The document discusses Pluto's reclassification from planet to dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union in 2006. It provides background on Pluto's discovery and characteristics. Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit unlike the other planets, is very small compared to planets, and did not "clear its orbit" of other objects like planets do. The IAU therefore established three criteria for an object to be classified as a planet: it must orbit the sun, be massive enough to be round, and have cleared its orbital path of other objects. Pluto meets only the first two criteria and was thus reclassified as a dwarf planet along with other small bodies like Eris in the Kuiper Belt.
ILOA Galaxy Forum NY Scarsdale 2014 -- Alan Stern, New HorizonsILOAHawaii
ILOA will again help host the community of Scarsdale High School students, teachers, administrators and alums in the 1960, 1961 and 1962 Classes — at the 4th annual Galaxy Forum SHS.
The program features a science talk by Dr. Alan Stern on the New Horizons mission currently traveling at 14.72 km/s almost 3.9 Billion kilometers from Earth on its way to explore Pluto and its moons. The mission, is expected to arrive July 14, 2015, will help us understand the icy worlds at the edge of our solar system. Scientists hope to find answers to basic questions about the surface properties, geology, interior makeup and atmospheres on these bodies. The mission will then visit one or more Kuiper Belt Objects beyond Pluto.
Galaxy Forums public events with presentations, panel discussions and attendee participation. Efforts are made to integrate local cultures, perspectives, and traditional knowledge. Galaxy Forums have been held in Hawaii, Silicon Valley, Canada, China, India, Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe, Africa, Chile, Brazil, Kansas and New York. Steve Durst organized Galaxy Forum Scarsdale to bring this innovative 21st Century Education to his alma mater.
Steve Durst celebrated his 50th SHS 1961 Class Reunion with the 1st Galaxy Forum at SHS on September 23 2011. The 50th SHS 1962 Reunion starting October 5, 2012, continued the Galaxy Forum SHS program with Jeff Hoffman, 5-time Shuttle Astronaut and SHS 1962 alum, sharing his experience repairing the Hubble Space Telescope. Galaxy Forum SHS 2013 featured Dr. Denton Ebel, Curator / Chair of the Dept of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the American Museum of Natural History in NYC speaking on Asteroids in matters of Science, Resources and Security.
Professor’s Questions Set 5Provide comprehensive answers to th.docxwkyra78
Professor’s Questions Set 5
Provide comprehensive answers to the following questions. Remember to support your arguments where necessary by websites and pictures.
Chapter 7 and 8 Readings
1. Why is Jupiter so much richer in hydrogen and helium than Earth?
2. Why do astronomers conclude that none of the Jovian planets’ rings can be left over from the formation of the planets?
3. How can Jupiter have a liquid interior and not have a definite liquid surface?
4. Why are Uranus and Neptune respectively green-blue and blue?
5. What evidence indicates that catastrophic impacts have occurred in the solar system’s past?
6. Why do astronomers refer to carbonaceous chondrites as unmodified or “primitive” materials?
7. What evidence indicates that the asteroids are mostly fragments of larger bodies?
8. What is the difference between condensation and accretion?
9. Why does the solar nebula theory predict that planetary systems are common?
10. Why is the evidence of “hot Jupiters” puzzling? What is the current hypothesis of how they formed?
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 8
Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
*
The solar system is our home in the universe. As humans are an intelligent species, we have the right and the responsibility to wonder what we are. Our kind has inhabited this solar system for at least a million years. However, only within the last hundred years have we begun to understand what a solar system is.
*
You are linked through a great chain of origins that leads backward through time to the first instant when the universe began 13.7 billion years ago.The gradual discovery of the links in that chain is one of the most exciting adventures of the human intellect.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
Earlier, you have studied some of that story:Origin of the universe in the big bangFormation of galaxiesOrigin of starsProduction of the chemical elementsHere, you will explore further and consider the origin of planets.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
By the time the universe was three minutes old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons in your body had come into existence. You are made of very old matter.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although those particles formed quickly, they were not linked together to form the atoms that are common today.Most of the matter was hydrogen and about
25 percent was helium. Very few of the heavier atoms were made in
the big bang.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although your body does not contain helium, it does contain many of those ancient hydrogen atoms that have remained unchanged since the universe began.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
During the first few hundred million years after the big bang, matter collected to form galaxies containing billions of stars. You have learned how nuclear reactions inside stars combine low-mass atoms, su ...
