The Greek civilization originated in Greece between 800 BCE to 338 BCE. It was comprised of independent city-states called polis, with Athens and Sparta being the two most powerful. The Greeks made many contributions to science, architecture, drama, philosophy and more. Their legacy has had a lasting influence on Western civilization.
1) Ancient Greece was a highly influential civilization that reached its peak from 500-336 BCE during the Classical Period.
2) The government was comprised of independent city-states, with Athens known for establishing the first democracy and Sparta renowned for its militaristic culture.
3) In addition to influential philosophy and science, Greece was also known for its elaborate mythology and sculptures that were foundational to Western culture.
Brief history of Ancient Greece 3650 BC to 146 BC. It includes the early civilizations, the Greek dark ages, Archaic Greece, Classical Greece and Hellenistic Greece.
- The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations through the Hellenistic period. It discusses political systems like monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies, and democracy. It also mentions important figures like Alexander the Great, Aristotle, and key battles against Persia.
Over 100 students from across Europe are traveling together to learn about their shared cultural heritage by exploring ancient Greek history and mythology. Their journey begins in Colchis, following the story of the Argonauts. The document then describes in three parts how the Argonauts reached Colchis, facing challenges like cursed women on Lemnos island and battling giants. It provides background on Colchis, and discusses the myth of Prometheus in Greek culture and Plato's retelling of the myth. Finally, it defines the polis as the basic structure of ancient Greek communities and the origins of democracy within the polis.
Pericles, and the golden age of athens 1213 copymloret
The document discusses the Persian Wars between Greek city-states led by Athens and Sparta and the Persian Empire under rulers Darius I and Xerxes I. It summarizes the outcomes of key battles including the Greeks victories over the Persians at Marathon, the Spartan delaying of the Persians at Thermopylae, and the Greek naval victory at Salamis which marked a turning point in the wars.
The document provides background information on Athens and Sparta, the two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece. It describes that Athens emerged as a democracy under Solon and Cleisthenes, while Sparta developed a powerful military culture dominated by its warrior class. The cultures and governments of Athens and Sparta are contrasted, with Athens prioritizing education, the arts, and democracy, whereas Sparta was focused on military training from a young age and maintaining a subservient lower class.
The document provides an overview of the Persian Wars between Greece and the Persian Empire. It describes how the Spartans and 300 soldiers held off the massive Persian invasion force at the Battle of Thermopylae. It then discusses how the Athenians, following the advice of Themistocles, evacuated the city by sea and defeated the Persian navy at the Battle of Salamis. This victory ended the Persian threat and allowed the Greek city-states to gain freedom and confidence. Athens in particular entered a Golden Age of cultural and intellectual achievement under the leadership of Pericles.
The Greek civilization originated in Greece between 800 BCE to 338 BCE. It was comprised of independent city-states called polis, with Athens and Sparta being the two most powerful. The Greeks made many contributions to science, architecture, drama, philosophy and more. Their legacy has had a lasting influence on Western civilization.
1) Ancient Greece was a highly influential civilization that reached its peak from 500-336 BCE during the Classical Period.
2) The government was comprised of independent city-states, with Athens known for establishing the first democracy and Sparta renowned for its militaristic culture.
3) In addition to influential philosophy and science, Greece was also known for its elaborate mythology and sculptures that were foundational to Western culture.
Brief history of Ancient Greece 3650 BC to 146 BC. It includes the early civilizations, the Greek dark ages, Archaic Greece, Classical Greece and Hellenistic Greece.
- The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations through the Hellenistic period. It discusses political systems like monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies, and democracy. It also mentions important figures like Alexander the Great, Aristotle, and key battles against Persia.
Over 100 students from across Europe are traveling together to learn about their shared cultural heritage by exploring ancient Greek history and mythology. Their journey begins in Colchis, following the story of the Argonauts. The document then describes in three parts how the Argonauts reached Colchis, facing challenges like cursed women on Lemnos island and battling giants. It provides background on Colchis, and discusses the myth of Prometheus in Greek culture and Plato's retelling of the myth. Finally, it defines the polis as the basic structure of ancient Greek communities and the origins of democracy within the polis.
Pericles, and the golden age of athens 1213 copymloret
The document discusses the Persian Wars between Greek city-states led by Athens and Sparta and the Persian Empire under rulers Darius I and Xerxes I. It summarizes the outcomes of key battles including the Greeks victories over the Persians at Marathon, the Spartan delaying of the Persians at Thermopylae, and the Greek naval victory at Salamis which marked a turning point in the wars.
The document provides background information on Athens and Sparta, the two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece. It describes that Athens emerged as a democracy under Solon and Cleisthenes, while Sparta developed a powerful military culture dominated by its warrior class. The cultures and governments of Athens and Sparta are contrasted, with Athens prioritizing education, the arts, and democracy, whereas Sparta was focused on military training from a young age and maintaining a subservient lower class.
The document provides an overview of the Persian Wars between Greece and the Persian Empire. It describes how the Spartans and 300 soldiers held off the massive Persian invasion force at the Battle of Thermopylae. It then discusses how the Athenians, following the advice of Themistocles, evacuated the city by sea and defeated the Persian navy at the Battle of Salamis. This victory ended the Persian threat and allowed the Greek city-states to gain freedom and confidence. Athens in particular entered a Golden Age of cultural and intellectual achievement under the leadership of Pericles.
The ancient Greeks developed a highly advanced civilization around 4,000 years ago. They invented democracy, theater, and the Olympics. Two early civilizations that influenced Greek culture were the Minoans on Crete and the Mycenaeans on the Greek peninsula. During the Greek Dark Ages, the Dorians invaded and Greek culture declined until the rise of independent city-states like Athens and Sparta. Athens was known for its arts and sciences while Sparta focused on military strength.
Greek civilization developed in city-states along the coast of the Aegean Sea. Two major city-states were Athens and Sparta, which developed differently. Athens was a center of art, philosophy, and democracy, with structures like the Parthenon and an emphasis on beauty. Sparta focused more on military strength. Greek culture included epics like the Iliad and Odyssey, dramas, philosophy, and athletic competitions like the original Olympic Games. This document provides background on the geography, mythology, architecture, government, arts, and thinkers of ancient Greek civilization.
The ancient Greek society was organized around agriculture, with wheat, vineyards and olives being the primary crops. Trade, especially by sea, was also important economically. Society was divided into two main social classes - free people like citizens and non-citizens, and slaves. Citizens, especially in Athens, had political rights and responsibilities like paying taxes and military service. Women and foreigners had fewer rights. Religion was polytheistic, with major gods like Zeus, Hera, Poseidon and others living on Mount Olympus. Greek culture flourished with advances in philosophy, science, literature and theater.
The document provides information about daily life and government in ancient Athens and Sparta. It also discusses the Olympic Games, the life and empire of Alexander the Great, and includes a bibliography citing additional sources. Some key details include: in Athens, women stayed at home while men participated in politics and war; Athens had a democratic government while Sparta was ruled by two kings; Spartan boys and girls were trained from a young age to be soldiers; the Olympic Games began in 776 BC and were held every four years in honor of Zeus.
1. Ancient Greece was made up of four major ethnic groups - the Doric, Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ionians. City-states called poleis were the basic political units, each with their own constitution.
2. Athenian democracy developed under the reforms of Cleisthenes, but citizenship was limited to free adult men with slavery widespread. Athens had 30,000 citizens compared to 200,000 non-citizens.
3. The Olympian gods led by Zeus emerged victorious in myths over the Titans and other predecessors to establish the dominant pantheon and worldview centered on humanity. Socrates later pioneered philosophical skepticism that questioned traditions.
The document summarizes the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia and the subsequent Golden Age of Athens. It then discusses the Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta. Key events include Athens helping Ionian Greeks defeat the Persians at Marathon. This was followed by Xerxes' large invasion being defeated by Spartans at Thermopylae and Greeks at sea in Salamis. Athens entered its Golden Age under Pericles and was glorified through its art, philosophy, and architecture like the Parthenon. However, tensions grew between Athens and Sparta, leading to the Peloponnesian Wars where a plague in Athens and lost battle in Syracuse caused it to surrender to Sparta in 404 BCE.
