of the typhoon are more sensitive to the current but less sensitive to the water elevation than those in the inner region of the typhoon (Hsiao et al, 2020). The results show that the temperature field in the storm under the influence of cold air has an asymmetrical distribution around the center.
An Empirical Study of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for Environment Quality...ijceronline
This paper attempts to examine the determinants of environmental degradation within the framework of Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using China's city-level panel data from 2003 to 2012. The population agglomeration as well as three types of cities such as municipalities, sub-provincial city and prefecture-level city are considered in our paper. Our empirical results with the whole sample data verified the theory of the EKC hypothesis, which shows a reverse "U" shape between economic growth and environmental pollution. In addition, the effect of population on environmental pollution is quite different among the various types of cities. The results of this study can serve as a useful reference for policy makers in terms of achieving economic and environmental sustainability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Relationship between Surface Soil Moisture with Real Evaporation and Pote...IJEAB
The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between surface Soil Moisture (SSM) of both Real Evaporation (E) and surface Potential Evaporation (SPE) for thirty years during the period of (1985-2014) for the eight stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul, Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, Nukhayib, Basrah) in Iraq, from (NOAA) and taking advantage of some statistics such as the Simple Linear Regression (SLR) and the Spearman Rho test. Calculated the monthly average for Soil Moisture, Real Evaporation and Potential Evaporation, and found to increase the values of SPE in hot months and decreased in cold months while opposite to SM There was a strong inverse relationship between them, where the correlation coefficient was in Sulaymaniya -0.91, in Mosul -0.89, in the Rutba -0.92, in Tikrit -0.89, in Baghdad -0.89, in Nukhayib -0.89, in Kut -0.87, and in Basrah -0.83, and there is a high correlation in stations (Basrah, Kut, Nukhayib, and Rutba), while there is an average correlation in the stations (Baghdad and Tikrit), and there is low correlation in the stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul), we also note an inverse correlation between RE and PE, where there is a low correlation in Sulaymaniya and medium correlation in the Mosul and Rutba stations, and there is a high correlation in the stations (Tikrit, Baghdad, Nukhayib, Kut, and Basrah).
Recovery Period of Fluvial Sediment Transport after a Major Earthquake by Guan-Wei Lin* and Hsien-Li Kuo in Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
Analysis of Trend and Variability of Temperature in Ebonyi State, South-easte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Temperature being one of the indicators of climate change has become one of the most important discussions of recent times. Changes in temperature influence a variety of processes directly or indirectly which cut across every aspect of man existences. This paper therefore examined the trend in temperature as tools of climate change over Ebonyi State, SouthEastern Nigeria, which is an area well known for crop agriculture. Temperature data covering a period of 31 years (1984-2015) were collected and analyzed using mean, moving average, standard deviation coefficient of variation and linear regression. Result revealed that there is a positive trend in temperature over the study period and that the area is getting warmer by 0.0037 o c annually, which is an Indication that Ebonyi State is experiencing a rise in air surface temperature. Since most of the inhabitants are dependent on economic activities that are temperature sensitive like farming, the study therefore recommends that measures should be taken by all stakeholders including the government, individuals and cooperate bodies to take the issue of climate variability serious in the study area in order to mitigate its impact in the long run.
Analysis of rainfall intensity of kunigal taluk, tumkur district, karnataka u...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Geosystem Approach: El Nino Southern Oscillation EffectsKamlesh Kumar
Earth system as a whole is very complex and dynamic, for that matter we prepare models to represent the functioning linkages and processes for better understanding. However, the geo-systems can not be summed up in just one model. Hence, we use system analysis approach, if we see Earth as a giant system, there're many sub-systems for better comprehension representing only a particular component of the system.
Here, I've tried to cover the geo-system approach siting a globe affecting example of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena.
