This document summarizes key policies related to accessible tourism for people with disabilities, including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD) and relevant US laws and policies. The UN CRPD establishes the right to accessible travel. In the US, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Air Carriers Access Act (ACAA) are the main laws, though their application is sometimes unclear. The ADA covers accessibility on the ground while the ACAA applies during air travel. Telecommunications and online accessibility are also addressed. Business policies generally lag behind government policies in ensuring accessibility.
Inclusive local decision making & the UNCRPDneilmcrowther
This document summarizes key points about nothing decisions being made about disabled people without their involvement. It discusses the social model of disability and principles of equal rights and participation. The UNCRPD emphasizes consultation and involvement of disabled people's organizations. Examples from the UK show involvement at national and local levels in policymaking, implementation, elected office, and through disabled people's organizations. Co-production is highlighted as moving beyond consultation to partnership.
This document discusses various perspectives on world order and non-state actors. It first examines how different theories of international relations like realism, liberalism, and positivism view non-state actors. It then discusses the role and obligations of non-state actors in promoting human rights according to international declarations. The document also analyzes the increasing recognition of businesses' responsibilities regarding human rights. Finally, it concludes that more conceptual work is needed to fully understand the role and classification of non-state actors in world order.
The document discusses the role of law in regulating society and allocating resources. It explains that law regulates access to both economic and political resources. The document then discusses how the law can fail through inequitable or uneven application. It provides examples of laws that disadvantage women in areas like family law, rape laws, and labor protections. The rest of the document outlines advocacy as a response and discusses defining problems, analyzing issues, and designing strategies to address failures in the legal system at the substantive, structural, and cultural levels in order to influence policy decisions and transform interests into rights.
The document discusses key aspects of a rights-based perspective and approach to social work and human rights. It begins by stating that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. It then provides definitions of human rights, explaining that rights are the basic standards needed for people to live in dignity. The document outlines three generations of human rights - civil/political, economic/social/cultural, and collective rights. It discusses principles of human rights like universality, inalienability, and indivisibility. Finally, it explains that a rights-based approach means that governments have obligations to respect, protect, promote, and fulfill the rights of individuals.
The Human Rights Approach to Social ProtectionSIANI
This document discusses the human rights approach to social protection. It begins with an introduction noting the recent rapid rise of social protection in development and poverty reduction discourse.
It then examines the relationship between poverty, human rights, and social protection. It argues that under international human rights law, States have an obligation to establish social protection systems to protect against impoverishment from various risks.
The main part of the document outlines a human rights-based framework for social protection. It discusses key principles like ensuring equality and non-discrimination, accessibility, transparency, participation, and access to remedies. The conclusion reflects on the future of social protection.
This document summarizes the history of disability law in Australia. It outlines that disability law has developed in three main periods: early laws passed in 1908 focused on invalid pensions; the 1970s which saw early disability rights reforms under the Whitlam government; and major reforms from 1983-1995 and 2008-2013 under Hawke/Keating and Rudd/Gillard respectively. The document also analyzes the development of disability laws and policies over time, including increased services, payments, advisory bodies, regulations, rights laws, and tax concessions. Reform efforts typically followed reports on disability issues and changes in government.
The document provides guidance for Finnish NGOs on applying a human rights-based approach to development projects. It explains that a human rights-based approach aims to empower rights-holders to demand their rights and strengthen the capacity of duty-bearers to respect, protect, and fulfill those rights. In addition, the document outlines the core principles of a human rights-based approach and provides guidance on how to integrate human rights into project planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation.
The document discusses the importance of studying Philippine tourism laws. It provides several reasons for this, including that laws protect travelers' rights, preserve tourism resources for future generations, provide better tourism services, and promote industry growth. The lack of tourism laws could expose the country to risks like terrorism and accidents. Overall, the document argues that tourism laws play a vital role in assessing responsibilities and maintaining order in the tourism sector.
Inclusive local decision making & the UNCRPDneilmcrowther
This document summarizes key points about nothing decisions being made about disabled people without their involvement. It discusses the social model of disability and principles of equal rights and participation. The UNCRPD emphasizes consultation and involvement of disabled people's organizations. Examples from the UK show involvement at national and local levels in policymaking, implementation, elected office, and through disabled people's organizations. Co-production is highlighted as moving beyond consultation to partnership.
This document discusses various perspectives on world order and non-state actors. It first examines how different theories of international relations like realism, liberalism, and positivism view non-state actors. It then discusses the role and obligations of non-state actors in promoting human rights according to international declarations. The document also analyzes the increasing recognition of businesses' responsibilities regarding human rights. Finally, it concludes that more conceptual work is needed to fully understand the role and classification of non-state actors in world order.
The document discusses the role of law in regulating society and allocating resources. It explains that law regulates access to both economic and political resources. The document then discusses how the law can fail through inequitable or uneven application. It provides examples of laws that disadvantage women in areas like family law, rape laws, and labor protections. The rest of the document outlines advocacy as a response and discusses defining problems, analyzing issues, and designing strategies to address failures in the legal system at the substantive, structural, and cultural levels in order to influence policy decisions and transform interests into rights.
The document discusses key aspects of a rights-based perspective and approach to social work and human rights. It begins by stating that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. It then provides definitions of human rights, explaining that rights are the basic standards needed for people to live in dignity. The document outlines three generations of human rights - civil/political, economic/social/cultural, and collective rights. It discusses principles of human rights like universality, inalienability, and indivisibility. Finally, it explains that a rights-based approach means that governments have obligations to respect, protect, promote, and fulfill the rights of individuals.
The Human Rights Approach to Social ProtectionSIANI
This document discusses the human rights approach to social protection. It begins with an introduction noting the recent rapid rise of social protection in development and poverty reduction discourse.
It then examines the relationship between poverty, human rights, and social protection. It argues that under international human rights law, States have an obligation to establish social protection systems to protect against impoverishment from various risks.
The main part of the document outlines a human rights-based framework for social protection. It discusses key principles like ensuring equality and non-discrimination, accessibility, transparency, participation, and access to remedies. The conclusion reflects on the future of social protection.
This document summarizes the history of disability law in Australia. It outlines that disability law has developed in three main periods: early laws passed in 1908 focused on invalid pensions; the 1970s which saw early disability rights reforms under the Whitlam government; and major reforms from 1983-1995 and 2008-2013 under Hawke/Keating and Rudd/Gillard respectively. The document also analyzes the development of disability laws and policies over time, including increased services, payments, advisory bodies, regulations, rights laws, and tax concessions. Reform efforts typically followed reports on disability issues and changes in government.
The document provides guidance for Finnish NGOs on applying a human rights-based approach to development projects. It explains that a human rights-based approach aims to empower rights-holders to demand their rights and strengthen the capacity of duty-bearers to respect, protect, and fulfill those rights. In addition, the document outlines the core principles of a human rights-based approach and provides guidance on how to integrate human rights into project planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation.
The document discusses the importance of studying Philippine tourism laws. It provides several reasons for this, including that laws protect travelers' rights, preserve tourism resources for future generations, provide better tourism services, and promote industry growth. The lack of tourism laws could expose the country to risks like terrorism and accidents. Overall, the document argues that tourism laws play a vital role in assessing responsibilities and maintaining order in the tourism sector.