The ancient Greek civilization spanned from around 1450 BC to 200 BC. The first ancient Greeks were known as Mycenaeans rather than Greeks. Greek mythology featured gods like Uranus, Cronus, and Zeus. Spartan boys underwent rigorous military training from age 7, while Spartan girls were also trained in athletics. The Greek navy relied on triremes, which used rams and soldiers to attack enemy ships. Greek plays featured masks to portray different characters and were performed by male actors, with women not allowed on stage. Philosophy flourished in ancient Greece, with thinkers exploring topics like happiness, atoms, and the shape of the Earth.
The document discusses the emergence of city-states in ancient Greece following a period of darkness. After Dorian invaders defeated the Mycenaeans around 1200 BCE, Greece entered a 400 year dark age where no writing occurred. Around 800 BCE, small villages began banding together to form trading centers called city-states, and hundreds emerged across Greece. Each city-state had its own identity and government, and citizens were fiercely loyal to their own city over any sense of national identity. The Acropolis in Athens housed important temples and monuments.
Ancient Greece; Part 2; session iv-- Hellenism Jim Powers
After Alexander the Great conquered the Near East in the 4th century BCE, the process of Hellenization spread Greek culture and established new Greek cities across a vast area. New cities were founded by Alexander and later by the Seleucids and Ptolemies, who established dynasties ruling over the new Hellenistic kingdoms. Many new cities were planned settlements with Greek institutions and populations comprised of Greeks as well as local peoples. One such prominent city was Antioch, founded by Seleucus I, which grew to be a major cultural and economic center in the region. The Attalid kingdom in Pergamon also supported the growth and spread of Greek culture. The largest and most influential city was
The document discusses two ancient civilizations - Greece and Rome. It notes that Greece was centered around the seas, while Rome developed around the Tiber River. Greece is known for developing democracy and influencing Western culture through its art, literature, and emphasis on individual rights. Rome expanded through its powerful military organization and system of laws and government.
Ancient Greece had a mountainous landscape that divided the people into independent city-states. Two major city-states were Athens, which developed the world's first democracy, and Sparta, which was a strict military state. The Greeks developed advanced thinking through philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They also fought the Persians and each other in wars that weakened Greece. Subsequently, Alexander the Great conquered much of the known world and spread Greek culture before his early death. The resulting Hellenistic period saw advancements in science, math, and a blending of cultures across Europe and Asia.
The concluding session of Ancient Greece describes the places and culture of the Successor states between the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of Rome
Ancient Greece was the birthplace of Western civilization with influential ideas in democracy, science, and philosophy. Greeks lived in mainland Greece and islands, engaging in farming, fishing, trade, and soldiering. The Trojan War began when Helen was taken to Troy, lasting 10 years until the Greeks won through trickery. Life was difficult with scarce resources, but Greeks established the first Olympic Games and had a pantheon of gods led by Zeus they believed watched over them. Theater and pottery flourished as art forms depicting Greek life and myths.
The document summarizes the Golden Age of Athens following the Persian Wars. It describes how the Delian League was formed for defense but came under Athens' control. Athens used the League's funds for its own building projects and glory. Pericles strengthened Athens' democracy and funded projects like the Parthenon. Playwrights like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides flourished in this period. Eventually, Athens' oppression of its neighbors led to the Peloponnesian War with Sparta.
Greece's geography, with its mountainous terrain and proximity to the sea, influenced the development of trade and city-states. Early Greek civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans engaged in seaborne trading. Later, Greeks founded autonomous city-states (polis) for protection and security. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state during the Golden Age under the leadership of Pericles, establishing the world's first democratic system of government.
Women in ancient Egypt had many basic rights similar to men, including the ability to own property, sign contracts, get divorces, and testify in court. Some notable female rulers included Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt for the longest period of any woman from 1490 to 1468 BC and restored many temples; Nefertiti, who became queen after her husband Akhenaten's death and promoted religion and culture while wielding the same powers; and Cleopatra VII, who became queen at age 18 and ruled Egypt from 51-47 BC, she was intelligent, ambitious, and spoke multiple languages.
The document discusses Ancient Greece and its geography, politics, culture, and legacy. It describes how Greece's mountainous landscape and lack of farmland led city-states to develop along the coast and trade by sea. It then covers the origins of the Greek city-state (polis), the rise and fall of Athens and Sparta, key figures like Socrates and Aristotle, and how Alexander the Great spread Greek culture through his vast conquests, leading to the Hellenistic period.
The ancient Greeks contributed greatly to modern society through practices like watching the Olympic games, attending theaters, and visiting public buildings. They developed democracy in Athens around 508 BC. Key events included the Persian wars in 490-480 BC and the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta from 431-404 BC. Greek culture flourished through art, architecture, drama, and the teachings of philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Alexander the Great then conquered much of the known world by 336 BC, spreading Greek influence before Rome eventually conquered Greece.
Classical Greece developed as city-states along the Mediterranean coastline, with Athens and Sparta emerging as the dominant powers. Athens established a direct democracy in the 5th century BCE while Sparta was a militaristic state. The Persian Wars in the 5th century BCE weakened both Athens and Sparta and led to the Peloponnesian War, further diminishing their power. This allowed Macedon to conquer Greece under Philip II and Alexander the Great, establishing Hellenistic rule and spreading Greek culture and achievements across Western Asia and Egypt.
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General ObservationsJim Powers
The introduction to this twenty-two part series on nineteenth century Europe, 1815-1914. It also describes the college textbook which I have chosen to illustrate and annotate.
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848Jim Powers
Beginning with the Vienna settlement, 1814-15, we follow the efforts of the Concert of Europe to preserve the peace and prevent revolutionary disturbances.
The ancient Greeks developed a highly advanced civilization around 4,000 years ago. They invented democracy, theater, and the Olympics. Two early civilizations that influenced Greek culture were the Minoans on Crete and the Mycenaeans on the Greek peninsula. During the Greek Dark Ages, the Dorians invaded and Greek culture declined until the rise of independent city-states like Athens and Sparta. Athens was known for its arts and sciences while Sparta focused on military strength.
Greek civilization developed in city-states along the coast of the Aegean Sea. Two major city-states were Athens and Sparta, which developed differently. Athens was a center of art, philosophy, and democracy, with structures like the Parthenon and an emphasis on beauty. Sparta focused more on military strength. Greek culture included epics like the Iliad and Odyssey, dramas, philosophy, and athletic competitions like the original Olympic Games. This document provides background on the geography, mythology, architecture, government, arts, and thinkers of ancient Greek civilization.
The ancient Greek society was organized around agriculture, with wheat, vineyards and olives being the primary crops. Trade, especially by sea, was also important economically. Society was divided into two main social classes - free people like citizens and non-citizens, and slaves. Citizens, especially in Athens, had political rights and responsibilities like paying taxes and military service. Women and foreigners had fewer rights. Religion was polytheistic, with major gods like Zeus, Hera, Poseidon and others living on Mount Olympus. Greek culture flourished with advances in philosophy, science, literature and theater.
The document provides information about daily life and government in ancient Athens and Sparta. It also discusses the Olympic Games, the life and empire of Alexander the Great, and includes a bibliography citing additional sources. Some key details include: in Athens, women stayed at home while men participated in politics and war; Athens had a democratic government while Sparta was ruled by two kings; Spartan boys and girls were trained from a young age to be soldiers; the Olympic Games began in 776 BC and were held every four years in honor of Zeus.
1. Ancient Greece was made up of four major ethnic groups - the Doric, Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ionians. City-states called poleis were the basic political units, each with their own constitution.