Geo-Environmental Impact Assessment of Urbanization on Top Soil in Okene Metr...Premier Publishers
The impact of urbanization on top soil within Okene metropolis was evaluated using geochemical mapping tools. Methods of investigation involved urban studies, sampling, standard laboratory analyses and data evaluation. A total of one hundred and twenty-four (124) composite soil samples were systematically collected from different regions of the metropolis. Heavy metals composition of the soil samples was determined using Energy Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF). The mean concentrations of Cu (153.84 ppm), Fe (78680.70 ppm), Ni (163.84 ppm) and Zn (476.50 ppm) contents in the urban soil are higher than maximum allowable limit for agricultural and residential standards. As (5.47 ppm), Cd (0.91 ppm) and Cr (44.00 ppm) are within the allowable limits, while Pb was found at its threshold of 100.00 ppm. The pairs of As and Pb (r = 0.938), Fe and Cr (r = 0.685), and Ni and Cu (r = 0.689) was observed to be governed by similarity in origins, lithologic processes and anthropogenic activities. Based on soil pollution index, 85.48% of the top soil in Okene metropolis is polluted at varying degrees. Soil within Okene central, Ogaminana, and the nucleated parts between Adavi-Eba and Agassa regions are highly impacted. These areas have relatively higher population density, ineffective sanitary system, poor wastes management services and higher level of urbanization activities. Awareness on consequences of polluted environments should be made public. Systematic remediation of the urban soil by suitable means is recommended.
Stormwater Quality Characteristics and Reuse Analysis of Different Underlying Surfaces at Wanzhou North Station
Projected Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Relationships under Climate Change: A Case Study Thane City
Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Geological Origin of Building Fracturation in Agadez City (North Niger)
Quantum Biophysics of the Atmosphere: Asymmetric Wavelets of the Average Annual Air Temperature of Irkutsk for 1820-2019
Vegetation Changes in Alberta Oil Sands, Canada, Based on Remotely Sensed Data from 1995 to 2020
● Assemble of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Based on Locally Available Natural Dye
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/469
● Climatology of Energetics of Cyclones over Indian Seas
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/266
● Cogeneration Potential in the Industrial Sector and Gas Emission Reduction: A Case Study
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/419
● Design Scheme of Electric Lifting Workbench for Maintenance of Aerometer in Observation Field
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/443
● Moderate Geomagnetic Storm Condition, WAAS Alerts and real GPS Positioning Quality
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Development of an Integrated Urban Heat Island Simulation ToolSryahwa Publications
Urban heat island (UHI) effect is quite common in megacities due to the built-up area and reduced greenery coverage of land surface, which highly affect urban livability. An integrated urban heat island simulation tool is developed by accounting for major heat sources and heat sinks in selected area of interest, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Relationship between Surface Soil Moisture with Real Evaporation and Pote...IJEAB
The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between surface Soil Moisture (SSM) of both Real Evaporation (E) and surface Potential Evaporation (SPE) for thirty years during the period of (1985-2014) for the eight stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul, Tikrit, Baghdad, Rutba, Kut, Nukhayib, Basrah) in Iraq, from (NOAA) and taking advantage of some statistics such as the Simple Linear Regression (SLR) and the Spearman Rho test. Calculated the monthly average for Soil Moisture, Real Evaporation and Potential Evaporation, and found to increase the values of SPE in hot months and decreased in cold months while opposite to SM There was a strong inverse relationship between them, where the correlation coefficient was in Sulaymaniya -0.91, in Mosul -0.89, in the Rutba -0.92, in Tikrit -0.89, in Baghdad -0.89, in Nukhayib -0.89, in Kut -0.87, and in Basrah -0.83, and there is a high correlation in stations (Basrah, Kut, Nukhayib, and Rutba), while there is an average correlation in the stations (Baghdad and Tikrit), and there is low correlation in the stations (Sulaymaniya, Mosul), we also note an inverse correlation between RE and PE, where there is a low correlation in Sulaymaniya and medium correlation in the Mosul and Rutba stations, and there is a high correlation in the stations (Tikrit, Baghdad, Nukhayib, Kut, and Basrah).