This document summarizes a study on human rights in the context of deepening integration within the East African Community (EAC). The study found that while the EAC treaty outlines areas of collaboration, it does not specifically address human rights. Concerns around human rights violations were identified in EAC countries, including issues with media control, gender inequality, and treatment of opposition groups. The study recommends mainstreaming human rights within EAC structures by establishing an East African Human Rights Commission.
2013 uncrpd parallel report of the philippine coalitionAkkapp Pasig
What: (UNCRPD 2014) Persons With Disabilities Sensitivity Dialogue With Media Practitioners...
Where: Luxent Hotel (51 Timog Avenue, South Triangle 1103 Quezon City, Philippines)...
When: June 30, 2014 - Monday...
What Time: 8:00 A.M. - 5:00 P.M. ...
The mission is to secure, enforceable rights, within an enabling environment that expands business opportunity, entrepreneurship and access to justice to the poor...
This document discusses whistleblowing and whistleblower protection laws. It defines a whistleblower as someone who exposes wrongdoing or corruption. It outlines whistleblower protection laws in countries like the UK, US, and Australia. In the US, key laws that protect whistleblowers include the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The document also discusses differences between whistleblowers and informants, provides definitions of whistleblowing, and examines major whistleblowing legislations around the world.
The document discusses several aspects of international human rights and humanitarian law including:
1. The purpose of the UN as stated in Article 1 is to maintain international peace and security and develop friendly relations among nations. The UN has principal organs like the General Assembly and Security Council.
2. Sources of human rights include international treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law recognized by the community of nations.
3. Some statements about the UN and related topics are true while others are false.
The document discusses strategies for legally empowering the poor in Ethiopia. It examines issues around access to justice, labor rights, property rights, and entrepreneurship. It also analyzes challenges such as informal sectors, customary vs statutory systems, and central vs decentralized control of resources. The goal is to develop a rights-based approach and strategic plans to address these issues and secure enforceable rights and business opportunities for the poor.
The significance and limits of ngos in human rights protection in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document provides a summary of a journal article that examines the significance and limits of NGOs in human rights protection in Nigeria. It begins with an introduction discussing the importance of human rights protection at the international, regional and domestic levels. It then provides a historical sketch of human rights NGOs at the international level and in Nigeria, noting that many emerged in Nigeria in response to human rights violations during periods of military rule. The document goes on to examine the imperative need for human rights NGOs, highlighting justifications such as governments' infidelity to human rights goals and the limitations of state-established human rights bodies. It also outlines some of the challenges facing human rights NGOs in Nigeria.
This document provides information on the Philippines' compliance with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It discusses several laws enacted since 2008 to promote implementation of the Covenant domestically. It also summarizes training programs conducted for judges, lawyers and officials on the Covenant. Finally, it outlines the country's ongoing efforts to strengthen governance and anti-corruption measures through a new Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Plan.
Polycentricity in South Asian Human Rights Law: On the Strategic and Simultan...Larry Catá Backer
This document summarizes a presentation on polycentricity in human rights law in South Asia related to multinational corporations (MNCs). It discusses the rise of multiple governance systems beyond the state that implement human rights, including private supplier codes of conduct, sovereign wealth funds, and international soft law. It examines this emerging polycentric framework in India, noting the country's rights-based legal discourse but also limitations of the judicial system. Alternative governance structures are opening up due to issues like distrust in state institutions and problems of caste and gender rights. The talk aims to analyze how individuals and MNCs can protect rights in this complex landscape through strategic litigation, as shown in two case studies.
The document provides an overview of civil rights under the Philippine Constitution's Bill of Rights. It discusses the classification of rights as natural, constitutional, or statutory. It also distinguishes between political, civil, and legal rights. The bulk of the document then summarizes key civil rights guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution, including freedom of speech, religion, assembly, privacy of communication, and private property rights. It emphasizes that these rights are not absolute and can be limited in certain circumstances defined by law.
Are Moral Rights Human Rights? Presentation to BLACA/IPKat seminar 12 Februar...Graham Smith
This document discusses whether moral rights are human rights and the implications if they are. It begins by outlining sources of human rights obligations including various international treaties and conventions. It then examines different types of human rights obligations, including negative obligations to abstain from interference and positive obligations to act. The document analyzes specific rights from the European Convention on Human Rights including property rights under Article 1 Protocol 1, privacy rights under Article 8, and freedom of expression under Article 10. It discusses how rights are balanced against each other. The document concludes that moral rights relating to protecting the integrity and reputation of creative works must be balanced with freedom of expression, and outlines how limitations and exceptions can help accommodate both rights.
This document proposes governance targets and indicators for inclusion in the UN's Post-2015 development framework. It argues that open, inclusive, accountable and effective governance should be a stand-alone goal and integrated into other goals. Five specific governance targets are outlined: 1) ensuring access to development information, 2) curbing corruption and illicit financial flows, 3) enhancing public institution effectiveness and accountability, 4) increasing citizen participation, and 5) ensuring corporate transparency and accountability. Global minimum standards and possible indicators are suggested for each target to balance diversity and comparability.
The document is a report by the World Justice Project (WJP) on the Rule of Law Index 2014. It summarizes the development of the Index, which measures adherence to the rule of law in 99 countries based on surveys of over 100,000 households and experts. The report was prepared by a team at WJP led by Juan Carlos Botero and Alejandro Ponce. It presents the results of the 2014 Index, including country scores, rankings, analyses of rule of law trends over time, and regional highlights.
This document provides an overview of business opportunities and challenges in China. It discusses China's large population and economic transition, as well as restrictions on foreign investment. Key sectors highlighted for opportunities include clean technology, healthcare, and services for an aging population. The document also outlines challenges such as a lack of protection for intellectual property, rising costs, and a need to understand Chinese culture and business practices.
The Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI) was established in 1970 to provide legal aid services to poor and legally illiterate Indonesians. It aims to educate the public about their legal rights and facilitate legal reform. YLBHI has successfully handled over 22,000 cases involving issues like land disputes, unlawful evictions, and compensation claims. In its early years, YLBHI faced challenges like lack of funding and office space, but received support from the media and was able to help thousands of underserved clients seek legal redress.
Federal Local Relations and the Status of Governance and Development in Local...ijtsrd
Intergovernmental relation is an integral part of modern political systems. This study aimed at ascertaining the existing relationship between the federal and local governments in Nigeria the role of the federal government in the development and governance of the local governments and the challenges facing local governments’ development in Nigeria. Kenneth, Nwoko | Asiegbu, Victor Iheanyichukwu "Federal-Local Relations and the Status of Governance and Development in Local Government System in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38631.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38631/federallocal-relations-and-the-status-of-governance-and-development-in-local-government-system-in-nigeria/kenneth-nwoko
CMD_Political Parties and Devolution_05_03_15Paddy Onyango
The document discusses the Centre for Multiparty Democracy in Kenya and an upcoming workshop on mobilizing political parties to support the implementation of devolution as outlined in Kenya's constitution. It provides background on the historical reasons for devolution, including addressing colonial legacy, marginalization, and unequal resource distribution. It outlines the key aspects of Kenya's devolved system, including the two levels of government, the 47 counties, functional assignments, and revenue sources. It concludes by noting the county institutions and structures that have been established thus far to support devolution.