2. Athenian democracy developed under the reforms of Cleisthenes, but citizenship was limited to free adult men with slavery widespread. Athens had 30,000 citizens compared to 200,000 non-citizens.
3. The Olympian gods led by Zeus emerged victorious in myths over the Titans and other predecessors to establish the dominant pantheon and worldview centered on humanity. Socrates later pioneered philosophical skepticism that questioned traditions.
The document summarizes the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia and the subsequent Golden Age of Athens. It then discusses the Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta. Key events include Athens helping Ionian Greeks defeat the Persians at Marathon. This was followed by Xerxes' large invasion being defeated by Spartans at Thermopylae and Greeks at sea in Salamis. Athens entered its Golden Age under Pericles and was glorified through its art, philosophy, and architecture like the Parthenon. However, tensions grew between Athens and Sparta, leading to the Peloponnesian Wars where a plague in Athens and lost battle in Syracuse caused it to surrender to Sparta in 404 BCE.
The ancient Greek civilization spanned from around 1450 BC to 200 BC. The first ancient Greeks were known as Mycenaeans rather than Greeks. Greek mythology featured gods like Uranus, Cronus, and Zeus. Spartan boys underwent rigorous military training from age 7, while Spartan girls were also trained in athletics. The Greek navy relied on triremes, which used rams and soldiers to attack enemy ships. Greek plays featured masks to portray different characters and were performed by male actors, with women not allowed on stage. Philosophy flourished in ancient Greece, with thinkers exploring topics like happiness, atoms, and the shape of the Earth.
The document discusses the emergence of city-states in ancient Greece following a period of darkness. After Dorian invaders defeated the Mycenaeans around 1200 BCE, Greece entered a 400 year dark age where no writing occurred. Around 800 BCE, small villages began banding together to form trading centers called city-states, and hundreds emerged across Greece. Each city-state had its own identity and government, and citizens were fiercely loyal to their own city over any sense of national identity. The Acropolis in Athens housed important temples and monuments.
Ancient Greece; Part 2; session iv-- Hellenism Jim Powers
After Alexander the Great conquered the Near East in the 4th century BCE, the process of Hellenization spread Greek culture and established new Greek cities across a vast area. New cities were founded by Alexander and later by the Seleucids and Ptolemies, who established dynasties ruling over the new Hellenistic kingdoms. Many new cities were planned settlements with Greek institutions and populations comprised of Greeks as well as local peoples. One such prominent city was Antioch, founded by Seleucus I, which grew to be a major cultural and economic center in the region. The Attalid kingdom in Pergamon also supported the growth and spread of Greek culture. The largest and most influential city was
The document discusses two ancient civilizations - Greece and Rome. It notes that Greece was centered around the seas, while Rome developed around the Tiber River. Greece is known for developing democracy and influencing Western culture through its art, literature, and emphasis on individual rights. Rome expanded through its powerful military organization and system of laws and government.
Ancient Greece had a mountainous landscape that divided the people into independent city-states. Two major city-states were Athens, which developed the world's first democracy, and Sparta, which was a strict military state. The Greeks developed advanced thinking through philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They also fought the Persians and each other in wars that weakened Greece. Subsequently, Alexander the Great conquered much of the known world and spread Greek culture before his early death. The resulting Hellenistic period saw advancements in science, math, and a blending of cultures across Europe and Asia.
The concluding session of Ancient Greece describes the places and culture of the Successor states between the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of Rome
Ancient Greece was the birthplace of Western civilization with influential ideas in democracy, science, and philosophy. Greeks lived in mainland Greece and islands, engaging in farming, fishing, trade, and soldiering. The Trojan War began when Helen was taken to Troy, lasting 10 years until the Greeks won through trickery. Life was difficult with scarce resources, but Greeks established the first Olympic Games and had a pantheon of gods led by Zeus they believed watched over them. Theater and pottery flourished as art forms depicting Greek life and myths.
The document summarizes the Golden Age of Athens following the Persian Wars. It describes how the Delian League was formed for defense but came under Athens' control. Athens used the League's funds for its own building projects and glory. Pericles strengthened Athens' democracy and funded projects like the Parthenon. Playwrights like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides flourished in this period. Eventually, Athens' oppression of its neighbors led to the Peloponnesian War with Sparta.
Greece's geography, with its mountainous terrain and proximity to the sea, influenced the development of trade and city-states. Early Greek civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans engaged in seaborne trading. Later, Greeks founded autonomous city-states (polis) for protection and security. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state during the Golden Age under the leadership of Pericles, establishing the world's first democratic system of government.
Women in ancient Egypt had many basic rights similar to men, including the ability to own property, sign contracts, get divorces, and testify in court. Some notable female rulers included Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt for the longest period of any woman from 1490 to 1468 BC and restored many temples; Nefertiti, who became queen after her husband Akhenaten's death and promoted religion and culture while wielding the same powers; and Cleopatra VII, who became queen at age 18 and ruled Egypt from 51-47 BC, she was intelligent, ambitious, and spoke multiple languages.
The document discusses Ancient Greece and its geography, politics, culture, and legacy. It describes how Greece's mountainous landscape and lack of farmland led city-states to develop along the coast and trade by sea. It then covers the origins of the Greek city-state (polis), the rise and fall of Athens and Sparta, key figures like Socrates and Aristotle, and how Alexander the Great spread Greek culture through his vast conquests, leading to the Hellenistic period.
The ancient Greeks contributed greatly to modern society through practices like watching the Olympic games, attending theaters, and visiting public buildings. They developed democracy in Athens around 508 BC. Key events included the Persian wars in 490-480 BC and the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta from 431-404 BC. Greek culture flourished through art, architecture, drama, and the teachings of philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Alexander the Great then conquered much of the known world by 336 BC, spreading Greek influence before Rome eventually conquered Greece.
Classical Greece developed as city-states along the Mediterranean coastline, with Athens and Sparta emerging as the dominant powers. Athens established a direct democracy in the 5th century BCE while Sparta was a militaristic state. The Persian Wars in the 5th century BCE weakened both Athens and Sparta and led to the Peloponnesian War, further diminishing their power. This allowed Macedon to conquer Greece under Philip II and Alexander the Great, establishing Hellenistic rule and spreading Greek culture and achievements across Western Asia and Egypt.
19 c Europe, Part 1, 1815-1848; General ObservationsJim Powers
The introduction to this twenty-two part series on nineteenth century Europe, 1815-1914. It also describes the college textbook which I have chosen to illustrate and annotate.
19 c Europe, session 1; The Great Powers and the Balance of Power, 1815 1848Jim Powers
Beginning with the Vienna settlement, 1814-15, we follow the efforts of the Concert of Europe to preserve the peace and prevent revolutionary disturbances.
19 c Europe, Part 1, session 2; The Eastern Powers: Absolutism and its Limita...Jim Powers
This document summarizes political developments in Eastern Europe from 1815-1848, focusing on Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It describes how absolutism dominated these states and led to repression of revolutionary and liberal ideas. In Russia, Tsar Alexander I initially promised reforms but failed to deliver, and repression increased under Nicholas I and his minister Arakcheyev. Serfdom remained the dominant economic system, stifling development and leading to peasant revolts. Absolutism sought to maintain control and resist new ideas, as philosophers like de Maistre argued, but change was occurring beneath the surface that would challenge this control.
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
This document provides an overview of the economic and social organization of France following the Napoleonic era. It discusses how the French Revolution permanently changed France by abolishing the feudal system and creating a more centralized state. Economically, France modernized its agriculture and industries like textiles expanded, while socially the nobility's power declined and the middle class rose politically. The majority of French people remained rural farmers or urban workers who faced difficult living and working conditions.
19 c Europe, session 4; great britain: social unrest and social compromiseJim Powers
This document provides an overview of economic and social conditions in Great Britain following the Napoleonic Wars from 1815 to 1848. It describes the postwar economic depression, the enclosure movement that displaced many rural workers, rising social unrest and violence between 1815-1819 due to high unemployment and poverty. It also discusses the conservative government under Lord Liverpool that took a repressive approach to dealing with unrest rather than reform, and moderate reformers like William Cobbett who advocated for making parliament more representative through legal means.
