This document discusses the growing problem of electronic waste (e-waste). It begins by defining e-waste and noting that e-waste is increasing worldwide at around 8-10% annually. It then explains that planned obsolescence and the short replacement times for consumer electronics contribute significantly to the rising levels of e-waste. The document concludes by discussing methods for estimating future volumes of e-waste based on current sales figures of electronics.

1. The Problem Of E Waste
E–Waste may be described as a broad and growing range of electronics ranging from large household devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners,
cell phones, personal stereos and consumer electronics to computers, which have been discarded by their users. (Puckett and Smith, 2002). While this
description is accurate, it is slightly ambiguous about the length of time before a device can actually be considered waste. Often, owners discard their
electronics long before they have reached the end of their actual life cycle in order to upgrade to a newer model. In most cases the outgoing device
finds its way into the used market. This may prolong the life of the product by a few years, however all electronic items eventually reach a point...show
more content...
With devices becoming increasingly affordable, the replacement time for common consumer electronics has also become shorter. Planned obsolescence
is a significant contributor to the increase in purchase of consumer electronics. Many companies these days limit software updates and features to only
a handful of new phones or tablets they offer, thus perpetuating the need to go out and purchase the new model. The average use time before a
consumer replaces their mobile phone is only 18 months even though it's actual life cycle may be much longer than that. PCs and laptops are usually
considered outdated within 3–4 years of purchase and are then replaced by their owners for newer and faster models. Studies have estimated e–waste
generation worldwide at 20 to 50 million tonnes per year with a steady increase of 8% to 10% annually. One of the methods to estimate the potential
volume of e–waste in the present and the future is by analyzing sales figures of commercial electronics. By taking into account how much we are
buying, we may be able to approximate how much will be added to this waste stream a few years down the line when newly purchased devices
become obsolete and are discarded. On the release of the latest iPad, electronic buy back firms stated that consumers were trading in their older tablets
at an unprecedented rate for the new iteration even though their older tablets were completely functional and working.
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

2. Speech On Electronic Waste
E–waste, as known as electronic waste, is the fastest growing waste on the planet. Any discard with a cord or battery is considered electronic
waste. People have been creating effective electronic gadgets and appliances to improve the quality of lives. However, once the equipment is used
and old, the amount of waste increases. The waste problem cannot be ignored since the Earth is having more environmental issues. For instance,
from my personal experience in working at a manufacturing factory, the smell of the processing metal gave me a hard time. I was wondering why
other workers do not wear a masks until they answered, "We are used to it, and have no choice; that is our job." That response accorded me a clearer
understanding of how helpless employees can be. Similarly, in the area with much electronic waste, citizens who live near landfills have to be negatively
affected by the polluted environment.
E–waste is created and destroyed by people. Although some may not realize how much waste they have made in the environment, the ones who suffer
under the electronic contamination are humans themselves. In the United States (U.S.), which is the main producer of e–waste, everyone should be
responsible for the appropriate disposal of used electronics because e–waste can cause health issues for humans and the environment, but recycling
e–waste could lead to more job opportunities and future profits for society.
Main Producer of E–Waste and Where Waste Ends
The U.S. is one of the
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

3. Solutions to E- waste problem Essay
In the last decades, technology became more sophisticated in creating modern devices. Consequently, in our disposable age most apparatus turn into
aged ones in a couple of years or even months. This is one of the reasons why electronic devices become waste. E–waste is discarded, surplus, obsolete,
or broken electronic devices or apparatuses. Most environment protection organizations maintain that e–waste induces health and pollution problems.
The primary reason for this view is that almost all of the electric devices contain hazardous substances which are toxic and are not biodegradable.
There are mercury, lead, and chromium in parts like circuit boards, batteries, and color cathode tubes. These toxic components can easily enter the
...show more content...
Although recycle companies require fixed fee, they provide following services: taking back, transporting, tracking and reporting programs. In addition,
reporting program includes a final report. In this final report there is information about the values of materials. Eddy current separators (ECSs) and the
Titech X–Tract Separator and Finder are extensively used in recycling industry. These machines sort the shreds; therefore, the recycling stages go
faster. However, ECSs do not recognize stainless steel whereas X–Tract and Finder identify it (Krikke 2008). Finally, recyclers are responsible for
reusing or for selling recycled materials. One example of this is DMC The Electronics Recycling Company, which has the purchasers for every sort of
materials except batteries.
Another solution is for manufactures to adopt the responsibility. Michael McCarthy (2010) claims that this solution was proposed by The European
Union in 2002. Thus, the manufacturers must follow some rules. The rules are to minimize hazardous substances in electronic equipment, take back
and recycle the end– of– life electronics and use the recycled– content materials. Firstly, it will be better if manufacturers minimize the use of certain
materials like plastic as it takes a very long time to degrade. Moreover, by minimizing the number of materials, the cost of the final product will
decline. Secondly, there will
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