- The document provides profiles of selected national candidates for the 2010 Philippine elections, including basic information, achievements, and positions on key issues.
- It was compiled by the Caucus of Development NGO Networks (CODE-NGO) to help Filipino voters in assessing the candidates. CODE-NGO conducted research using candidate websites and consultations.
- The profiles include candidates for president such as Benigno Aquino III, Joseph Estrada, Richard Gordon, and others vying for national office in the upcoming May 2010 elections in the Philippines.
The document discusses the international legal framework protecting the right to health for refugees and migrants. It explains that refugee law and international human rights law both establish rights to health. Refugee law requires countries to provide lawfully staying refugees access to social services like health care equivalent to nationals. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establish rights to health and non-discriminatory access to health services. However, migrants still face barriers to realizing these rights in practice due to discrimination, social attitudes, and legal status restrictions.
This document proposes using 3D simulation and virtual reality technologies like Second Life and Wii to educate youth about Singapore's cultural heritage and history in an interactive and engaging way. It aims to increase understanding of the past and encourage reflection through role-playing and simulation games set in different eras. While such games could promote informal learning, their sustainability and ability to fully replace real-world experiences require further consideration.
The document summarizes the key geographical features of India. It describes how India is located on the Indian tectonic plate and was formed when it split from Gondwana land around 90 million years ago. It then collided with Asia 50-55 million years ago, forming the Himalayan mountain range. The document outlines India's seven main physiographic regions and describes several important mountain ranges that define India's northern borders, including the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Patkai ranges. It also discusses seasonal wind patterns and monsoon rains.
This document summarizes a study on human rights in the context of deepening integration within the East African Community (EAC). The study found that while the EAC treaty outlines areas of collaboration, it does not specifically address human rights. Concerns around human rights violations were identified in EAC countries, including issues with media control, gender inequality, and treatment of opposition groups. The study recommends mainstreaming human rights within EAC structures by establishing an East African Human Rights Commission.
2013 uncrpd parallel report of the philippine coalitionAkkapp Pasig
What: (UNCRPD 2014) Persons With Disabilities Sensitivity Dialogue With Media Practitioners...
Where: Luxent Hotel (51 Timog Avenue, South Triangle 1103 Quezon City, Philippines)...
When: June 30, 2014 - Monday...
What Time: 8:00 A.M. - 5:00 P.M. ...
The mission is to secure, enforceable rights, within an enabling environment that expands business opportunity, entrepreneurship and access to justice to the poor...
This document discusses whistleblowing and whistleblower protection laws. It defines a whistleblower as someone who exposes wrongdoing or corruption. It outlines whistleblower protection laws in countries like the UK, US, and Australia. In the US, key laws that protect whistleblowers include the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The document also discusses differences between whistleblowers and informants, provides definitions of whistleblowing, and examines major whistleblowing legislations around the world.
The document discusses several aspects of international human rights and humanitarian law including:
1. The purpose of the UN as stated in Article 1 is to maintain international peace and security and develop friendly relations among nations. The UN has principal organs like the General Assembly and Security Council.
2. Sources of human rights include international treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law recognized by the community of nations.
3. Some statements about the UN and related topics are true while others are false.
The document discusses strategies for legally empowering the poor in Ethiopia. It examines issues around access to justice, labor rights, property rights, and entrepreneurship. It also analyzes challenges such as informal sectors, customary vs statutory systems, and central vs decentralized control of resources. The goal is to develop a rights-based approach and strategic plans to address these issues and secure enforceable rights and business opportunities for the poor.
The significance and limits of ngos in human rights protection in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document provides a summary of a journal article that examines the significance and limits of NGOs in human rights protection in Nigeria. It begins with an introduction discussing the importance of human rights protection at the international, regional and domestic levels. It then provides a historical sketch of human rights NGOs at the international level and in Nigeria, noting that many emerged in Nigeria in response to human rights violations during periods of military rule. The document goes on to examine the imperative need for human rights NGOs, highlighting justifications such as governments' infidelity to human rights goals and the limitations of state-established human rights bodies. It also outlines some of the challenges facing human rights NGOs in Nigeria.
This document provides information on the Philippines' compliance with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It discusses several laws enacted since 2008 to promote implementation of the Covenant domestically. It also summarizes training programs conducted for judges, lawyers and officials on the Covenant. Finally, it outlines the country's ongoing efforts to strengthen governance and anti-corruption measures through a new Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Plan.
Polycentricity in South Asian Human Rights Law: On the Strategic and Simultan...Larry Catá Backer
This document summarizes a presentation on polycentricity in human rights law in South Asia related to multinational corporations (MNCs). It discusses the rise of multiple governance systems beyond the state that implement human rights, including private supplier codes of conduct, sovereign wealth funds, and international soft law. It examines this emerging polycentric framework in India, noting the country's rights-based legal discourse but also limitations of the judicial system. Alternative governance structures are opening up due to issues like distrust in state institutions and problems of caste and gender rights. The talk aims to analyze how individuals and MNCs can protect rights in this complex landscape through strategic litigation, as shown in two case studies.
The document provides an overview of civil rights under the Philippine Constitution's Bill of Rights. It discusses the classification of rights as natural, constitutional, or statutory. It also distinguishes between political, civil, and legal rights. The bulk of the document then summarizes key civil rights guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution, including freedom of speech, religion, assembly, privacy of communication, and private property rights. It emphasizes that these rights are not absolute and can be limited in certain circumstances defined by law.
Are Moral Rights Human Rights? Presentation to BLACA/IPKat seminar 12 Februar...Graham Smith
This document discusses whether moral rights are human rights and the implications if they are. It begins by outlining sources of human rights obligations including various international treaties and conventions. It then examines different types of human rights obligations, including negative obligations to abstain from interference and positive obligations to act. The document analyzes specific rights from the European Convention on Human Rights including property rights under Article 1 Protocol 1, privacy rights under Article 8, and freedom of expression under Article 10. It discusses how rights are balanced against each other. The document concludes that moral rights relating to protecting the integrity and reputation of creative works must be balanced with freedom of expression, and outlines how limitations and exceptions can help accommodate both rights.
This document proposes governance targets and indicators for inclusion in the UN's Post-2015 development framework. It argues that open, inclusive, accountable and effective governance should be a stand-alone goal and integrated into other goals. Five specific governance targets are outlined: 1) ensuring access to development information, 2) curbing corruption and illicit financial flows, 3) enhancing public institution effectiveness and accountability, 4) increasing citizen participation, and 5) ensuring corporate transparency and accountability. Global minimum standards and possible indicators are suggested for each target to balance diversity and comparability.
The document is a report by the World Justice Project (WJP) on the Rule of Law Index 2014. It summarizes the development of the Index, which measures adherence to the rule of law in 99 countries based on surveys of over 100,000 households and experts. The report was prepared by a team at WJP led by Juan Carlos Botero and Alejandro Ponce. It presents the results of the 2014 Index, including country scores, rankings, analyses of rule of law trends over time, and regional highlights.