ILOA Galaxy Forum NY Scarsdale 2014 -- Alan Stern, New HorizonsILOAHawaii
ILOA will again help host the community of Scarsdale High School students, teachers, administrators and alums in the 1960, 1961 and 1962 Classes — at the 4th annual Galaxy Forum SHS.
The program features a science talk by Dr. Alan Stern on the New Horizons mission currently traveling at 14.72 km/s almost 3.9 Billion kilometers from Earth on its way to explore Pluto and its moons. The mission, is expected to arrive July 14, 2015, will help us understand the icy worlds at the edge of our solar system. Scientists hope to find answers to basic questions about the surface properties, geology, interior makeup and atmospheres on these bodies. The mission will then visit one or more Kuiper Belt Objects beyond Pluto.
Galaxy Forums public events with presentations, panel discussions and attendee participation. Efforts are made to integrate local cultures, perspectives, and traditional knowledge. Galaxy Forums have been held in Hawaii, Silicon Valley, Canada, China, India, Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe, Africa, Chile, Brazil, Kansas and New York. Steve Durst organized Galaxy Forum Scarsdale to bring this innovative 21st Century Education to his alma mater.
Steve Durst celebrated his 50th SHS 1961 Class Reunion with the 1st Galaxy Forum at SHS on September 23 2011. The 50th SHS 1962 Reunion starting October 5, 2012, continued the Galaxy Forum SHS program with Jeff Hoffman, 5-time Shuttle Astronaut and SHS 1962 alum, sharing his experience repairing the Hubble Space Telescope. Galaxy Forum SHS 2013 featured Dr. Denton Ebel, Curator / Chair of the Dept of Earth and Planetary Sciences at the American Museum of Natural History in NYC speaking on Asteroids in matters of Science, Resources and Security.
Professor’s Questions Set 5Provide comprehensive answers to th.docxwkyra78
Professor’s Questions Set 5
Provide comprehensive answers to the following questions. Remember to support your arguments where necessary by websites and pictures.
Chapter 7 and 8 Readings
1. Why is Jupiter so much richer in hydrogen and helium than Earth?
2. Why do astronomers conclude that none of the Jovian planets’ rings can be left over from the formation of the planets?
3. How can Jupiter have a liquid interior and not have a definite liquid surface?
4. Why are Uranus and Neptune respectively green-blue and blue?
5. What evidence indicates that catastrophic impacts have occurred in the solar system’s past?
6. Why do astronomers refer to carbonaceous chondrites as unmodified or “primitive” materials?
7. What evidence indicates that the asteroids are mostly fragments of larger bodies?
8. What is the difference between condensation and accretion?
9. Why does the solar nebula theory predict that planetary systems are common?
10. Why is the evidence of “hot Jupiters” puzzling? What is the current hypothesis of how they formed?
Michael Seeds
Dana Backman
Chapter 8
Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
*
The solar system is our home in the universe. As humans are an intelligent species, we have the right and the responsibility to wonder what we are. Our kind has inhabited this solar system for at least a million years. However, only within the last hundred years have we begun to understand what a solar system is.
*
You are linked through a great chain of origins that leads backward through time to the first instant when the universe began 13.7 billion years ago.The gradual discovery of the links in that chain is one of the most exciting adventures of the human intellect.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
Earlier, you have studied some of that story:Origin of the universe in the big bangFormation of galaxiesOrigin of starsProduction of the chemical elementsHere, you will explore further and consider the origin of planets.
The Great Chain of Origins
*
By the time the universe was three minutes old, the protons, neutrons, and electrons in your body had come into existence. You are made of very old matter.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although those particles formed quickly, they were not linked together to form the atoms that are common today.Most of the matter was hydrogen and about
25 percent was helium. Very few of the heavier atoms were made in
the big bang.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
Although your body does not contain helium, it does contain many of those ancient hydrogen atoms that have remained unchanged since the universe began.