4. e-waste Essay
Electronic and electrical equipment is essential part of busy world. It substitutes hard human work and makes it faster. Most of people have a
computer at home or at work. In recent years changing of electronic equipment becomes faster due to obsolescence and advance (Deathe et al. 2008,
322). The problem of e–waste threatens the future environment of the modern society. E–waste or electronic waste means electrical and electronic
equipment, which is not suitable for use and fills the dumps. Electronic equipment, such as mobile phones, computers, and televisions consist of
hazardous materials, which pollute the environment and impact on human's health. Obtaining of 1.6 billion pounds of lead and four times more
pounds of plastic from...show more content...
Reusing is not suitable approach because not all old computers can be used by a second consumer. Recycling and remanufacturing are recently proposed
solutions which could be developed in the future to control e–waste.
One of the known solutions to e–waste is recycling. Recycling is "the process of changing waste materials such as newspapers and bottles so that
they can be used again" (Macmillan 2007). According to Bakar (2007, 1370) recycling has several parts of feasibility, the main aspects are
dismantling and stages of separating. There are some recycling programs which help consumers to choose a convenient way to recycle their
electronic equipment (Marquardt 2005). For instance, consumers can find programs on www.eiae.org (ibid. 2005). For recycling it is essential to
have adequate raw materials for appreciable result with qualitative secondary products (Deathe et al. 2008, 324). Products of recycling are different
things from refurbishing metals of electronic equipment. After recycling producers have two types of material. One of them of low grade and could
be used in secondary market, other could be mixed with virgin material ( Bakar 2007,1371). Kahhat et al.(2008, 957) report that many countries
already have experience in recycling, such as Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and the United States. As countries have different approaches for this
solution, in South Korea consumers need to pay fee when buy new
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

5. A Solution to E-Waste Essay
Over the past decade there was a profound development achieved in the sphere of high technologies production. Now the scale of electronics market
becomes wider and spins up day by day with a cyclic launch of new electronic appliances with enhanced features. "According to the Consumer
Electronics Association (CEA), consumers were expected to purchase 500 million units of consumer electronics in the US in 2008." (Electronics
Takeback coalition, 2010) Consequently, a clear tendency toward rapid substitution of electronic appliances can be observed. A high rate in electronics
upgrading shortens their lifespan and results in following stockpiling of needless gadgets, which become a part of municipal waste. These end–of–life
electronic devices...show more content...
Now consumers are not supplied with enough opportunities for proper disposal of e–waste. Recycling management is not sufficiently developed.
Consequently, instead of being recycled a growing number of end–of–life electronics with a variety of hazardous components in their structures, such
as lead and mercury, is dumped in landfills or incinerated. Umesi and Onyia (2008) suggest that 20 acres of lake can be contaminated just with
'one–seventieth of a teaspoon of mercury' so that the fish becomes unsafe to eat. Thus, such practices as disposal of e–waste in dumping ground or
incineration substantially expose the whole environment to contamination with toxins, which in its turn leads to expansion of different human health
problems. Binns (2006) reports that people's exposure to mercury toxication through food, through eating fish in particular, may lead to the whole
range of diseases such as impaired neurological development, kidney damage, respiratory failure and affection of cognitive abilities. Embryos and
small children are at the largest risk to be affected with mercury toxins, especially their nervous system. Therefore, pregnant women are recommended
to forgo eating fish. (ibid, 2006) Hence, it is essential to take drastic measures concerning e–waste issue. However, it can be claimed that currently
there is no any relevant approach being successfully developed and applied to the problem.
One of the ways
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

6. E Waste Management
E–Waste Management in Pakistan
Zaigham Abbas Technical Officer (Chemicals) Ministry of Environment Government of Pakistan
Regional Workshop on WEEE/E–Waste Management, 6 – 9 July 2010, Osaka, Japan
1
INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION
Ministry of Environment is responsible for National Environment Policy, Planning and International Environment Coordination.
2
PAKISTAN: STATUS OF ENVIRONMENT

Constitution of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) headed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan is the highest forum responsible for
strategic policy decision in environment and sustainable development Establishment of Federal & Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies
(EPA), Enacted the Pakistan Environmental...show more content...


Management of Mercury & Mercury containing Waste Project (2009–10).
11

7. Electronic Waste in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the computers and other obsolete electronic goods are imported under the pretext of 'second–hand equipment. A small percentage of the
items imported are usable. In practice, after removing the working machines and usable parts, the bulk of the consignment is sent to the recycling
industry Hundreds of workers, including teenage children, earn their livelihoods by dismantling the electronic scrap and extracting valuable
components E–waste has Environmental repercussions of the various highly toxic elements like lead, cadmium, barium, mercury and chromium which
are released during the dismantling of these used computers. There is no proper system to recycle and dispose e–waste in Pakistan, which is a serious
issue.
12



Electronic Waste in Pakistan

The circuit boards originate from all over the world, including the US, Kuwait, Australia, Japan and the UK. Only 2 percent of the computers can be
reused; for the remaining computers, all of the metals and plastics are taken out to be re–sold, according to Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition and Basel
Action Network. All of the work is done by hand and no protective equipment is used Sorting is done and only 15 to 40 per cent of these computers
can be used and the rest is recycled. The go–downs working condition
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