19 c Europe, Part 2, 1850-1871; General ObservationsJim Powers
Between 1850-1871, industrial production in Europe saw unprecedented growth. The application of machinery to coal mining doubled French coal production and tripled Germany's in ten years. This drove growth in metallurgy, with the introduction of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes doubling European iron and steel production by 1860. Transportation was also revolutionized through new technologies like screw propellers and compound engines, as well as infrastructure projects like the Suez Canal. Overall, this period saw Europe in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and rapid economic expansion.
19 c Europe, session 2.6; The breakdown of the concert and the crimean warJim Powers
The document summarizes the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the causes of the Crimean War in the 19th century. It discusses how the revolutions of 1848 weakened the Concert by introducing a new generation of statesmen who were less inclined to restraint and compromise in diplomacy. The Crimean War was briefly fought from 1853 to 1856 between Russia on one side, and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia on the other. The war resulted from Russia's ambitions to gain territories from the declining Ottoman Empire, and was one of the final conflicts of the Concert system of international relations established after the Napoleonic Wars.
19 c Europe, session 2.9; The German Question, 1850-66Jim Powers
Now we look at the question which had faced Germans since the great upheaval of 1848, should Germany be unified with or without the Austrian Empire. It will be decided in the Seven Weeks War.
19 c Europe, session 2.10; The Reorganization of Europe, 1866-1871Jim Powers
We conclude Part Two of this mid-century survey with Great Britain from Palmerston to Gladstone, Russia under Alexander II, and the showdown between France and Germany.
19 c Europe, Part 3; General ObservationsJim Powers
The document discusses several key developments in 19th century Europe from 1871-1914. It notes that liberalism, which was ascendant in the 1870s, was in retreat by the end of the period as new intellectual tendencies emphasized irrational factors in human behavior. Economic trends also weakened liberal parties and philosophy. New problems from population growth, urbanization, and unemployment crises emerged without a shared faith that reason could solve them, increasing the potential for domestic conflict and international insecurity during this era.
19 c europe, session.3.14; third french republic Jim Powers
The French Republic from humiliating defeat, the Paris Commune, and the end of royalism to republican success and three crises, to the coming of the Great War.
19 c Europe, session 3.15; The Second ReichJim Powers
The document discusses the political structure and development of Germany from 1871 to 1914. It describes how Germany under Bismarck and Wilhelm II had a pseudo-constitutional system where parliamentary processes existed but real power was held by unelected authorities. Under Bismarck from 1871-1890, political parties emerged but had limited power. Wilhelm II's rule from 1890-1914 saw economic growth but a turn toward absolutism that failed to adapt to rising democratic ideals in Europe. This pseudo-constitutional system ultimately contributed to Germany's defeat in World War I.
19 c Europe, session 3.16; Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and TurkeyJim Powers
The document discusses political and social developments in Central and Southeast Europe from 1871-1914. It focuses on the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, describing the rise of nationalist parties in both the Austrian and Hungarian parts. It also examines the Balkan states of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and the declining Ottoman Empire's role in the Balkans. Key figures and events discussed include the Christian Social Party in Austria, Zionism founder Theodor Herzl, and tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan states that contributed to World War I.
The document discusses economic conditions in Imperial Russia between 1871-1914. It notes that while industry grew during this period, led by the textile and metallurgical industries supporting railway expansion, it did not grow enough to relieve pressure from agricultural overpopulation. Agriculture continued to struggle with low yields due to outdated practices, lack of credit, and the continuation of the commune system. Efforts at reform were sporadic and aimed more at relieving misery temporarily rather than enacting fundamental change, for fear of alienating the landed classes. The condition of the peasantry continued to be one of deepening poverty.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
3. PRINCIPAL TOPICS
I.Η ΔΙΚΗ (Justice personified)
II. Physical Picture of the Polis
III. Agrarian Revolution
IV. Political Revolution
V. Hoplite Revolution
7. Let me read you something, as we move to the fullest claims that will be made for
the role of the polis. Aristotle in his Politics says this: "as man is the best of the
animals when perfected, so he is the worst of all when he is divided away from the
law and justice." But he tells us, human justice can be found only in the polis,
because he says, man is by nature a politicon zoon, an animal of the polis, and as I
told you, a man who is without a polis by nature is above or below the category of
man.
Kagan, op. cit.
8. JUSTICE IN MYTH
Dikē was the daughter of Zeus, along with her two sisters, Eunomia (good laws) and Eirene (peace-
f., cf.,Irene)
She ruled over human justice, while her mother Themis ruled over divine justice. Her opposite was adikia
("injustice"): in reliefs on the archaic Chest of Cypselus preserved at Olympia, a comely Dikē throttled an ugly Adikia
and beat her with a stick
one of her epithets was Astraea (starry), referring to her appearance as the constellation Virgo
Dike lived upon earth during the Golden and Silver Ages, when there were no wars or diseases, men
did not yet know how to sail, they raised fine crops. They grew greedy, however, and Dikē was
sickened
she left earth for sky. After her departure, the human race declined into the Brazen (Bronze) Age,
when diseases arose
9. An 1886 base-relief figure of Dikē Astraea in the Old Supreme Court Chamber at
the Vermont State House.
10. THE FIVE AGES OF MAN
ACCORDING TO HESIOD
Golden -men lived among the gods. Peace and harmony. Humans didn’t have to work to feed themselves, earth
provided in abundance. They lived to a very old age in youthful bodies, died peacefully
Silver -Zeus replaces Chronos. Men lived for one hundred years under dominion of their mothers. After death,
humans of this age became "blessed spirits" of the underworld
Brazen -Men of the Bronze Age were hard. War was their purpose and passion. Not only arms and tools, but their
very homes were forged of bronze. The men of this age were undone by their own violent ways and left no named
spirits but dwell in the "dank house of Hades"
Heroic -”the fourth age was brazen too, but nobler and more generous, being begotten by the gods on mortal
mothers. They fought gloriously in the siege of Thebes, the expedition of the Argonauts, and the Trojan War. They
became heroes, and dwell in the Elysian Fields”--Graves, The Greek Myths
Iron -Hesiod finds himself in the Iron Age. During this age humans live an existence of toil and misery. Children
dishonor their parents, brother fights with brother and the social contract between guest and host is forgotten.
During this age might makes right, and bad men use lies to be thought good
Wikipedia
11. Justice ... is an element of the polis. The administration of justice, which means
deciding what is just, is the regulation of the partnership which is the polis. Man
can't live without the polis, justice exists only in the polis, the polis is something
more than a place, it's more than the walls, it's more than the ships, it is some
kind of a thing that is spiritual it seems to me.
Kagan
12. VALUES
HOMER’S HEROES AGE OF THE POLIS
individualism group loyalty
áρετή (aretē, manly δική (dikē, justice)
excellence)
all the heroic values
κλέος (kleos, glory)
but subordinated
τιµή (timē, honor, respect)
ἄγον (āgon; struggle,
competition)
22. ATHENS--THE UNTYPICAL POLIS
the largest--1,000 mi2--about the size of Rhode Island
unlike most poleis, Athens had gained control of the whole region of Attica
all who lived there, even in villages 60 miles from Athens, were Athenian
citizens [subject to qualifications, of course!]
this was the famous συνοικισµóς (synoicism--literally, “together in the same
household”) of Attica, accomplished during the 8th and 7th centuries
all told, there are between 1,000 and 1,500 poleis, most of them much tinier
Athens’ population? “at full bloom, 40-50,000 men, human beings, 125,-300,000”
23. συνοικισµóς (synoecism)
The Athenians ascribed the unification of Attica
to their greatest hero, Theseus….In the Athenian
account of synoecism, Theseus created a political
unity by proclamation, abolishing the
governments of the other towns and villages and
forging a single government in Athens. Later on,
the unification of Attica was celebrated in a
festival called the Synoikia, believed to have been
instituted by Theseus. In making Theseus the
founder of the polis, the Athenians followed the
common Greek practice of attributing important
events of the preliterate period to some great figure from the legendary past….the
inhabitants of Attica cherished a belief that they were autochthonous (sprung
from the land) and thus had always lived in Attica and shared a common kinship.