Recovery Period of Fluvial Sediment Transport after a Major Earthquake by Guan-Wei Lin* and Hsien-Li Kuo in Advancements in Civil Engineering & Technology
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
Analysis of Trend and Variability of Temperature in Ebonyi State, South-easte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Temperature being one of the indicators of climate change has become one of the most important discussions of recent times. Changes in temperature influence a variety of processes directly or indirectly which cut across every aspect of man existences. This paper therefore examined the trend in temperature as tools of climate change over Ebonyi State, SouthEastern Nigeria, which is an area well known for crop agriculture. Temperature data covering a period of 31 years (1984-2015) were collected and analyzed using mean, moving average, standard deviation coefficient of variation and linear regression. Result revealed that there is a positive trend in temperature over the study period and that the area is getting warmer by 0.0037 o c annually, which is an Indication that Ebonyi State is experiencing a rise in air surface temperature. Since most of the inhabitants are dependent on economic activities that are temperature sensitive like farming, the study therefore recommends that measures should be taken by all stakeholders including the government, individuals and cooperate bodies to take the issue of climate variability serious in the study area in order to mitigate its impact in the long run.
Analysis of rainfall intensity of kunigal taluk, tumkur district, karnataka u...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Geosystem Approach: El Nino Southern Oscillation EffectsKamlesh Kumar
Earth system as a whole is very complex and dynamic, for that matter we prepare models to represent the functioning linkages and processes for better understanding. However, the geo-systems can not be summed up in just one model. Hence, we use system analysis approach, if we see Earth as a giant system, there're many sub-systems for better comprehension representing only a particular component of the system.
Here, I've tried to cover the geo-system approach siting a globe affecting example of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena.
Geo-Environmental Impact Assessment of Urbanization on Top Soil in Okene Metr...Premier Publishers
The impact of urbanization on top soil within Okene metropolis was evaluated using geochemical mapping tools. Methods of investigation involved urban studies, sampling, standard laboratory analyses and data evaluation. A total of one hundred and twenty-four (124) composite soil samples were systematically collected from different regions of the metropolis. Heavy metals composition of the soil samples was determined using Energy Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF). The mean concentrations of Cu (153.84 ppm), Fe (78680.70 ppm), Ni (163.84 ppm) and Zn (476.50 ppm) contents in the urban soil are higher than maximum allowable limit for agricultural and residential standards. As (5.47 ppm), Cd (0.91 ppm) and Cr (44.00 ppm) are within the allowable limits, while Pb was found at its threshold of 100.00 ppm. The pairs of As and Pb (r = 0.938), Fe and Cr (r = 0.685), and Ni and Cu (r = 0.689) was observed to be governed by similarity in origins, lithologic processes and anthropogenic activities. Based on soil pollution index, 85.48% of the top soil in Okene metropolis is polluted at varying degrees. Soil within Okene central, Ogaminana, and the nucleated parts between Adavi-Eba and Agassa regions are highly impacted. These areas have relatively higher population density, ineffective sanitary system, poor wastes management services and higher level of urbanization activities. Awareness on consequences of polluted environments should be made public. Systematic remediation of the urban soil by suitable means is recommended.