The History of the Atoms in Your Body
*
During the first few hundred million years after the big bang, matter collected to form galaxies containing billions of stars. You have learned how nuclear reactions inside stars combine low-mass atoms, su ...
Project about Pluto for Planetary Geology 2010
I updated some information and pictures on this powerpoint on 10/16/12
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEheh1BH34Q
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Project about Pluto for Planetary Geology 2010
I updated some information and pictures on this powerpoint on 10/16/12
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEheh1BH34Q
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
pluto.ppt
1. Confessions of a Pluto Hater
Megan K. Pickett
Associate Professor of Physics
Lawrence University
14 November 2006
2. Friends, Students, Scientists, lend me your ears;
I come to bury Pluto, not to praise it.
The evil this rock does lives in our books,
The small good was interred with Clyde's bones;
So let it be with Pluto...The noble Newton
Hath told you Pluto was Perturber:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Pluto not answer'd it...
Here, under leave of Lowell and the rest-
(For Lowell was a crazy nearsighted man;
who saw lines on Mars and shouted "water, ho!")-
Come I to speak on Pluto, Dwarf Planet...
3. Formerly the Ninth Planet of the Solar System
uto
Average Orbital Distance: 40 AU
Orbital Period: 248 years
Orbital Inclination: 17o
Orbital Eccentricity: 25%
Rotation Period: -6.4days
Radius: 0.6 RM
Mass: 0.3MM
Average Density: 2100 kgm-3
Surface Temperature: 33 - 55 K
Atmosphere: CH4 and N2
Surface: CH4 ice (?)
Interior (?): Silicates &
ices
4. Formerly the Ninth Planet of the Solar System
uto
Average Orbital Distance: 40 AU
Orbital Period: 248 years
Orbital Inclination: 17o
Orbital Eccentricity: 25%
Rotation Period: -6.4days
Radius: 0.6 RM
Mass: 0.3MM
Average Density: 2100 kgm-3
Surface Temperature: 33 - 55 K
Atmosphere: CH4 and N2
Surface: CH4 ice (?)
Interior (?): Silicates &
ices
5. Formerly the Ninth Planet of the Solar System
uto
Average Orbital Distance: 40 AU
Orbital Period: 248 years
Orbital Inclination: 17o
Orbital Eccentricity: 25%
Rotation Period: -6.4days
Radius: 0.6 RM
Mass: 0.3MM
Average Density: 2100 kgm-3
Surface Temperature: 33 - 55 K
Atmosphere: CH4 and N2
Surface: CH4 ice (?)
Interior (?): Silicates &
ices
6. Formerly the Ninth Planet of the Solar System
uto
Average Orbital Distance: 40 AU
Orbital Period: 248 years
Orbital Inclination: 17o
Orbital Eccentricity: 25%
Rotation Period: -6.4days
Radius: 0.6 RM
Mass: 0.3MM
Average Density: 2100 kgm-3
Surface Temperature: 33 - 55 K
Atmosphere: CH4 and N2
Surface: CH4 ice (?)
Interior (?): Silicates &
ices
7. Formerly the Ninth Planet of the Solar System
uto
Average Orbital Distance: 40 AU
Orbital Period: 248 years
Orbital Inclination: 17o
Orbital Eccentricity: 25%
Rotation Period: -6.4days
Radius: 0.6 RM
Mass: 0.3MM
Average Density: 2100 kgm-3
Surface Temperature: 33 - 55 K
Atmosphere: CH4 and N2
Surface: CH4 ice (?)
Interior (?): Silicates &
ices
8. Formerly the Ninth Planet of the Solar System
uto
Average Orbital Distance: 40 AU
Orbital Period: 248 years
Orbital Inclination: 17o
Orbital Eccentricity: 25%
Rotation Period: -6.4days
Radius: 0.6 RM
Mass: 0.3MM
Average Density: 2100 kgm-3
Surface Temperature: 33 - 55 K
Atmosphere: CH4 and N2
Surface: CH4 ice (?)