Pomeroy & al. Ancient Greece; A Political, Social and Cultural History. 2008. pp. 181-182
24. THE IDEAL POLIS
a place where all the male adult citizens could come to a central place and
hear a speaker (about 5,000)--Aristotle
Plato chose the “magical” number of 5,040 (factorial 7!)
Plato also took notice of the fact that 5040 can be divided by 12 twice over.
Indeed, Plato's repeated insistence on the use of 5040 for various state
purposes is so evident that it is written, "Plato, writing under Pythagorean
influences, seems really to have supposed that the well-being of the city
depended almost as much on the number 5040 as on justice and
moderation."
most poleis were well under 5,000 adult males--Kagan
26. DATING THE CREATION OF THE
POLIS
there are no written records from the time when towns and villages evolved
into poleis
but it is easier to date the foundation of overseas Greek colonies
the Greeks had traditional dates for their foundation in the 8th & 7th centuries
archaeological evidence roughly supports these legendary dates
and every colony was organized along the lines of a polis
so the surmise is that they followed the patterns of their mainland µήτηρ πολις
(mētēr polis mother state) who must have so developed in the 8th & 7th centuries
29. former Classics prof at CA Central State, author of a critical book
on the Academy, Who Killed Homer? (2001) & many others
“...he is also a farmer and he was, I think, in the fifth generation
that had farmed the same piece of farmland in California, in the
Central Valley of California
“that climate, that whole scene is very similar to the
Mediterranean climate that the Greek farmers were engaged in;
so it had...proper analogous possibilities
“… he came to the conclusion that much could be learned about
the development of the polis if one looked at the business of how
one farms in these kinds of environments Victor Davis Hanson
(1953-)
“And I think that turns out to be a great key to understanding
what's happening, and everything you hear from me on this
subject I learned from Hanson.”--Donald Kagan
30. Now, at some time in...the Dark Ages, and Hanson would suggest...probably
around the eighth century is the greatest transition. Somehow the oikos
[household, family] obtains a chunk of land that is understood to belong to it.
The Greek word for that is a kleros, and...now the family knows that it has this
land: it has it now, it will have it next year, the family will be able to pass it on
from father to son…. and that changes everything! That kind of stability gives
promise and is a basis for making every...necessary investment in the soil...in
order to make it better and more profitable for you.... As Hanson says, thus
arose the kleros, or the idea of a privately held plot attached not [only] to any
one person, but rather in perpetuity to a single farm family or oikos.
Kagan
31. Now, at some time in...the Dark Ages, and Hanson would suggest...probably
around the eighth century is the greatest transition. Somehow the oikos
[household, family] obtains a chunk of land that is understood to belong to it.
The Greek word for that is a kleros, and...now the family knows that it has this
land: it has it now, it will have it next year, the family will be able to pass it on
from father to son…. and that changes everything! That kind of stability gives
promise and is a basis for making every...necessary investment in the soil...in
order to make it better and more profitable for you.... As Hanson says, thus
arose the kleros, or the idea of a privately held plot attached not [only] to any
one person, but rather in perpetuity to a single farm family or oikos.
Kagan
32. As Hanson points out, look at the difference between this and previous [types of land
tenure]. People either rented the land from a large landowner or they were hired help
who got nothing except a salary or a piece of what they did. Serfs were compelled to
work the land, or in some places even slaves. Well, they have no incentive, [let alone the]
capacity, to invest capital for the purpose of improving the [amount] and quality of the
their crops, their trees, their vines. They would not be willing to take the risk without
clear title to the land. That is the critical thing. Once they have it, and they plant
permanent crops, that changes the whole basis of society and the values, and the
attitudes that go with it. In short, according to Hanson, it is the invention of the family
farm that is the critical [event] in this very, very important moment in the history of the
human race and there certainly is no example of it that I know of, apart from Greece,
when it happens right about this period. [Of course,] none of this happens overnight.
[These changes are taking place from about 900 to 700 BC] I would... guess at an
increasing pace as [time progressed]. Then...the population grows. For this the
archaeological evidence is very strong. There are...more and more people living on the
land of Greece…. The more people you have, up to a point, that's good. There are more
people who can work to increase the production. But beyond that point there are more
people to feed than the [farming] can produce, and that leads to a [need to expand] of
the land available for cultivation.
Kagan
33. As Hanson points out, look at the difference between this and previous [types of land
tenure]. People either rented the land from a large landowner or they were hired help
who got nothing except a salary or a piece of what they did. Serfs were compelled to
work the land, or in some places even slaves. Well, they have no incentive, [let alone the]
capacity, to invest capital for the purpose of improving the [amount] and quality of the
their crops, their trees, their vines. They would not be willing to take the risk without
clear title to the land. That is the critical thing. Once they have it, and they plant
permanent crops, that changes the whole basis of society and the values, and the
attitudes that go with it. In short, according to Hanson, it is the invention of the family
farm that is the critical [event] in this very, very important moment in the history of the
human race and there certainly is no example of it that I know of, apart from Greece,
when it happens right about this period. [Of course,] none of this happens overnight.
[These changes are taking place from about 900 to 700 BC] I would... guess at an
increasing pace as [time progressed]. Then...the population grows. For this the
archaeological evidence is very strong. There are...more and more people living on the
land of Greece…. The more people you have, up to a point, that's good. There are more
people who can work to increase the production. But beyond that point there are more
people to feed than the [farming] can produce, and that leads to a [need to expand] of
the land available for cultivation.
Kagan
34. the olive tree is native to the Mediterranean basin; wild olives were
collected by Neolithic peoples as early as the 8th millennium BC
first cultivation took place on the island of Crete. Archeological
evidence suggest that olives were being grown in Crete as long ago
as 2,500 BC
Homer called it "liquid gold." In ancient Greece, athletes ritually
rubbed it all over their bodies. Olive oil has been more than mere
food to the peoples of the Mediterranean: it has been medicinal,
magical, an endless source of fascination and wonder and the
fountain of great wealth and power
indeed the importance of the olive industry in ancient economies
cannot be overstated
Olive oil production in Klazomenai, an ancient city the tree is extremely hardy and its useful lifespan can be measured
of Ionia( now, near Urla, Izmir, Turkey)
in centuries. Its wide and deep root system ensures its survival
without additional watering, even in the water-sparse
Mediterranean
35. Poseidon is greedy of earthly kingdoms
and once claimed possession of Attica by
thrusting his trident into the Acropolis at
Athens, where a well of sea-water
immediately gushed out and is still to be
seen; when the South Wind blows you
may hear the sound of the surf far below.
Later, during the reign of Cecrops,
Athene came and took possession in a
gentler manner, by planting the first olive
tree beside the well. Poseidon, in a fury,
challenged her to single combat, and had
not Zeus interposed and ordered them to submit the dispute to arbitration, Athene would
have accepted the challenge. Presently, then, they appeared before a divine court, consisting
of their fellow-deities, who called upon Cecrops to give evidence. Zeus himself expressed no
opinion, but while the other gods supported Poseidon, all the goddesses supported Athene.
Thus, by a majority of one, the court decided that Athene had the better right to the land,
because she had given the better gift….
Whereupon she took up her abode in Athens, and called that city after herself. However, to
appease Poseidon’s wrath, the women of Athens were deprived of the vote, and the men to
bear their mother’s name as hitherto.
Robert Graves, The Greek Myths. 1992. pp. 59-60
36. ...There are getting to be more and more people living on the land of Greece…. and that leads to a
desire for expansion of the land available for cultivation.