Stormwater Quality Characteristics and Reuse Analysis of Different Underlying Surfaces at Wanzhou North Station
Projected Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Relationships under Climate Change: A Case Study Thane City
Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Geological Origin of Building Fracturation in Agadez City (North Niger)
Quantum Biophysics of the Atmosphere: Asymmetric Wavelets of the Average Annual Air Temperature of Irkutsk for 1820-2019
Vegetation Changes in Alberta Oil Sands, Canada, Based on Remotely Sensed Data from 1995 to 2020
● Assemble of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Based on Locally Available Natural Dye
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/469
● Climatology of Energetics of Cyclones over Indian Seas
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/266
● Cogeneration Potential in the Industrial Sector and Gas Emission Reduction: A Case Study
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/419
● Design Scheme of Electric Lifting Workbench for Maintenance of Aerometer in Observation Field
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/443
● Moderate Geomagnetic Storm Condition, WAAS Alerts and real GPS Positioning Quality
https://ojs.bilpublishing.com/index.php/jasr/article/view/343
Development of an Integrated Urban Heat Island Simulation ToolSryahwa Publications
Urban heat island (UHI) effect is quite common in megacities due to the built-up area and reduced greenery coverage of land surface, which highly affect urban livability. An integrated urban heat island simulation tool is developed by accounting for major heat sources and heat sinks in selected area of interest, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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1. ORIGINAL PAPER
Assessing population movement impacts on urban heat island
of Beijing during the Chinese New Year holiday: effects
of meteorological conditions
Lingyun Wu1
& Jingyong Zhang2,3
Received: 12 April 2016 /Accepted: 16 January 2017
# Springer-Verlag Wien 2017
Abstract Chinese New Year (CNY), or Spring Festival, is the
most important of all festivals in China. We use daily obser-
vations to show that Beijing’s urban heat island (UHI) effects
largely depend on precipitation, cloud cover, and water vapor
but are insensitive to wind speed, during the CNY holiday
season. Non-precipitating, clear, and low humidity conditions
favor strong UHI effects. The CNY holiday, with some 3
billion journeys made, provides a living laboratory to explore
the role of population movements in the UHI phenomenon.
Averaged over the period 2004–2013, with the Olympic year
of 2008 excluded, Beijing’s UHI effects during the CNY week
decline by 0.48 °C relative to the background period (4 weeks
including 2 to 3 weeks before, and 2 to 3 weeks after, the CNY
week). With combined effects of precipitation, large cloud
cover, and high water vapor excluded, the UHI effects during
the CNY week averaged over the study period decline by
0.76 °C relative to the background period, significant at the
99% confidence level by Student’s t test. These results indi-
cate that the impacts of population movements can be more
easily detected when excluding unfavorable meteorological
conditions to the UHI. Population movements occur not only
during the CNY holiday, but also during all the time across the
globe. We suggest that better understanding the role of
population movements will offer new insight into anthropo-
genic climate modifications.
1 Introduction
Human society has entered an urban era, with the majority of
the world’s population dwelling in cities (UN DESA 2014).
The built-up environment, impervious surfaces formed of
man-made materials, and the heat released by human activities
tend to make urban areas warmer than their surroundings—a
phenomenon called the urban heat island (UHI) (Howard
1833; Oke 1982; Kalnay and Cai 2003; Grimm et al. 2008;
Rosenzweig et al. 2009; Oleson et al. 2011; Georgescu et al.
2013; Myhre et al. 2013). UHIs occur in almost all city areas
and can generate both beneficial and adverse impacts (Taha
1997; Bonan 2008; Ren et al. 2008; Weaver et al. 2009;
Stewart and Oke 2012; Wu and Yang 2013; Zhao et al.
2014; Bounoua et al. 2015; Sachindra et al. 2015). The UHI
intensity varies across and within cities, with time, and with
meteorological conditions, including precipitation, cloud, air
humidity, and wind (Arnfield 2003; Li et al. 2004; Zhou et al.
2004; Jin et al. 2005; Mahmood et al. 2014; Martin-Vide et al.
2015; Mirzaei 2015; Taha 2015).
Beijing, located in North China, is one of the most popu-
lous cities in the world. Beijing’s population is close to 22
million in 2015 and is projected to be 28 million by 2030
(UN DESA 2014). Spatial and temporal features of Beijing’s
UHI have been widely addressed in previous studies (Zhang
et al. 2002; Chu and Ren 2005; Ren et al. 2007; Miao et al.
2009; Yan et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2013). The UHI intensity
expressed as surface air temperature difference has been found
to be strongest in winter (Liu et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010;
Yang et al. 2013). However, little attention is paid to how
Beijing’s UHI changes with the meteorological conditions.