Interior (?): Silicates &
ices
9. The Pluto Formerly Known as Planet
Average Orbital Distance: 40 AU
Orbital Period: 248 years
Orbital Inclination: 17o
Orbital Eccentricity: 25%
Rotation Period: -6.4days
Radius: 0.6 RM
Mass: 0.3MM
Average Density: 2100 kgm-3
Surface Temperature: 33 - 55 K
Atmosphere: CH4 and N2
Surface: CH4 ice (?)
Interior (?): Silicates &
ices
10. History of Discovery
Classical Planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter & Saturn
Uranus: (1781) Herschel
Neptune: (1864) Adams & Leverrier
Ceres: (1801) Piazzi
(asteroid and now
Dwarf Planet)
12. I.A.U. Circulaire No. 255
BUREAU CENTRAL ASTRONOMIQUE
DE L'UNION ASTRONOMIQUE INTERNATIONALE
OBSERVATOIRE DE COPENHAGUE
TRANSNEPTUNIAN PLANET?
Lowell observatory telegraphs systematic search begun years
ago supplementing Lowells investigations for Transneptunian
planet has revealed object which for seven weeks has in rate
of motion and path consistently conformed to transneptunian
body at approximate distance he assigned fifteenth magnitude
position march twelve three hours G.M.T. was seven seconds of
time west from delta geminorum agreeing with Lowells predicted
longitude.
16. History of Discovery
And then there was Eris (& Dysnomia): “Scatter Disk Object”
2005 Brown, Trujillo &
Rabinowitz
17. A Brief History of the Solar System
1. Collapse of cold pre-stellar cloud (~5GYA)
a) Initial cloud contains mass and angular momentum of
Solar system
b) Why does it collapse?
• Marginally unstable to collapse?
• Triggered collapse?
100 AU
0.1 pc 105 yrs
19. A Brief History of the Solar System
2. The Solar Nebula (Kant 1775, Laplace 1796)
a) Close to the Protosun
(inside the “frostline”),
volatiles are vaporized, and
only refractory elements are
available for planet building
by accumulation and then
accretion.
~8 AU
Inner planets are rocky
20. A Brief History of the Solar System
2. The Solar Nebula (Kant 1775, Laplace 1796)
b) Far from the Proto-Sun,
Ices are also available for
Building planetary cores.
~80 AU
Outer Solar System is
(or should be) very different
from inner Solar System.
21. A Brief History of the Solar System
3. Planet Formation
a) Terrestrial Planets: relatively straightforward.
b) Gas & Ice Giant Planets: Phasers at Dawn.
“Core Accretion”
Takes Too Long
“Spiral Instability”
Doesn’t Work
vs.
22. A Brief History of the Solar System
4. Planet Billiards
a) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune migrate after
formation (e.g., the “Nice Model” 2004)
•Initially J,S close; Neptune inside Uranus orbit; KBO 20-30 AU
•J,S migrate in and out, respectively=> fling out Neptune, KBO’s
•Neptune clears primordial KB, captures Triton, perturbs PLUTO
23. A Brief History of the Solar System
4. Planet Billiards
b) Bombardment
•Forms Earth & Moon
•May form Martian satellites
•May form Pluto-Charon
24. A Brief History of the Solar System
4. Planet Billiards
c) Populate Scattered Disk, Oort Cloud.
d) Delivers volatiles to inner solar system.
5. Solar Ignition
a) Hydrogen Fusion (p-p chain) begins in core of Sun
So where does this leave Poor Old Misbegotten Pluto?
25. Pluto is Not a Planet
1. On August 24 2006, members of the IAU finally came
to their collected senses and voted Pluto out of the
Ritzy Planet Club. Was this mean? Logical? Or both?
What’s the case
against Pluto?
32. Real Planets don’t look like tiny plates of quiche
2. Thus Sayeth the IAU:
A Planet is an object that 1. orbits the Sun (so far so good);
2. is massive enough to pull itself into a sphere (again,
good enough); and 3. has cleared the region of objects, i.e.,
is in some sense locally gravitationally independent.
And so, mercifully, Pluto, along with Eris and
Ceres and probably many, many more are
‘Dwarf Planets’.
D’Oh!
33. “Now cracks an icy sheath. Good night, odd ball,
And flights of comets sing thee to Kuiper!"