This document provides an overview of business opportunities and challenges in China. It discusses China's large population and economic transition, as well as restrictions on foreign investment. Key sectors highlighted for opportunities include clean technology, healthcare, and services for an aging population. The document also outlines challenges such as a lack of protection for intellectual property, rising costs, and a need to understand Chinese culture and business practices.
The Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI) was established in 1970 to provide legal aid services to poor and legally illiterate Indonesians. It aims to educate the public about their legal rights and facilitate legal reform. YLBHI has successfully handled over 22,000 cases involving issues like land disputes, unlawful evictions, and compensation claims. In its early years, YLBHI faced challenges like lack of funding and office space, but received support from the media and was able to help thousands of underserved clients seek legal redress.
Federal Local Relations and the Status of Governance and Development in Local...ijtsrd
Intergovernmental relation is an integral part of modern political systems. This study aimed at ascertaining the existing relationship between the federal and local governments in Nigeria the role of the federal government in the development and governance of the local governments and the challenges facing local governments’ development in Nigeria. Kenneth, Nwoko | Asiegbu, Victor Iheanyichukwu "Federal-Local Relations and the Status of Governance and Development in Local Government System in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38631.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38631/federallocal-relations-and-the-status-of-governance-and-development-in-local-government-system-in-nigeria/kenneth-nwoko
CMD_Political Parties and Devolution_05_03_15Paddy Onyango
The document discusses the Centre for Multiparty Democracy in Kenya and an upcoming workshop on mobilizing political parties to support the implementation of devolution as outlined in Kenya's constitution. It provides background on the historical reasons for devolution, including addressing colonial legacy, marginalization, and unequal resource distribution. It outlines the key aspects of Kenya's devolved system, including the two levels of government, the 47 counties, functional assignments, and revenue sources. It concludes by noting the county institutions and structures that have been established thus far to support devolution.
- The document provides profiles of selected national candidates for the 2010 Philippine elections, including basic information, achievements, and positions on key issues.
- It was compiled by the Caucus of Development NGO Networks (CODE-NGO) to help Filipino voters in assessing the candidates. CODE-NGO conducted research using candidate websites and consultations.
- The profiles include candidates for president such as Benigno Aquino III, Joseph Estrada, Richard Gordon, and others vying for national office in the upcoming May 2010 elections in the Philippines.
The document discusses the international legal framework protecting the right to health for refugees and migrants. It explains that refugee law and international human rights law both establish rights to health. Refugee law requires countries to provide lawfully staying refugees access to social services like health care equivalent to nationals. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establish rights to health and non-discriminatory access to health services. However, migrants still face barriers to realizing these rights in practice due to discrimination, social attitudes, and legal status restrictions.
This document proposes using 3D simulation and virtual reality technologies like Second Life and Wii to educate youth about Singapore's cultural heritage and history in an interactive and engaging way. It aims to increase understanding of the past and encourage reflection through role-playing and simulation games set in different eras. While such games could promote informal learning, their sustainability and ability to fully replace real-world experiences require further consideration.
The document summarizes the key geographical features of India. It describes how India is located on the Indian tectonic plate and was formed when it split from Gondwana land around 90 million years ago. It then collided with Asia 50-55 million years ago, forming the Himalayan mountain range. The document outlines India's seven main physiographic regions and describes several important mountain ranges that define India's northern borders, including the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Patkai ranges. It also discusses seasonal wind patterns and monsoon rains.
Wind power creates jobs and strengthens the economy as it is a renewable source that has a constant supply unlike gas and coal. It is also free to produce since it does not require fuel, and has a low impact on wildlife and natural habitats despite some features of wind turbines.
Open Text RedDot CMS: Improving Installation PerformancedotCMS
If you have made an investment in Open Text Web Solutions (formerly RedDot) Web Content Management products, you’ve undoubtedly experienced performance issues. While every software requires tuning, RedDot is especially susceptible to mis-configuration and poor performance as the out-of-the-box installation comes untuned and ready for Development Environments only.
To download the complete white paper please visit: http://www.oshyn.com/landingpages/performance-tuning-open-text
1) Dr. María Rato Barrio presented on participatory evaluation and research in contexts of violence and conflict.
2) She discussed different levels of participation and ensuring security, understanding, and minimizing barriers when involving communities.
3) Dr. Rato Barrio emphasized using a rigorous process with alternative techniques like sports to facilitate evaluation and research in an empowering and sustainable way.
The document is an assignment on Spanish alphabets from a student named Anuj Malhotra in MBA-2B. It lists Spanish words starting with each letter of the alphabet from A to Z.
This document discusses the verb "to be" in English. It provides examples of using the verb "to be" with different subjects including I, you, he, she, it, we, and they in both the present and past tense. It also includes examples of using the verb "to be" to express location, nationality, occupations, and relationships. The document aims to explain the basic uses and conjugations of the verb "to be" in English.
India has become a popular destination for health tourism due to its high quality yet low cost medical treatment options. Patients travel to India from countries like the US and UK for cheaper procedures, shorter wait times, and comparable doctors who are highly trained and speak English. While India has many strengths in health tourism like skilled doctors and cost savings, there are also issues to address like standardizing education and improving hygiene. The healthcare industry in India is growing rapidly but still needs cooperation between the government and private sector to reach its full potential in medical tourism.
The document discusses the impact of the global economic slowdown on the healthcare sector in Asia. It states that while healthcare in Asia will be affected, the impact may not be as severe as in developed countries. The economic crisis has put pressure on healthcare companies in the US and EU to cut costs, which could lead them to expand into developing markets like Asia. The slowdown is expected to have varying effects on different parts of the healthcare industry in Asia in 2009.
Team NEO Presentation to Cleveland Plus FAM TourTeam NEO
Take a look at this presentation by Jim Robey and his team about Northeast Ohio's business assets, as well as Team NEO's data resources and capabilities.
This document provides information about an assignment for a Food and Beverage course. It begins with an introduction and acknowledgements. It then lists different food and beverage outlets and provides brief descriptions. It also discusses various cooking methods, types of meals catered on flights, cocktails, mocktails, and popular South Indian dishes.
The document profiles significant Chinese Australians including mathematician Terence Tao, businessman Bing Lee, musician Jeff Fatt of The Wiggles, politician John So, World War 1 sniper Billy Sing, and basketball player Darren Ng. It provides basic biographical details on each person such as their dates of birth and death, places of birth, accomplishments, and careers. Bibliographic sources from Wikipedia are listed at the end.
This document discusses the transition to the new international risk management standard AS/NZS/ISO 31000:2009. It provides context for why the previous standard needed updating and outlines the scope and purpose of the new standard as well as related ISO guidelines on risk management terminology and techniques. It summarizes key parts of the new standard including core risk management definitions and principles that risk management should create value, be an integral part of organizational processes, and consider human and cultural factors.
The document outlines plans for the "Y Vote 2009" campaign to encourage and empower young people in Europe to vote in the 2009 European Parliament elections. The campaign's objectives were to develop young voters' opinions on social issues, share best practices for youth participation, and increase youth turnout. It describes the campaign's methods, such as street actions and campus events focused on citizenship, EU issues, jobs and other topics. Conference locations and dates are provided, as well as information on coordination teams, partners and boards of patrons involved in the campaign.