* Jingyong Zhang
zjy@mail.iap.ac.cn
1
State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric
Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of
Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100029, China
2
Center for Monsoon System Research, Institute of Atmospheric
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Theor Appl Climatol
DOI 10.1007/s00704-017-2043-7
2. In China, hundreds of millions of people leave the large
cities for their hometowns to celebrate the Chinese New Year
(CNY), and then return after the CNY holiday. The population
movements around the CNY, involving some 3 billion jour-
neys, represent the largest annual human migration event on
the planet. Several recent studies have detected significant
impacts of this mass human migration on the UHI effects
during the CNY holiday (Wu et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015;
Zhang and Wu 2015). However, how the effects of mass hu-
man migration on the UHI relate to meteorological conditions
remains a key unknown.
In this study, we investigate the dependence of Beijing’s
UHI on meteorological conditions and further explore the role
of meteorological conditions in assessing the impacts of mass
human migration on Beijing’s UHI during the CNY holiday.
We focus on the period 2004–2013 but exclude the Olympic
year of 2008 to avoid any possible effects of implemented
environmental control measures in this year.
2 Data and methods
The surface air temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, water
vapor, and wind speed data used in this study were obtained
from the China Meteorological Administration (http://data.
cma.cn/site/index.html). All the data were collected, quality
controlled, and processed by the National Meteorological
Information Center of the China Meteorological
Administration. The daily mean surface air temperature,
cloud cover, water vapor, and wind speed values were
produced by averaging measurements at 0200, 0800, 1400,
and 2000 LST.
The UHI intensity (ΔT) was calculated as daily mean sur-
face air temperature difference between urban (Turban) and
non-urban reference (Treference) stations.
ΔT ¼ Turban−Treference; ð1Þ
Urban areas of Beijing are mainly located on the southeast
plain of the city which occupies nearly 40% of the total area
and is surrounded by mountains on its northeast, north, and
west sides (Fig. 1). The urban station used in this study
[Beijing (39°48′N, 116°28′E)] is located in the southeastern
part of urban center, which is one of the most populous areas
of the city (Fig. 1). The non-urban reference station [Miyun
(40°23′N, 116°52′E)] is situated in the northeastern part of
Beijing, with a much lower population density (Yang 2015).
Miyun station has been used to represent non-urban or rural
areas in previous studies (Liu et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2013;
Zhang et al. 2015). The altitudes of Beijing and Miyun sta-
tions are 31.3 and 71.8 m, respectively. The Beijing and
Miyun stations both have no relocations in our study period
and are the only two national basic meteorological stations in
the plain areas of Beijing.
Since Beijing’s UHI effects and population movements
during the CNY holiday are both larger in recent years than
before, the study focuses on the period of 2004 to 2013, ex-
cluding 2008 to avoid any possible effects of environmental
control measures implemented in the Olympic year. The date
of the CNY is set according to the lunar calendar and falls
between 22 January and 18 February during the study period.
The CNY day is denoted as day(+1), the day before and after
as day(−1) and day(+2), and so on. The CNY week includes
7 days from CNY itself to 6 days after. In this paper, the CNY
week is referred to as week (+1), with 1 week before and after
being week(−1) and week(+2), and so on. The analysis covers
day(−21) to day(+28) or week(−3) to week(+4) for each study
year. In total, there are 441 days for the period of 2004–2013,
excluding the Olympic year of 2008. The background period
is defined as 2 to 3 weeks before and 2 to 3 weeks after the
CNY week [week(−3) to week(−2) and week(+3) to week(+
4)]. The dates of the CNY, the CNY week and the background
period are provided in Table 1. Precipitation and wind speed
data have no missing values for the analysis period. There are
the missing data for surface air temperature and water vapor
on the date of January 29, 2013 and cloud cover on the date of
February 23, 2011. We exclude the 2 days which are both
during the background period in all our analyses and use the
data for 439 days in total (Table 2).