8. Essay about E-Waste
E–waste is the term which relates to all types of electronics, which can evolve into waste in the near future. (STEP) Although E–waste is a general
term, it can be assumed to cover all types of items which use electricity. Today, electronic waste becomes a very formidable and significant problem
around the world. Environmental protection agency contends the idea, that there are 4 most common ways of solving electronic waste problem:
landfilling, incinerating, reusing and recycling. This essay will firstly discuss key reasons of e–waste to be a comprehensive problem. This paper will
argue, that there are 4 most conventional approaches to solve electronic waste problem and to prove that recycling is the most benefit one....show more
content...
It will take a lot of energy and resources to mine them again.(Environment protection agency,2000) Thus, it is very perilous to environment and
economically unprofitable not to manage electronic waste. There are 4 most common ways of solving electronic waste problem: landfilling,
incinerating, reusing and recycling.(European environment agency,2002) The most wide spread of them is landfilling, the process of burying
electronic waste. There is only one advantage of this approach – it costs significantly less than other ways. That is why landfilling is very popular
among countries like Poland, Greece, Cyprus, Malta and USA. The EPA report on management of electronic waste in USA mention that 1422.1 tons
are landfilled over of 1824.8 produced.
Although landfilling is significantly cheap, it has rather serious negative impact to environment. European Environment agency discusses the idea, that
it is impossible to predict precise influence of landfilling to environment. Then it mentions that electronic waste can store for a long time being
buried.Furthermore conditions of landfills are distinctive from conditions of natural lands. Therefore, hazardous elements like Cadmium or Mercury
can spread and cause a serious havoc
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

9. E-waste Essay example
Over the past decade there was a prominent development observed in the sphere of high technologies production, so the scale of electronics market
becomes wider and spins up from day to day. "According to the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA), consumers were expected to purchase 500
million units of consumer electronics in the US in 2008. US households spend about $1407 per year on hardware." (Electronics Takeback coalition,
2010) Accordingly, there is a clear tendency of rapid substitution of electronic appliances observed, as every other day producers offer consumers more
efficient and powerful gadgets instead of their predecessors. Consequently, high rate in electronics upgrading results in shortening of their lifespan and
following...show more content...
Now consumers are not supplied with enough opportunities for a proper disposal of e–waste, i.e. recycling management is not sufficiently developed.
Consequently, instead of being recycled a growing number of end–of–life electronics with a variety of hazardous components such as lead, mercury set
in their structure is turned out to be simply dumped in landfills or incinerated, which substantially exposes the whole environment to a serious problem
of contamination with toxins. For example, 'milligrams of mercury that are used in LCDs structure, can be so toxic that as little as one gram of
airborne mercury deposited per year to a 20–acre lake is enough to maintain mercury contamination at a level where the fish are unsafe to eat'.
(Takeback coalition, 2009) Besides, such placement of toxic e–waste in landfills leads to expansion of different human health problems such as
'elevated risks of cancer and developmental and neurological disorders'. (Binns, 2006) Mercury can serve as a glare example as even in a small dosage
it is very toxic and may bring about brain and kidney damage. In 2000 the National Academy of Sciences stated in its report that as mercury is able to
be passed through breast milk, each year there are approximately
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

10. Essay about E-waste Management
While technology has revolutionized the way people live, it has not come without a direct environmental cost. Toxic waste or electronic waste
(e–waste), produced by obsolete electronic products, is growing at an alarming rate, and poses a severe environmental threat. In light of challenges
underlined by this new kind of waste, sound management is imperative. Although, America and Asia are economically very different from each other,
ironically they do not differ much when it comes to the `mismanagement' of e–waste: unsafe disposition practices, lax legislation, and inadequate
recycling.
Disposal of e–waste is one of the major problems faced in America. Despite being financially sound, America has no proper infrastructure built for safe
...show more content...
According to HP, "these extra [charges] would not be placed on companies outside the California border, therefore, giving outside retailers and
companies a competitive advantage." In addition, the report added that according to some environmentalists, this Act does not provide any "incentives
[for the manufacturers] to improve their designs for the environment."
Likewise, inconsistencies also exist in the legal standards of Asia. The domestic legislations concerning e–waste disposal continues to be difficult to
enforce in developing countries of Asia in the absence of international cooperation and assistance, technical and financial means, and an adequate
infrastructure. For instance, according to a report by Multinational Monitor, "China has banned the import of e–waste and yet the US refuses to honor
that ban by preventing exports to them."
Yet another concern for America is inadequate recycling of e–waste. According to a recent study, "In the US, only one in nine, retired computers was
recycled in 2001." The US imputed the cause to the high cost of recycling that incurs from collecting, sorting, transporting, and processing e–waste. On
the other hand, however, some manufacturers have devised new
Get more content on HelpWriting.net