B2B marketing is often boring because it fails to engage people in the ways they like, such as making them laugh or cry through a great story, or teaching them something unexpected. To be more compelling, B2B marketers should loosen up, incorporate more emotion, tell interesting stories, provide unexpected insights, and communicate with customers in a human way. Effective B2B marketing engages people through what they genuinely want.
The document summarizes key points about the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), including its objectives to preserve and create jobs, assist those impacted by the recession, invest in infrastructure and science/health, and stabilize state/local budgets. It provides an overview of how the $787 billion will be distributed, with guidance focused on quickly spending funds, ensuring transparency/accountability, investing thoughtfully to avoid funding cliffs after ARRA expires, and improving student achievement. Recommendations include forming partnerships, staying aware of evolving funding guidance, taking an asset-based approach in partnerships, meeting high expectations, positioning as an opinion leader, and preparing for stimulus precedents to impact future policy.
Pharma marketing summit - Maximize ROI by breaking information silo's between...Pierre De Nayer
PPT document prepared for Pharma Marketing Summit in 2009 (Zurich) featuring best-in-class approach in closed loop marketing & Multi-Channel marketing. Clearly, Citobi was (and still is ) visionary
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities A Study on Banglad...Md. Golam Mostafa
The document is a study by the National Human Rights Commission of Bangladesh on the country's compliance with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It provides context on the growth of human rights and discussions around ensuring the effective enjoyment of rights. It also examines debates around defining and enforcing economic, social and cultural rights, and discusses how Bangladesh recognizes these rights domestically and its obligations under international treaties.
2010-06 analysis of laws inconsistent with human rights in uganda_hurinetAlex Taremwa
This document analyzes laws in Uganda that are inconsistent with the right of access to information as established in Uganda's Access to Information Act of 2005. It focuses on analyzing key provisions of the Official Secrets Act, Evidence Act, and Parliamentary Powers and Privileges Act that contradict the right of access to information. The analysis finds that the Official Secrets Act contains overly broad and ambiguous definitions of classified information and official documents that can be used to unjustifiably withhold information. It also recommends amendments to laws like the Official Secrets Act to harmonize them with Uganda's constitutional right of access to information.
Access to information: from principles to practiceRobyn Hunt
The document discusses the impact and importance of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in promoting accessible information and human rights for disabled people. Some key points covered include:
- The CRPD takes an inclusive view of disability and acknowledges how the social and physical environment can disable people with impairments.
- It was the first UN convention developed with significant involvement from disabled people and organizations.
- The CRPD includes provisions on accessibility and access to information under Articles 9 and 21.
- Ratification of the CRPD by countries like New Zealand has led to practical changes like making sign language an official language and increasing accessible information for disabled citizens.
Vol 1 access to justice of persons with disabilitiesAkkapp Pasig
What: (UNCRPD 2014) Persons With Disabilities Sensitivity Dialogue With Media Practitioners...
Where: Luxent Hotel (51 Timog Avenue, South Triangle 1103 Quezon City, Philippines)...
When: June 30, 2014 - Monday...
What Time: 8:00 A.M. - 5:00 P.M. ...
This document provides an overview of challenges in implementing sexual and reproductive health rights in Southern Africa, using examples from Botswana, South Africa, and Eswatini. It discusses how international law establishes these rights but they still face challenges in practice. Key issues include lack of legal protections, socio-cultural norms that discriminate against women, and lack of resources. While countries have laws incorporating international standards, discrimination and harmful practices still undermine equal access to healthcare and decision making. Ensuring sexual and reproductive rights requires addressing both legal frameworks and social attitudes.
NORMES INTERNATIONALES SUR LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA RESPONSABILISATIONJamaity
Produit en collaboration avec le Centre pour le droit et la démocratie, ce document d'information se fonde sur deux sources de droit mous et durs pour illustrer les fondements du droit international en matière de transparence et de responsabilité.
This document discusses transparency and accountability, which are key elements of democracy. It defines transparency as state actors operating in an open manner, including through rights like access to information laws. Accountability means state actors are responsible for their decisions and actions, requiring answerability and mechanisms for enforcement. The document notes transparency and accountability are mutually reinforcing, while accountability systems go beyond transparency. It outlines ten international standards for transparency, particularly regarding the right to information.
International development law emerged in the 1960s as a way to apply development theories to developing countries and justify foreign aid programs. It focused on economic growth and viewed law as a tool for development. This first phase failed due to assumptions about legal pluralism and the role of courts. The second phase in the 1980s promoted neoliberal policies of privatization, deregulation, and free markets through the World Bank and IMF. While increasing growth, this exacerbated inequality. The third ongoing phase sees development as holistic and inclusive of human rights and sustainability, with law both enabling and constituted by development.
The document discusses perceptions of privacy related to transportation and intelligent transportation systems. It makes the following key points:
1. Transportation systems have long collected some user data to ensure safety for all travelers, similar to how passenger manifests have been used for over a century on carriers like airlines and ferries.
2. Most transportation data collection involves anonymized aggregated travel patterns and demographics, rather than individual personally identifiable information.
3. Users often willingly provide some personal data to transportation providers in exchange for benefits like improved service, notifications, or most importantly increased safety for all travelers.
4. Rights to privacy are strongest for highly sensitive personal information, while expectations are lower for information disclosed voluntarily while using
REPLY TO EACH POST 100 WORDS MIN EACH1. Throughout th.docxchris293
**REPLY TO EACH POST 100 WORDS MIN EACH***
1. Throughout this course we have learned that the terms CBRN and WMD are interchangeable and can be best defined as any chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weaponized variant capable of producing immense destruction and large-scale casualties. Of the various types, chemical weapons really stood out to me as interesting because of their historical use in warfare, specifically mustard gas (HD) in World War I. It belongs to the sub classification of chemical weapons known as blister agents and although it does not always cause death, sulfur mustard, whether it is ingested, inhaled or makes contact with the skin can have adverse effects on the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, bone marrow, and mucous membranes of the body (CDC, 2018). Being a vesicant, it can be dispersed through any medium and has the ability to cause serious long term impairment of individuals through permanent blindness, chronic respiratory infections, lung cancer, and extensive third degree burns which is why the Chemical Weapons Convention banned the use, sale, and production of it in 1993. It is relatively easy, compared to the implementation of a radiological or nuclear device, for a terrorist organization to acquire the source materials and have the knowledge to create it. Iraq’s repeated chemical bombing of Iran’s Halabja district in 1988 and Syria’s use of chlorine gas against their own people in 2014 stand as recent examples of why mustard gas, or other forms of chemical weapons are of a higher threat level. Their simplicity, availability, and ability to be dispersed in multiple manners appeal to rogue nations and terrorist organizations alike. Prevention methods to diminish the associated risks include training and equipping individuals to be able to utilize personnel protective gear such as gas masks and hazmat suits, providing in place shelters capable of defending against gas exposure, tracking the buying and selling of toxic industrial resources, and limiting the knowledge available on how to produce such (although I am certain the latter would be the hardest with the development of the internet and information sharing).