3 Results
First, we examine differences in the ΔT between precipitating
days and non-precipitating days during the CNY holiday sea-
son (day(−21) to day(+28)), averaged over the study period
(i.e., 2004–2013, excluding the Olympic year of 2008). A
Fig. 1 Locations of Beijing and Miyun stations and the topography(m)
of Beijing. The three circles represent the second, fourth, and sixth Ring
Roads in Beijing. The red square denotes the urban center of Beijing
L. Wu, J. Zhang
3. precipitating day is defined as the one with the daily precipi-
tation amount at any one or both of urban and non-urban
reference stations meeting or exceeding 0.1 mm. There are
48 precipitating days and 391 non-precipitation days for the
whole study period (Table 2). The averaged ΔT is 1.07 °C on
precipitating days, which is 1.42 °C and 57% smaller than on
non-precipitating days in absolute and relative terms, respec-
tively. These results indicate that precipitation plays an impor-
tant role in influencing the UHI intensity during the CNY
holiday season.
We then analyze relationships of the ΔT to daily mean
cloud cover, water vapor, and wind speed averaged at urban
and non-urban reference stations during the CNY holiday sea-
son over the study period (Figs. 2, 3 and 4). Generally speak-
ing, the ΔT has close associations with cloud cover and water
vapor: it near-linearly decreases with increasing cloud cover
and water vapor (Figs. 2 and 3). For all years combined over
the study period, correlations of the ΔT with cloud cover and
water vapor are −0.55 and −0.46, respectively, both statistical-
ly significant at the 99% confidence level. For each year of the
study period, the associations of the ΔT with cloud cover and
water vapor are also generally strong, with the correlation
coefficients ranging from −0.27 to −0.73 and from −0.23 to
−0.63, respectively.
For all years combined, the correlation coefficients be-
tween the ΔTand wind speed during the CNY holiday season
are near zero (−0.03). For each year of the study period, the
correlation coefficients are generally very small, ranging from
−0.2 to 0.09 (Fig. 4). These results indicate that the association
of the UHI intensity with the wind speed is quite weak during
the CNY holiday season.
The strong dependence of the ΔTon cloud cover and water
vapor during the CNY holiday season also shows up in Fig. 5,
which examines the ΔT bins according to different meteoro-
logical conditions during the study period. Clearly, the ΔT
decreased with increasing cloud cover and water vapor during
the CNY holiday season. For 15% largest cloud cover (>85%)
and 15% highest water vapor (>3.7 hPa), the ΔT values are
1.12 and 1.26 °C, respectively. They are both much smaller
than the mean ΔTwhich is 2.34 °C. In contrast, the ΔTalmost
has no dependence on wind speed. It should be noted that the
higher altitude at the non-urban reference station than at the
urban station may result in the overestimation of Beijing’s
UHI intensity. Such an effect is expected to be limited regard-
ing a difference of about 40 m (~0.26 °C assuming the tem-
perature decreases with an increase of altitude at the lapse rate
of 0.65 °C per 100 m, Memon et al. 2011) and might be offset
by the effect of the urbanization development surrounding the
non-urban reference station.
The above results indicate that the ΔT strongly depends on
the meteorological conditions including precipitation, cloud
cover, and water vapor during the CNY holiday season. It is
Table 1 Dates of the Chinese New Year (CNY), the CNY week, and the background period during 2004–2013, with the Olympic year of 2008
excluded
Year CNY day CNY week Background period
(before the CNY week)
Background period
(after the CNY week)
2004 22 January 22–28 January 1–14 January 5–18 February
2005 9 February 9–15 February 19 January to 1 February 23 February to 8 March
2006 29 January 29 January to 4 February 8–21 January 12–25 February
2007 18 February 18–24 February 28 January to 10 February 4–17 March
2009 26 January 26 January to1 February 5–18 January 9–22 February
2010 14 February 14–20 February 24 January to 6 February 28 February to 13 March
2011 3 February 3–9 February 13–26 January 17 February to 2 March
2012 23 January 23–29 January 2–15 January 6–19 February
2013 10 February 10–16 February 20 January to 2 February 24 February to 9 March
Table 2 All days analyzed in the
study, precipitating days, large
cloud cover days (>85%), and
high water vapor days (>3.7 hpa)
during the whole study period, the
CNY weeks, and the background
period
Period All days Precipitating days Large cloud cover days High water vapor days
Study period 439 48 68 (15%) 68 (15%)
CNY weeks 63 4 5 6
Background period 250 30 32 41
A precipitating day is defined as the one with the daily precipitation amount at any one or both of urban and non-
urban reference stations meeting or exceeding 0.1 mm. Daily cloud cover and water vapor are averaged at urban
and non-urban reference stations. The background period is defined as 4 weeks, including 2 weeks before
[week(−3) to week(−2)] and after [week(+3) to week(+4)] the CNY week
Population movements and UHI
4. estimated that nearly half of Beijing’s urban population
returned their hometowns to celebrate the CNY in recent
years. Finally, we examine the role of meteorological condi-
tions in assessing the impacts of mass human migration on
Beijing’s UHI during the CNY holiday.