Now, there are a couple of ways that can go; one that was...important and again it's
something that Hanson emphasizes, is what he calls internal colonization. When you are
engaged in agriculture, it's natural to go first to...the most fertile soil. But now, when you
need more, you can't just say I only want the best bottom land there is. You move out to
someplace that nobody bothered to farm before, because it wasn't profitable enough. So,
marginal land is brought into play with hard work and ingenuity, and this is one of the
things that Hanson emphasizes that is so helpful. You must be a farmer to understand
these things — not everything that you try works. I think the picture he paints of farming
reminds us of the picture that Homer paints of human condition: [the image of] the two
jars of Zeus. Most of the luck is bad; it's hard to succeed, and with some combination of
luck, skill, determination and hard work all of that will decide which of these farmers will
be successful and which will not.
There will be success and there will be failure. Hanson says, "[this was] the real beginning
in the West of individual property holding on a large scale.” Hanson himself has a farm
that specializes in grapes for the purpose of producing raisins…. He points out that the
knowledge of how to do this, of how to grow the kind of grapes you want, viticulture, and
also arboriculture, both of these, are learned from Asia. The Asians were ahead and the
end of the isolation of Greece made possible [this cultural diffusion]....
Kagan
37. Chapter 5. The New Farm [00:42:26]
Everything is farmed in a new way...intensive farming. It's not extensive...you
[don’t]scatter your stuff over wide fields.... Every piece of soil is necessary. A lot of it can't
produce the crop you would most like to grow. So, you find another crop that will grow
there that can be useful.... So, you have varied crops...the ones that are [native to] a
Mediterranean climate. Everybody needs grain; bread is the stuff of life.... So ...you grow
it where you can, if not, you have to get it elsewhere. Olives, for the purposes that I
mentioned to you the other day that is a very important one. Vegetables can be grown
many times in places where you could never grow wheat or grain. Fruits from the trees...
Now, observe several things about them. [These crops] together will make up everything
you need to live. All the food groups are represented there. I have left out meat and fish,
of course, neither of them very [widely consumed] in this part of the world, … there were
sheep and there were goats, even [though] beef would have been very [costly]. But what
you need to understand about the Greeks is that they don't eat a lot of meat. Now, you
might say, how come no fish? I mean, they're surrounded by water.... Well, guess what, it
turns out fish don't live everywhere in the water and they don't live very much around
Greece as it turns out. I don't mean no fish, but no sort of major schools of fish. This is
not the banks of Newfoundland and the Greeks do eat fish, but not a lot. So, their diet is a
little bit of that — some of their protein from that, then bread, olive oil, fruit, vegetables,
cheese, milk, those kinds of things they can [manage].
Kagan
38.
39. Well, one of the things farmers in history discovered is that it's very hard to
do well as a farmer if all you do is grow the crops, because people normally
don't use what you grow in the form in which you grow it. I'm thinking again
of grapes and olives; they made mostly olive oil and wine….
Now, if you're a poor farmer, you don't know what else to do. So, you send it
off to a middleman who does the turning of the grapes and the olives into the
liquids that are necessary, and he takes a good bit of the profit. But these
farmers didn't do that. They acquired the equipment necessary; grape and
olive presses which allowed them to purify and to make the final product, and
that made for more success than they otherwise would have had….
Kagan
40. At the end of the 5th century BC, the Greek historian Thucydides wrote:
“The people of the Mediterranean began to emerge from
barbarism when they learnt to cultivate the olive and the vine.”
The time period to which Thucydides was most likely referring was between
3000 BC and 2000 BC [before the period we’ve just been considering] when
viticulture emerged in force in the areas of Asia Minor, Crete, Greece and the
Cyclades of the Aegean Sea. It was during this period that grape cultivation
moved from being just an aspect of local consumption to an important
component of local economies and trade.
Wikipedia
41.
42.
43. ...if you're going to succeed as a farmer, you
have to have places to store what you produce,
so that you will have it for next year when you
need it.... if you have a surplus...you can sell it.
Probably in the early days, this was largely a
question of barter. You could trade it in for
those things that you didn't make yourself and
needed. But in any case, it is a profit, but it's no
good if it's going to spoil. So it's important to
realize the role of ceramics; they need to make
storage jars that could be sealed very well and
preserve the stuff for a very long time, and
indeed, they did that.
Kagan
As the result of its relative durability, pottery is a
large part of the archaeological record of Ancient
Greece, and because there is so much of it (some
100,000 vases are recorded in the Corpus
vasorum antiquorum) it has exerted a
disproportionately large influence on our
understanding of Greek society.…the shards of
pots discarded or buried in the first millennium
BC are still the best guide we have to the
customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks.
Wikipedia
domestic amphora
transport amphora
44. ...if you're going to succeed as a farmer, you
have to have places to store what you produce,
so that you will have it for next year when you
need it.... if you have a surplus...you can sell it.
Probably in the early days, this was largely a
question of barter. You could trade it in for
those things that you didn't make yourself and
needed. But in any case, it is a profit, but it's no
good if it's going to spoil. So it's important to
realize the role of ceramics; they need to make
storage jars that could be sealed very well and
preserve the stuff for a very long time, and
indeed, they did that.
Kagan
As the result of its relative durability, pottery is a
large part of the archaeological record of Ancient
Greece, and because there is so much of it (some
100,000 vases are recorded in the Corpus
vasorum antiquorum) it has exerted a
disproportionately large influence on our
understanding of Greek society.…the shards of
pots discarded or buried in the first millennium
BC are still the best guide we have to the
customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks.
Wikipedia
domestic amphora
transport amphora
45. Another thing that you need to
understand about these farms...is that
they are...really small. Maybe a typical
farm is ten acres; that is a very small
farm. We are talking not about the
emergence of an agricultural
aristocracy, we are talking about the
emergence of an agricultural
community of small family farms.
One of the things that come with the
development of this kind of
agriculture as the polis is coming into
being is slavery.
Phlyax scene: a master and his slave.
From a Silician red-figured calyx-krater
ca. 350 BC–340 BC
46. Now, of course, slavery is as old almost as the human race, it certainly was
already present in the world of Homer, but it [seems] in the Dark Ages
there were few slaves because owning slaves requires wealth. You can't have
slaves without wealth, because you must feed them at the very least, …dead
slaves are no good to you. If a slave dies you must buy a new [one], and
while he's alive you must feed him. So, [in] a very poor society, you're not
going to see much slavery, but it is true, that as the family farm I've been
describing comes into being, a way is found to use slaves [profitably].
The reason is, if you are just engaged in a single crop farming, well you
plant it, you take care of it, and then when the time comes, you reap it.
What do you do in between? Well, there's not much to do. So, you have to
feed the slave all year round to work only a small part of the time, that's not
very profitable. But [at] Hanson's farm, as I like to think of it, there is work
to do all year round, because different crops need attention at different
times...and some of them need very hard work, so there's plenty of work to
be done. At these small farms, you should imagine [the family] had one or
two slaves. [Only at the silver mines of Laurium or the shipyards do you see
large gangs of slaves]
Kagan
47. Now, of course, slavery is as old almost as the human race, it certainly was
already present in the world of Homer, but it [seems] in the Dark Ages
there were few slaves because owning slaves requires wealth. You can't have
slaves without wealth, because you must feed them at the very least, …dead
slaves are no good to you. If a slave dies you must buy a new [one], and
while he's alive you must feed him. So, [in] a very poor society, you're not
going to see much slavery, but it is true, that as the family farm I've been
describing comes into being, a way is found to use slaves [profitably].
The reason is, if you are just engaged in a single crop farming, well you
plant it, you take care of it, and then when the time comes, you reap it.