2.Hello Classmates. I have chosen to discuss chlorine again because it is one of the most common chemicals that most people have in their homes right now. Chlorine’s most dangerous form is in its gaseous state but it is also used to clean pools, sanitize surfaces, and clean clothes. We even use it to decontaminate drinking water in water treatment plants. Injuries can be caused from eye exposure, skin exposure, inhalation, and ingestion (CDC, 2020). The chemical was used in World War I effectively as a chemical weapon. The chlorine gas was put into fuel tanks similar to the ones used today for propane. Since the gas is heavier than air, it would settle into the trenches where soldiers were hiding. This would force them out of the trenches to be shot fleeing or be forced to succumb to the .
DAC Action oriented policy paper on human rights and developmentDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a policy paper by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) on promoting human rights and development. It outlines how human rights and development have increasingly converged over the past decade as more donors seek to comprehensively promote human rights to improve development cooperation. The DAC conducted a review to foster consensus among donors on how to address human rights more strategically. The review identified 10 principles to guide donor action in key areas like state-building and aid effectiveness.
U N I C E F ( Nov. 2008) Comprehensive And Holistic Legislative Reform On...Genevieve Whitaker
This document discusses a human rights-based approach to comprehensive and holistic legislative reform on behalf of children's rights. It argues that such an approach must recognize children as rights holders, take a holistic view of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, and involve stakeholders in the reform process. The key principles of a human rights-based approach include universality of rights, interdependence and indivisibility of rights, non-discrimination, participation, and accountability. Legislative reform following these principles would result in a legal framework that effectively protects all children and enables the realization of all their rights.
The document discusses international efforts to promote abortion rights through United Nations bodies and treaties. It describes strategies used by organizations like the Center for Reproductive Rights to influence the interpretation of existing treaties to include abortion rights. They aim to establish abortion as an international norm through "soft law" declarations and court rulings. Their goal is to counter national sovereignty over abortion laws and influence domestic policies and courts. The document also discusses using the Convention on the Rights of the Child to argue the treaty protects children from violence, including abortion.
The document discusses the need to strengthen extraterritorial human rights obligations (ETOs) for twelve reasons. It argues that the universality of human rights implies that human rights claims can be made against all states, not just one's home state, meaning states have ETOs. It also states that ETOs are necessary for a rights-based international legal order, as globalization has increased the impact of states' actions abroad and the gap in human rights protection. Only by recognizing ETOs, including an obligation for international cooperation, can human rights be fully realized and claims be justiciable for rights holders.
C R B P I Executive Summary Mapping F I N A LBirendra Raturi
This document provides an executive summary of the links between business and children's rights in order to frame the development of the Children's Rights and Business Principles. It discusses key aspects of children's rights as defined by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and explores the scope of business responsibility towards children, including both minimum standards of ensuring no harm to children as well as actions that can support children's rights. It examines how business interacts with children's rights across seven themes such as corporate governance, the workplace, supply chains, and community investment.
C R B P I Executive Summary Mapping F I N A LBirendra Raturi
This document provides background on the Children's Rights and Business Principles Initiative. It discusses key aspects of children's rights as defined by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, including rights to survival, development, protection from harm, and participation. The document also outlines states' duty to protect children from human rights abuses by third parties like businesses. It argues that regardless of states' obligations, businesses have a responsibility to respect children's rights and avoid complicity in abuses.
Similar to Policy Roundtable on Inclusive Tourism (16)
Tracing Disability Representation After the1981UN International Year of Disab...Scott Rains
Scott Rains discusses his research into how various countries represented people with disabilities on postage stamps issued for the 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons. He analyzed over 115 countries' stamp issues from that year and organized them into categories based on their depictions, such as broken stems representing disability, people with disabilities at work, sports, tourism, visible and invisible disabilities, and famous disabled individuals. His methodology involved compiling images and facts into spreadsheets and flashcards to identify patterns in how different nations portrayed disability through these commissioned artworks.
The document summarizes interpretive programs at Ocotillo Wells SVRA that combine astronomy with off-road vehicle recreation:
- The park offers a weekly astronomy program featuring solar viewing, night sky viewing with a powerful telescope, and videos/activities to teach visitors about the cosmos. Donations have made the program financially sustainable.
- "Astrogeology" exhibits at popular off-road sites teach about geology of other planets compared to local features, using hands-on activities like examining moon rocks.
- Outreach includes astronomy-themed junior ranger activities, and programs taking telescopes into the nearby town and schools. Trading cards and information packets also spread astronomy knowledge.
- While primarily an off
The Purpose of a Conference on Inclusive TourismScott Rains
A conference on inclusive tourism has the dual responsibility of applying best practices in meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) while also modeling full participation for people of all abilities. Such a conference aims to showcase inclusive practices and provide a venue for improving them by directly engaging people with disabilities. It also works to promote universal human rights to cultural participation as affirmed in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Effective data collection on travelers with disabilities and collaboration between industry and disability advocacy groups is needed to better understand this important market segment.
San Marino Declaration on Inclusive Tourism - 2014Scott Rains
Representatives from various organizations met in San Marino to discuss accessible tourism. They recognized the rights of disabled people to access tourism activities based on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. While progress has been made in accessibility in Europe, more needs to be done, especially in developing countries. The group calls on stakeholders to work towards eliminating barriers through training, observing universal design principles, promoting technologies that provide accessibility information, and mainstreaming accessibility in the tourism industry.
WASHINGTON, D.C., November 11, 2014—Today the Equal Rights Center (ERC)—a national non-profit civil rights organization—released a new toolkit to help veterans with disabilities advocate for accessible housing.
“Every year, hundreds of thousands of veterans return home to new challenges and barriers due to physical and mental disabilities resulting from their service to and for our country,” said Melvina Ford, executive director of the ERC. “Under the federal Fair Housing Act, these veterans are entitled to accessible housing and beyond that our gratitude and respect.”
According to government sources, 45 percent of the 1.6 million veterans from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are now seeking compensation for service-related disabilities, more than double the estimate of 21 percent who filed such claims after the Gulf War.
The lack of available accessible housing for these veterans with disabilities contributes to higher rates of unemployment and homelessness. Approximately 12 percent of the homeless population is made up of veterans, which in real numbers amounts to almost 50,000 homeless veterans on our streets.
“Our veterans—particularly those who return home with service-related disabilities—deserve equal treatment and opportunity in all aspects of their new lives,” said James Schenck, president and CEO of Pentagon Federal Credit Union (PenFed). “It is imperative that we ensure that veterans with disabilities have the resources and education to be effective advocates for themselves and their families.”
The Veterans with Disabilities Toolkit highlights the rights to accessible housing afforded to veterans with disabilities under Title XIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, known as the Fair Housing Act (FHA). This toolkit provides: an overview of the rights provided by the federal FHA, information on accessible design requirements of multifamily development, how to request a reasonable modification or accommodation from property owners or managers and answers to frequently asked questions.
