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Edwin Land founded Polaroid Corporation in 1937 and introduced instant photography to the public in 1947 with the launch of their first commercial instant camera. In the following decades, Polaroid expanded internationally and introduced color film and automatic pack film cameras, solidifying its position as the leader in instant photography. While Polaroid defeated Kodak in a patent battle in 1985, the rise of digital cameras led Polaroid to file for bankruptcy in 2001 and 2009 as it lost most of its business. Efforts have been made to relaunch Polaroid film through The Impossible Project and a partnership with Lady Gaga in 2010 aimed to make her the new face of the company.
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![The Beginning In 1937, Edwin Land founds Polaroid Corporation. In 1944, Jennifer Land, Land’s daughter, conceived the idea of instant film while on vacation, “ Why can’t I see [the picture] now? ” In 1947, Land introduced instant photography to The Optical Society in New York City on February 21 st . In 1948, instant photography goes to the public and sells out almost completely.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 1. POLAROID join the movement
- 2. The Beginning In 1937, Edwin Land founds Polaroid Corporation. In 1944, Jennifer Land, Land’s daughter, conceived the idea of instant film while on vacation, “ Why can’t I see [the picture] now? ” In 1947, Land introduced instant photography to The Optical Society in New York City on February 21 st . In 1948, instant photography goes to the public and sells out almost completely.
- 3. Polaroid Model 95 camera The first commercial instant camera
- 4. Expansion and Growth In the late 50s and early 60s, Polaroid expands into Canada, Europe and Japan. Polaroid introduces colour film, along with the successful and very usable, to this day, Automatic 100 pack film camera. With this, Polaroid solidified it’s position as leader of instant photography.
- 5. The valuable Automatic 100 pack film camera
- 8. The 80’s Amidst the release of the Sun 600 Light Management system, founder Edwin Land retires after 45 years. In 1985, Polaroid defeats Kodak in a patent battle, forcing Kodak to leave the instant camera industry.
- 9. Decline With the rise of digital cameras in the late 90s and early 00s, Polaroid filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001 and lost most of its business to Bank One. Although, it still functioned under its original name, Polaroid Corporation. However, again in late December 2009, Polaroid Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy The company decided to stop production of Polaroid cameras in 2007 and stopping production of Polaroid film by 2009.
- 10. Future Photographer, Florian Kaps, and André Bosman, former head of film production at a large Polaroid film factory, along with the reorganized Polaroid company, have decided to relaunch Polaroid film, named The Impossible Project. In January of 2010, Polaroid partnered with pop star, Lady GaGa, and made her Creative Director of the company. Polaroid claimed that she would be the “ new face ” of the company.