What do you do in between? Well, there's not much to do. So, you have to
feed the slave all year round to work only a small part of the time, that's not
very profitable. But [at] Hanson's farm, as I like to think of it, there is work
to do all year round, because different crops need attention at different
times...and some of them need very hard work, so there's plenty of work to
be done. At these small farms, you should imagine [the family] had one or
two slaves. [Only at the silver mines of Laurium or the shipyards do you see
large gangs of slaves]
Kagan
48. ...when you only have one or two slaves, the master is working right alongside
them, doing exactly the same work that they are doing, and also instructing them
and telling them what's what. If you want to really understand this in a practical
sense, it's more as though these guys are hired hands. I mean, they live in the
house, they get fed, probably with everybody else, they work with the master; the
difference being that they are slaves rather than free men.
One of the funny things is that the emergence of this family farm gives rise to the
polis' character as a land in which there is a citizenry, which is to say free men
who rule themselves. So, the polis will see the invention of freedom in this way,
and oddly enough, it is accompanied by the growth of slavery at the same time.
Both slavery and freedom come along at the same time in the Greek world….
As Hanson points out, only in early Greece did independent agrarians have free
title to their land, own slaves, and ultimately...come to have control of their own
communities. Although the political development came late in the process, it did
come.
Kagan
49. As Hanson says, the new farmer is not just a different kind of farmer, but a
different kind of person. He is a citizen in his political role, he is a soldier but he is
a soldier not in the pay or the hire of a king, or of an aristocracy; he is a citizen
soldier who has participated in the decision that says it is time to go to war and
who will play an active role in making decisions about his state's policy and
behavior. He is independent in a way that nobody who was not a king or an
aristocrat in the past has ever been — a new kind of man, the backbone of the
polis as it emerges. I don't want to overstate this. There is still an aristocracy made
up of the old guys and they don't just disappear and there will be a long stretch in
which there will be some degree of conflict between these new independent
farmers and the old established aristocracy, and never does that aristocracy go
away, that's old. I'm simply emphasizing what's new in the situation and it's very
new indeed.
Kagan
52. Chapter 6. Politics [00:57:09]
Now, I've talked to you essentially about the economic aspect of this phenomenon….The
next point is... politics.
In the world of Mycenae there was a despotism of sorts, some kind of a lord, a king, for
lack of a better name, a monarch who fundamentally rules and everybody is subject to
him. He has an aristocracy around him, he has a lot of helpers, but he's the boss and that's
what you see in the world everywhere else.
After that, if you examine as best we can the cities of the Dark Ages and ask what kind of
government...would these communities have had, you probably wouldn't do badly if you
looked at the Odyssey for the best clues you could find. Of course, they won't be perfect,
there's a mixed character of the world of Homer, but still, if you look at the world of
Odysseus, his home, what's going on in Ithaca, there are some valuable clues.
Kagan
53. Chapter 6. Politics [00:57:09]
Now, I've talked to you essentially about the economic aspect of this phenomenon….The
next point is... politics.
In the world of Mycenae there was a despotism of sorts, some kind of a lord, a king, for
lack of a better name, a monarch who fundamentally rules and everybody is subject to
him. He has an aristocracy around him, he has a lot of helpers, but he's the boss and that's
what you see in the world everywhere else.
After that, if you examine as best we can the cities of the Dark Ages and ask what kind of
government...would these communities have had, you probably wouldn't do badly if you
looked at the Odyssey for the best clues you could find. Of course, they won't be perfect,
there's a mixed character of the world of Homer, but still, if you look at the world of
Odysseus, his home, what's going on in Ithaca, there are some valuable clues.
Kagan
54. There is somebody in that world called a basileus, a single individual who is understood to
be superior in some way to everybody else. However, he's not very superior to everybody
else. He has all of these noblemen around him, all of whom claim to be basileis. A fairer
way to put this would be that this is largely an aristocratic society. That was our conclusion
after we looked at the poems of Homer, and that's what continues, even after the world of
Mycenae.
People who had power by virtue of their wealth, by virtue of their personal physical
strength maybe, by virtue of their descent, birth always was a critical criterion in the days
of the aristocracies. You would have aristocracies who would have the practical, the de
facto control of things.
Kagan
55.
56. By definition, an aristocracy is plural not singular, so how do you make decisions in an
aristocracy? The answer, typically, is a council. I use the word council, the Greek word is
boulē (βουλή), and not assembly, which in Greek comes to be called ecclesia (εκκλησια) ,
because an ecclesia is understood to be a gathering of the entire adult male population,
and a boulē is understood to be not a gathering of the whole, but rather a smaller group
who has some degree of authority, and I suggest that in the earliest days they had all the
authority that mattered.
Kagan
57. By definition, an aristocracy is plural not singular, so how do you make decisions in an
aristocracy? The answer, typically, is a council. I use the word council, the Greek word is
boulē (βουλή), and not assembly, which in Greek comes to be called ecclesia (εκκλησια) ,
because an ecclesia is understood to be a gathering of the entire adult male population,
and a boulē is understood to be not a gathering of the whole, but rather a smaller group
who has some degree of authority, and I suggest that in the earliest days they had all the
authority that mattered.
Kagan
58. However, it's interesting that these Greek communities from a very early time
seem to have been different from the Mycenaean by virtue of the fact that the
men who fought in the army always seemed to have had to be consulted when it
came to a question of war, and so you always had an assembly, even in an
aristocratic state. But decisions in general were made by aristocrats. Moreover,
the law was interpreted, spoken, and to the degree it had to be enforced by the
aristocrats working through a council in their community. These councils might
have been elective from within the aristocracy or they could have been simply the
whole aristocracy, depending on the size of the community. You can't have a
functioning council if it gets to be too big.
Kagan
59. That's where you start; that's the Dark Ages….the results will be different in every state.
Sometimes the old aristocracy will be able to hold on for a very long time and to suppress
any attempt to change things. Other times, and this will be...very significant, the
dissatisfied people in the society, mainly these farmers I'm talking about, will get
together...and engage in what amounts to a kind of a revolution or at least a coup, and
bring about a different kind of a monarchy which the Greeks called a tyranny.
When these tyrannies take place, they last for different periods of time, but when the
tyrant is removed, what follows after that...is never again in that town a one-man rule
of any kind. Either what is established after the tyranny is an oligarchy [but notice I didn't
say an aristocracy]. An oligarchy means “rule of the few”, but what changes is it is no
longer the rule of those few who are born in the right place, it will be based upon the
wealth of those people and that means that the newly wealthy, or the newly...reasonably
well-off will participate in their government and the form of government which is
oligarchy will be throughout the classical period the most characteristic form of
government in Greek city states. [emphasis added, jbp]
Kagan
60. That's where you start; that's the Dark Ages….the results will be different in every state.
Sometimes the old aristocracy will be able to hold on for a very long time and to suppress
any attempt to change things. Other times, and this will be...very significant, the
dissatisfied people in the society, mainly these farmers I'm talking about, will get
together...and engage in what amounts to a kind of a revolution or at least a coup, and
bring about a different kind of a monarchy which the Greeks called a tyranny.
When these tyrannies take place, they last for different periods of time, but when the
tyrant is removed, what follows after that...is never again in that town a one-man rule
of any kind. Either what is established after the tyranny is an oligarchy [but notice I didn't
say an aristocracy]. An oligarchy means “rule of the few”, but what changes is it is no
longer the rule of those few who are born in the right place, it will be based upon the
wealth of those people and that means that the newly wealthy, or the newly...reasonably
well-off will participate in their government and the form of government which is
oligarchy will be throughout the classical period the most characteristic form of
government in Greek city states. [emphasis added, jbp]
Kagan
Harmodius & Aristogeton kill the tyrant Hipparchus
61. That's where you start; that's the Dark Ages….the results will be different in every state.
Sometimes the old aristocracy will be able to hold on for a very long time and to suppress
any attempt to change things. Other times, and this will be...very significant, the
dissatisfied people in the society, mainly these farmers I'm talking about, will get
together...and engage in what amounts to a kind of a revolution or at least a coup, and
bring about a different kind of a monarchy which the Greeks called a tyranny.