On Disability and Tourism in Nepal: Article by Scott Rains and Interview with...Scott Rains
The document summarizes an article written by Dr. Scott Rains about the challenges and promise of inclusive tourism in Nepal. Some key points:
- Dr. Rains visited Nepal to evaluate the accessibility of tours for wheelchair users and build capacity of tourism suppliers to assist people with disabilities.
- Nepal faces significant challenges to becoming fully accessible and disability-friendly but has potential to grow its tourism industry by serving the large market of travelers with disabilities.
- Universal design principles that make places accessible to all could help Nepal's tourism if adopted, such as accessible hotels, transportation, and public facilities.
- Other experts like Ms. Paula Sotnik also see potential in Nepal's disability rights movement despite limited
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Travel South Africa in a Wheelchair - Forward Magzine, Feb 2010Scott Rains
The document summarizes the author's 11-day trip to South Africa's Elephant Coast region, arranged by Access 2 Africa Safaris. It describes accessible accommodations at Macaranga Lodge and Hilltop Camp, as well as activities like visiting Shake Marine World in Durban and going on game drives in Hluluwe Game Reserve. The trip allowed the author, who uses a wheelchair, to experience South African culture and see many wild animals in their natural habitats. The region is poised to become more popular as an accessible tourist destination with improvements to Durban's airport.
The Matera Manifesto on Cultural Inclusion (In Italian and English)Scott Rains
THE MATERA MANIFESTO
This document summarises the results of the discussions between
experts in Universal Accessibility meeting in the international event
entitled "ZERO BARRIERE - L'Accessibilità Conviene" (ZERO BARRIERS:
Accessibility for All), organised on 27 and 28 September 2014 in
Matera by Officina Rambaldi, with the active participation and
patronage of MiBACT (the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and
Activities and of Tourism, the Council of Europe and of many other
local, regional and international institutions.
The participants duly wish to:
- Reiterate the right proclaimed in Article 27.1 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, which reads: “Everyone has the
right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its
benefits”;
- Underline the significance of the United Nations Convention on
the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the General
Assembly in 2006, with special reference to Art. 30;
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This document summarizes the key points of the Destinations For All World Summit held in Montreal, Canada from 19-22 October 2014. The summit brought together experts from around the world to help develop universal accessibility and inclusion standards for tourism destinations. Speakers discussed improving the availability of accessible tourism information and the need to provide disability awareness training for tourism industry workers. Smaller destinations that have successfully embraced inclusive tourism practices were highlighted as examples. The summit aimed to establish international accessibility standards and norms to help destinations provide seamless, enjoyable travel experiences for all travelers, including the one billion people living with disabilities.
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Abstract of a paper to be presented at the Destinations for All World Summit 2014 in Montreal (D4All)
Conference site: http://www.destinationsforall2014.com/en/
D4All presentation by Scott Rains:
https://independent.academia.edu/ScottRains/Drafts
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Policy Roundtable on Inclusive Tourism
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2. L
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2ND ROUND TABLE
Accessible tourism: for well-being in disability
Scott Paul Rains
Publisher of Rolling Rains Report
here are two productive ways to enter this topic of rather than grudgingly enacted compliance. As I suggest-
T governmental policies that facilitate travel by peo- ed yesterday this means systemic design thinking where
ple experiencing disabilities. One way is to look at the those who experience disabilities are imagined as vital
most comprehensive policies. The other way is to look at customers long before products, policies, or places are
the most highly regarded policies or “best practices.” We built.
will do both – and take quick glances sideways to under- Concentrating our comments on governmental poli-
stand what impact they are having around the globe. cies then, let’s begin with the most comprehensive per-
Let me suggest first that the very best resource I have spective. This comes from looking at the United Nations
found on this subject is a book by travel writer Candy Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Harrington. Her book, “Barrier-Free Travel: A Nuts & (CRPD). Within the CRPD Article 30 establishes policy on
Bolts Guide for Wheelers & Slow Walkers” is an excellent leisure travel. Article 30 is entitled, “Participation in
English-language resource on travel under US policies Cultural Life, Recreation, Leisure, and Sport.”
for those with mobility impairments. I am reviewing the The United Nations Convention on the Rights of
third edition prior to publication and will quote from it Persons with Disabilities or CRPD is an assertion, at the
later in my comments. level of international law, of the human rights of all per-
The United Nations has produced the most compre- sons with disabilities. It is unique in that it addresses all
hensive policy. Best practices are generally found in the aspects of travel: the right to travel freely, accessibility of
policies of the EU and the United States. We will look at the means of travel and of destinations, and the right to
one UN document and a set of relevant US policies. I full participation in society – cultural inclusion. It is also a
focus on US policy because I am better qualified to speak legal framework for evaluating the sufficiency of existing
with authority on them than on European policy. I expect national legislation on these topics.
that my colleagues will be better suited to reporting the A Comparative Analysis of Disability Laws in the
EU situation. United States to the United Nations Convention on the
If we were to also examine business policies we would Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has been
discover that these are underdeveloped. They react to done by the United States National Council of
governmental policy so we must understand government Disabilities.
policy first. Business policy in the travel industry, with few Here is a quote from the document’s comparison of
exceptions, is still driven by fear of the cost of non-com- Article 30 of the CRPD to US Law:
pliance to government enforcement. Development of
mature business policies requires a complete reversal of Article 30 - Participation in Cultural Life, Recreation,
assumptions by the industry. The market value of cus- Leisure, and Sport
tomers who experience disabilities must be recognized. The United States’ approach to participation in cultural
Then business can innovate with policy based on its own life, recreation, leisure, and sport is based almost entire-
internal logic of producing sustainably profitable product ly on an antidiscrimination model. This means that to
101
3. Extracts from the Proceedings of the International Conference
the extent that such opportunities exist for the general policy as tool for the economic development of nations
population, the federal government provides a legal and specifically as a tool for the socio-economic inclusion
right to people with disabilities to participate in such of persons experiencing disability.
activities without discrimination. I feel that the historic significance of our gathering
In terms of enforcement, the Department of Justice has here sponsored by the Carlo Besta Institute holds the
made accessibility of cultural and recreation facilities a promise of bringing a fourth informed voice to policy
priority. development – the medical community – as well as a
But the larger project envisioned by Article 30, includ- deepened commitment by Italy which is already well-
ing enabling persons with disabilities to develop and respected globally for its economic development and
utilize creative and artistic potential, establishing sup- disability projects. Hopefully this side note will stir some
port and recognition of specific cultural and linguistic creative thinking about how and where you can become
identities, and encouraging mainstreaming of sporting involved in policy development.
opportunities, is largely left to private actors and advo- Now to return to analyzing the US situation.
cacy organizations. The legal situation in the United States is somewhat
Accordingly, a gap exists between U.S. law and CRPD confused. There are two main pieces of legislation
protection, albeit one that could be filled with aggres- impacting the process of travel for those who experi-
sive implementation and/or additional Congressional ence disability. These laws are the Americans with
action. Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Air Carriers Access Act
(ACAA). Two other laws are also important. These are
Let me make one of those side notes I promised. It is relevant during travel but also before travel during the
about Asia. It illustrates the dynamics at work in this pol- planning, decision-making, and reservation process.