We compare the ΔT differences between the CNY week
and the background period in five cases: all days; precipitating
days excluded; large cloud cover (>85%) days excluded; high
water vapor (>3.7 hPa) days excluded; and precipitating days,
large cloud cover (>85%) days, and high water vapor
Fig. 3 Scatter plots and linear
regressions between the ΔT and
daily mean water vapor averaged
at urban and non-urban reference
stations during the CNY holiday
season [day(−21) to day(+28)] for
the period 2004–2013, with the
Olympic year of 2008 excluded.
The CNY day is denoted as day(+
1), while 1 day before and after
the CNY day as day(−1) and
day(+2), and so on
Fig. 2 Scatter plots and linear
regressions between the ΔT and
daily mean cloud cover averaged
at urban and non-urban reference
stations during the CNY holiday
season [day(−21) to day(+28)] for
the period 2004–2013, with the
Olympic year of 2008 excluded.
The CNY day is denoted as day(+
1), while 1 day before and after
the CNY day as day(−1) and
day(+2), and so on
L. Wu, J. Zhang
5. (>3.7 hPa) days excluded (Fig. 6). A total of 4, 5, and 6 days
during the CNY weeks and 30, 32, and 41 days during the
background period are excluded for precipitation, large cloud
cover, and high water vapor, respectively (Table 2). There are
11 days during the CNY weeks and 68 days during the back-
ground period excluded for all unfavorable meteorological
conditions including precipitation, large cloud cover, and high
water vapor. Since two or three events happened concurrently
on some days, the days excluded for all unfavorable
meteorological conditions are less than the sum of the days
excluded for precipitation, large cloud cover, and high water
vapor. Under all meteorological conditions (all days case), the
ΔT values in the CNY week and the background period are
2.07 and 2.55 °C, respectively. The ΔT decreases by 0.48 °C
in the CNY week relative to the background period, signifi-
cant at the 98% confidence level by Student’s t test. With
precipitating days, large cloud cover days and high water va-
por days excluded, the ΔT values decrease by 0.61, 0.60, and
Fig. 4 Scatter plots and linear
regressions between the ΔT and
daily mean wind speed averaged
at urban and non-urban reference
stations during the CNY holiday
season [day(−21) to day(+28)] for
the period 2004–2013, with the
Olympic year of 2008 excluded.
The CNY day is denoted as day(+
1), while 1 day before and after
the CNY day as day(−1) and
day(+2), and so on
Fig. 5 The ΔT binned according to cloud cover, water vapor, and wind
speed values during the CNY holiday season [day(−21) to day(+28)] for
the period 2004–2013, with the Olympic year of 2008 excluded. The
CNY day is denoted as day(+1), while 1 day before and after the CNY
day as day(−1) and day(+2), and so on. The data are partitioned into 10
ranges (X-axis) with 0–1, 1–15, and so on for cloud cover (%), 0–1, 1–1.6
and so on for water vapor (hpa), and 0–1.5, 1.5–1.7, and so on for wind
speed (m/s). No water vapor and wind speed values are larger than 10 hpa
and 10 m/s, respectively
Population movements and UHI
6. 0.65 °C in the CNY week relative to the background period,
respectively. These changes are all significant at the 99% con-
fidence level. They are 0.12 ~ 0.17 °C stronger than under all
meteorological conditions. With all unfavorable meteorologi-
cal conditions including precipitation, large cloud cover, and
high water vapor excluded, the ΔT decreases by 0.76 °C in the
CNY week relative to the background period, significant at
the 99% confidence level. This reduction is 0.28 °C and 58%
stronger than those under all meteorological conditions in rel-
ative and absolute terms, respectively.