When these tyrannies take place, they last for different periods of time, but when the
tyrant is removed, what follows after that...is never again in that town a one-man rule
of any kind. Either what is established after the tyranny is an oligarchy [but notice I didn't
say an aristocracy]. An oligarchy means “rule of the few”, but what changes is it is no
longer the rule of those few who are born in the right place, it will be based upon the
wealth of those people and that means that the newly wealthy, or the newly...reasonably
well-off will participate in their government and the form of government which is
oligarchy will be throughout the classical period the most characteristic form of
government in Greek city states. [emphasis added, jbp]
Kagan
62. When democracy is invented it will have its moment and it will spread, and there will be
numerous democracies but they will never be the majority of the poleis. The typical polis
will be a kind of a Hanson farmer outfit, where people from that class and up, will
participate in politics, will be the governing bodies in their state. They will be the ones who
continue to fight in that infantry that is decisive for the state, and they will be the ones
who make decisions, and the people poorer than them will be excluded. So, it's very
important to realize that these family farmers, who are successful, do not necessarily lead
to democracy. Indeed it is an unusual outcome when they end up with democracy.
Kagan
65. The hoplite phalanx of the Archaic and Classical periods in
Greece (ca. 750–350 BC) was a formation in which the hoplites
would line up in ranks in close order. The hoplites would lock
their shields together, and the first few ranks of soldiers would
project their spears out over the first rank of shields. The
phalanx therefore presented a shield wall and a mass of spear
points to the enemy, making frontal assaults much more
difficult. It also allowed a higher proportion of the soldiers to be
actively engaged in combat at a given time (rather than just
those in the front rank).
Wikipedia
66. The hoplite phalanx of the Archaic and Classical periods in
Greece (ca. 750–350 BC) was a formation in which the hoplites
would line up in ranks in close order. The hoplites would lock
their shields together, and the first few ranks of soldiers would
project their spears out over the first rank of shields. The
phalanx therefore presented a shield wall and a mass of spear
points to the enemy, making frontal assaults much more
difficult. It also allowed a higher proportion of the soldiers to be
actively engaged in combat at a given time (rather than just
those in the front rank).
Wikipedia
67. a classical Greek hoplite is an infantryman who
carries a hoplon
The word "hoplite" (Greek: ὁπλίτης hoplitēs; pl.
ὁπλίται hoplitai) derives from "hoplon" (ὅπλον,
plural hopla ὅπλα), the type of the shield used by
the soldiers
this type of warfare develops contemporaneously
‘όπλον with the rise of the polis and the formation known
Hoplon as the phalanx
68. ...these successful farmers, who also will be the fighting men who fight for their
polis as infantrymen when the infantry becomes the critically important part of
the army. These men, the combination of their independence, their wealth — they
do have wealth, they amount to something -- and their role as soldiers makes
them demand a larger voice in the government of the state, in the decisions that
affect them so closely. They will be finding different ways to insist on their
inclusion and the results will be different in every state.
Kagan
69. ὁπλίτης
hoplite
...these successful farmers, who also will be the fighting men who fight for their
polis as infantrymen when the infantry becomes the critically important part of
the army. These men, the combination of their independence, their wealth — they
do have wealth, they amount to something -- and their role as soldiers makes
them demand a larger voice in the government of the state, in the decisions that
affect them so closely. They will be finding different ways to insist on their
inclusion and the results will be different in every state.
Kagan
Defensive equipment
82. CLASS & SOLDIER TYPES
the polis never supplied panoplies so only those wealthy enough to buy the
bronze armor and shield could fight as hoplites
the poorer men came to war as peltasts (slingers), archers, or javelin
throwers; or else they served as servants. They also were the most likely to
be the scavengers of the battle field, looking for booty among the fallen
83. Funerary loutrophoros; on the right a bearded slave
carries his master's shield and helm,
CLASS & SOLDIER TYPES
380–370 BC,
National Archaeological Museum of Athens
the polis never supplied panoplies so only those wealthy enough to buy the
bronze armor and shield could fight as hoplites
the poorer men came to war as peltasts (slingers), archers, or javelin
throwers; or else they served as servants. They also were the most likely to
be the scavengers of the battle field, looking for booty among the fallen
84. CLASS & SOLDIER TYPES
the polis never supplied panoplies so only those wealthy enough to buy the
bronze armor and shield could fight as hoplites
the poorer men came to war as peltasts (slingers), archers, or javelin
throwers; or else they served as servants. They also were the most likely to
be the scavengers of the battle field, looking for booty among the fallen
the wealthiest came as cavalry
85. CLASS, SOLDIER TYPES & POLIS TYPE
the polis never supplied panoplies so only those wealthy enough to buy the
bronze armor and shield could fight as hoplites
the poorer men came to war as peltasts (slingers), archers, or javelin
throwers; or else they served as servants. They also were the most likely to
be the scavengers of the battle field, looking for booty among the fallen
the wealthiest came as cavalry
Aristotle, in the Politics, remarked that if the predominant arm of the polis
was cavalry it was most likely an aristocratic state; hoplites, an oligarchy; a
navy, democracy
90. STAGES OF A HOPLITE BATTLE
formal declaration of war & explicit abrogation of existing truces & treaties
pre-battle ritual
selection of appropriate site
public sacrifice of a domesticated animal and brief harangue by the commander
shock collision between phalanxes until one or the other breaks
cessation of the killing
post mortem accord
combination of Hanson & Kagan
91. If anything, the sheer terror of hoplite battle, the courage needed to stare at a
wall of spears across the plain, and the urgency for group solidarity in the confines
of the phalanx gave positive momentum to ideas of civic responsibility and
egalitarianism, and formed the emotional and spiritual substructure of much of
archaic Greek sculpture, painting and literature.
Hanson, The Wars of the Ancient Greeks, p. 55
92. Φόβος
terror
in
battle
If anything, the sheer terror of hoplite battle, the courage needed to stare at a
wall of spears across the plain, and the urgency for group solidarity in the confines
of the phalanx gave positive momentum to ideas of civic responsibility and
egalitarianism, and formed the emotional and spiritual substructure of much of
archaic Greek sculpture, painting and literature.
Hanson, The Wars of the Ancient Greeks, p. 55
93. Φόβος
If anything, the sheer terror of hoplite battle, the courage needed to stare at a
wall of spears across the plain, and the urgency for group solidarity in the confines
of the phalanx gave positive momentum to ideas of civic responsibility and
egalitarianism, and formed the emotional and spiritual substructure of much of
archaic Greek sculpture, painting and literature.
Hanson, The Wars of the Ancient Greeks, p. 55
94. If anything, the sheer terror of hoplite battle, the courage needed to stare at a
wall of spears across the plain, and the urgency for group solidarity in the confines
of the phalanx gave positive momentum to ideas of civic responsibility and
egalitarianism, and formed the emotional and spiritual substructure of much of
archaic Greek sculpture, painting and literature.
Hanson, The Wars of the Ancient Greeks, p. 55
95. Nearly every major Greek author, philosopher or statesman, despite their
education and often élite status, served their fellow citizens in the front line of
battle: Archilochus, Tyrtaeus, Aeschylus, Miltiades, Themistocles, Aristides,
Sophocles, Pericles, Socrates, Thucydides, Alcibiades, Xenophon, Demosthenes
and others too numerous to mention at some time wore a breastplate and killed
another human--something historians and literary critics should always keep in
mind when they assess the character and ideology of Greek politics, art,
philosophy and literature.
Hanson, The Wars of the Ancient Greeks, pp. 55-56
97. ΕΠΙΛΟΓΟΣ
Epilogue
Question from one of Kagan’s students:
If the hoplite phalanx was so stunningly successful against
the armies of other nations, why didn’t they simply adopt
the tactic instead of hiring Greek mercenaries?
98. ΕΠΙΛΟΓΟΣ
So the Greeks of the Archaic period began to venture forth
along the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Their
poleis often experimented with the political form which they
called τυραννεια (tyranny).
But, that’s another story...