icy gap. The dynamic there is being repeated around the The first law is known as the Telecommunications Act of
world in different forms. 1996. It deals with telephone and television accessibili-
I consult with government, industry, and advocacy ty. The second law is referred to as “Section 508”
groups around the world on travel and disability. I although the full title is Section 508. It deals with online
observe that developed nations generally place more communication.
responsibility on government while less developed
nations rely on the actions of business. This has led us in THE ADA
the advocacy sector in Asia to hold an international con- Part of the confusion in the US over the ADA and the
ference every two years asserting a rights-based ACAA (besides the fact that it all sounds like alphabet
approach to tourism and disability. soup) is that not even the experts in charge of enforce-
The purpose is to bridge gaps between the laws in ment know where enforcement of one stops and the
Asian nations and the CRPD vision. It also allows us to other begins. In general the ADA protects you on the
influence business practice. I traditionally give the open- ground and the ACAA once you are in the airplane.
ing keynotes which I can provide to anyone who would Another area of confusion exists because laws
like copies to research this in more depth. become more or less powerful through amendments,
Our first conference was held in Taipei in 2005, our judicial action, or further policy decisions.
second conference, hosted by the United Nations, took A quote from the United States National Council of
place in Bangkok in 2007, and our current conference, Disabilities about what the ADA (the Americans with
partially funded by the sister of the king of Thailand, is Disabilities Act) covers is helpful:
about to occur in Singapore. The conferences arose from
the United Nations’ Biwako documents and the Coverage of United States Law
Millennium Plan. In other words, this initiative for United States domestic law has several provisions that
Inclusive Tourism by the advocacy sector represents a prevent discrimination against people with disabilities
continent shifting toward comprehensive government in cultural life, recreation, leisure, and sport. Many such
102
4. NEUROLOGY OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM
activities take place at privately owned places of public Federal Communications Commission to adopt rules
accommodation – that is, privately owned businesses requiring closed captioning of most, though not all, tele-
or establishments that open themselves up to the pub- vision programming. It protects the right to alternative
lic – and are covered by Title III of the ADA. As such, phone networks for the deaf which are the technological
the owners and operators cannot discriminate in the backbone for the videophones you will now find at
full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, O’Hare Airport and drives some of the manufacturer
facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommoda- interest in Universal Design in cell phones.
tions. Also briefly let me note that section 508 is the US
Title III’s reach has therefore extended significantly into manifestation of what you may experience in Europe
recreation and cultural opportunities for people with more directly through the Web Accessibility Initiative
disabilities. The organizers of sports and recreation (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
activities must make reasonable accommodations Section 508 is the mandate to use Universal Design
unless such accommodation would fundamentally alter online that guarantees, for example, applications to read
the nature of the goods or services being provided. text aloud for blind or visually impaired users.
Thus, for example, the Professional Golf Association Although I pass over these things briefly today I
had to provide a golf cart as a reasonable accommoda- observe an unresolved problem everywhere I travel and
tion to a professional golfer to allow him to participate research. The need for quality information appropriate to
in tournament play. A requested accommodation also those with limited or different functionality presented
does not have to made if it causes a direct threat to the and presented in accessible formats is simply not being
health or safety of others. Title III has been applied to met. Perhaps that should teach me that I must spend
sports leagues; i.e., its coverage is not limited to actual more time on the subject!
locations.
Similarly, as with any Title III covered entity, facilities that THE ACAA
house cultural and recreational opportunities have Let me close with one example from the Air Carriers
accessibility obligations. Facilities that predate the ADA Access Act (ACAA). It is a quote from one of my favorite
must be accessible to the extent that doing so is “read- books on travel and disability, Candy Harrington’s
ily achievable,” and new facilities (and modifications to “Barrier-Free Travel: A Nuts & Bolts Guide for Wheelers
existing facilities) must be more fully accessible to peo- & Slow Walkers.”:
ple with disabilities in accordance with the [US building
code known as] ADAAG standards. The accessibility of Generally speaking, the ACAA outlines procedures that
entertainment venues (sports stadiums and movie the- airlines must follow regarding to passengers with dis-
atres) has been a heavily litigated area. In particular, abilities. Among other things, the ACAA mandates that
there have been several “line of sight” cases, involving people with a disability cannot be denied boarding,
the issue of whether people who used wheelchairs are solely because of their disability. It also forbids airlines
entitled to seats where they can see over people who from assessing surcharges for the services mandated by
stand in the rows in front of them. Another frequently the ACAA.
litigated issue is whether wheelchair seating in stadium- The ACAA applies to all U.S. airlines and to all commer-
style movie theaters must offer choices of position with- cial flights to and from the United States, including
in the theater, and to what extent wheelchair seating those operated by non-U.S. carriers…
must be integrated into the stadium seating section of Although many people take the basic non-discrimina-
the theater. tion rights in the ACAA for granted, it’s something that’s
not guaranteed worldwide. Here are some examples of
Telecommunications Act & Section 508 what can and does happen in places that don’t have
In the interest of time I will comment only briefly that this kind of legal protection:
the Telecommunications Act of 1996 directed the US • Virgin Blue denied passage to unaccompanied
103
5. Extracts from the Proceedings of the International Conference
wheelchair users, who happened to be para- • Disabled passengers who wish to fly on Aeroflot must
lympians. be cleared by the company medical department
• A woman with cerebral palsy was refused passage on immediately prior to boarding.
a South African Express flight, because she could not
get in and out of her wheelchair without assistance. An incident she didn’t mention was wheelchair user
• Air Asia prohibited disabled passengers from travel- Sminu Jindahl being refused service on Christmas
ing unaccompanied. Day 2007 by Jet Airlines. Sminu’s net worth is $1 bil-
• Tiger Airways, a no-frills Singapore-based carrier, lion dollars.
denied passage to a 24-year-old wheelchair user, By the way, the Air Sahara incident Candy mentioned
even though she was accompanied by her family. was Rajiv Rajan last May on his way to do his job testify-
• Air Sahara denied passage to an unaccompanied ing to the Indian government in New Dehli about the cur-
passenger with cerebral palsy, on the grounds that he rent status of discrimination toward people with neuro-
needed an escort or a “fitness to fly” certificate. logical and other impairments while traveling.
• Cebu Pacific denied boarding to an unaccompanied Any questions about why I would like to recruit you to
disabled passenger with a “neurological disorder.” help us improve policy?
104
6. Editors
Ferdinando Cornelio
Scientific Director
National Neurological Institute Foundation “Carlo Besta”
Milan
Graziano Arbosti
Manager
Socio-Sanitary Research, Scientific Direction
National Neurological Institute Foundation “Carlo Besta”
Milan
Paolo Cornelio
Researcher
Socio-Sanitary Research, Scientific Direction
National Neurological Institute Foundation “Carlo Besta”
Milan
Scott Paul Rains
Publisher of Rolling Rains Report
Scientific Committee Organising Committee
F. Cornelio, Coordinator G. Arbosti, Coordinator
M. Fini M. Luciano
L. Tesio G. De Leo
G. Filippini P. Cornelio
F.A. Compostella C. Gallo
M. Imbriani G. Mavellia
L. Battistin C. Puppo
M. Melazzini L. Vincenzi
G. Filippi N. Gianotti
M. Carletti