4 Conclusions and discussion
CNYis the most important and ceremonious of all the Chinese
festivals and holidays. The present study shows that Beijing’s
UHI effects depend strongly on meteorological conditions in-
cluding precipitation, cloud cover, and water vapor during the
CNY holiday season. The UHI effects are much weaker on
precipitating days than on non-precipitating days and near-
linearly decrease with increasing cloud cover and water vapor.
We further examine the role of mass human migration in
the UHI phenomenon under different meteorological condi-
tions. ΔT in the CNY week decreases by 0.48 °C relative to
the background period under all meteorological conditions.
When excluding precipitation days, large cloud cover days,
and high water vapor days, the ΔT reductions in the CNY
week are 0.61, 0.60, and 0.65 °C, respectively. These changes
are all stronger than that under all meteorological conditions.
The ΔT difference between the CNY week and the back-
ground period is −0.76 °C when excluding all unfavorable
meteorological conditions including precipitation, large cloud
cover, and high water vapor, representing 0.28 °C and 58%
reductions in absolute and relative terms compared with those
under all meteorological conditions.
Previous several studies provided observational evidence
for the impacts of population movements on the UHI (Wu
et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2015; Zhang and Wu 2015). In this
study, we take Beijing as an example to show that the role of
population movements can be more easily detected when tak-
ing meteorological conditions into consideration.
Meanwhile, there are some limitations of this study that
should be recognized. Since Beijing and many other regions
in China have experienced rapid urbanization since the 1980s,
it is very difficult to select corresponding rural stations in
studies of UHI effects for China’s big cities. Miyun station
used as the non-urban reference station also experienced some
urbanization development in our study period though it is
about 70 km away from the downtown Beijing, bringing some
uncertainties to estimated UHI intensity. In addition, the alti-
tude of Miyun station is about 40 m higher than that of Beijing
station and may also bias our estimates. The biases caused by
the urbanization development and the higher altitude of
Miyun station may offset each other to some degree.
A dense automatic weather station network has been devel-
oped in Beijing and can provide hourly meteorological data.
Yang et al. (2013) selected 8 non-urban reference stations
from 185 automatic weather stations based on a strictly de-
fined standard (Ren and Ren 2011), and further provided de-
tailed spatial and temporal features of Beijing’s UHI for the
period of 2007–2010. In future, to further our understanding
of the role of meteorological conditions for Beijing’s UHI and
its response to mass human migration during the CNY holi-
day, observational data from dense automatic weather stations
should be used, and more representative non-urban reference
stations should be selected following the methods in Yang
et al. (2013) and other studies.
Our results indicate that taking the impacts of meteorolog-
ical conditions into account helps to better identify the role of
population movements in the urban climate during the CNY
holiday. Some factors such as firework and firecrackers can
Fig. 6 Mean UHI effects (ΔT) during the background period (left-hand
bars) and the CNY week (right-hand bars), and the mean UHI difference
(line), between the CNY week and the background period (ΔUHI: CNY
week minus background period) averaged over the period 2004–2013,
with the Olympic year of 2008 excluded. The CNY week is denoted as
week(+1), while 1 week before and after the CNY week as week(−1) and
week(+2), and so on. The background period is defined as 4 weeks,
including 2 weeks before [week(−3) to week(−2)] and after [week(+3)
to week(+4)] the CNY week
L. Wu, J. Zhang
7. cause some uncertainties on our estimates of the population
movement impacts on Beijing’s UHI during the CNY holiday
that are subject to further investigation. Population move-
ments occur anytime and worldwide, and their impacts on
climate at a variety of temporal and spatial scales should be
further addressed to advance our understanding of anthropo-
genic climate modifications (Zhang and Wu 2016).
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41675085,41275089 and
41305071).
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