PLS 2017: Exploding new technology myths
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The Lighting industry has been through a revolution in the last few years with LED technology taking over from HID lamp sources and although better understood now than they were five years ago, we have seen a general uncertainty arise around a number of topics. In a reaction to this lack of understanding we now witness, as a suggested part of tender submissions, questions being asked that were never asked of HID solutions, these were posed when LED street lighting technology was developing. For example, whether the colour shift was 3, 4 or 5 macadam ellipses was perhaps pertinent a few years ago in relation to how the LEDs would perform, yet the industry was never to bothered when Son lamps changed their colour appearance and colour rendering properties within their relatively short life. With the maturing LED technology are they really still appropriate to be asked and what should the buyer really be asking instead? This talk will look to explore these areas and clarify in simple terms the reality. Topics covered will include maintenance factors, the use of constant light output, control of glare and explore the use of drivers in the lanterns – basically the weakest link. It will finally look at areas of research required to further our confidence in using the new technology and the wider lighting research being carried out by the CIE. Talk by Nigel Parry IEng FILP MSLL, OrangeTek
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PLS 2017: Exploding new technology myths
- 2. Agenda Introduction LED Performance / CLO Drivers Maintenance Factors CIE Research
- 3. “We just design and manufacture street & urban realm led luminaires. OrangeTek specialises in manufacturing and supplying exterior led lighting solutions. Established in Australia in 2004 with our head office based in the UK, we operate in 6 countries worldwide providing market leading affordable, reliable and sustainable led technology. Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable.
- 6. LED Lumen Depreciation Mid Power LED
- 7. LED Lumen Depreciation High Power LED
- 8. Projected Depreciation 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 Luxton 5050 - Mid power LED Osram square- High power LED Cree XPG3 - High power LED Nichia 219C - High power LED Osram Duris S5 - Mid power LED
- 9. Light Output Vs Power 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 High pow LED Mid Pow LED CLO HP Lumen MP Lumen MP Lumen CLO Average CLO Power Power Use % Defined Life Lumen output
- 10. Why its good to be Cool
- 11. Thermal Management 11 • LEDs and the Drivers are solid state electronics and work best in cooler temperatures. • Luminaires need to be designed to provide a cool working platform and ensure long life and optimum light output. • Drivers operate 30 deg below design value (50 deg C in 20 deg ambient) • LED Tjunction = Ts + (Rᶲjs x Wattage) 38 = 32 + (6 x 1) where Rᶲjs = thermal resistance
- 13. Drivers Technical Specifications - Drivers • 1-10v Driver • Fixed output • Dimmable • DALI • Fixed output • Dimmable(1-10) • Programmable • Direct • Fixed output • Dimmable
- 14. Arialed Range with 1-10v Orangetek driver circa 5000+ supplied to NYCC in 5 years <5 returns (0.001%) NYCC
- 15. Drivers Technical Specifications - Drivers • 1-10v Driver • Fixed output • Dimmable • DALI • Fixed • Dimmable(1-10) • Programmable • Direct • Fixed • Dimmable Surge Protection Device (SPD) • Drivers included typically 4-6K • External SPD 10kV ( >20kV) • Low Clamping threshold 1200v • Parallel or Series
- 17. Guidance Note - LED Maintenance Factors and Luminaire Useful Life LM79 – Luminaire performance – Light output and power LM80 – Original LED manufacturer data – feeds into TM21 calculation TM21 - LED chip performance – depreciation data = L90,B10 at 84,000hours etc. Manufacturers may select standard drivers or drivers providing Constant Light Output (CLO) features to minimise energy use over their life. The rate of increase of power required to achieve constant light output that is defined in the CLO feature should conservatively approximate the luminaire lumen
- 18. Light Output Vs Power for 10LED 0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 High pow LED Mid Pow LED CLO HP Lumen MP Lumen MP Lumen CLO Average CLO Power Power Use % Defined Life Lumen outputOriginal MP 155lm/w So 1550 lumens CLO 123 lm/w So 1230 Lumens HP 135 lm/w So 1350 lumens
- 19. Guidance Note - LED Maintenance Factors and Luminaire Useful Life • Lx is the percentage of lumen depreciation of an individual luminaires lumen output at a given age. This definition is effectively the same to the past considerations where the lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF) was considered as luminaires typically had a single lamp. As LED luminaires are made up from a cluster of LEDs all of which have slight variations in lumen output they must be considered as a combined single light source within the luminaire. • By is the percentage of a population of luminaires to fall below the Lx Lumen but provides the depreciation value at a given age. The population of luminaires consists of a sample batch the manufacturer uses for testing purposes but could be considered to represent the same percentage proportion of lanterns within a scheme that fall below the Lx(t) defined by the manufacturer. • Cy(t) Time to Abrupt Failure Cy(t) should really be defined as the projected abrupt failure rate, Cy of luminaire at time, t. A 10% failure rate over 100,000 hours would be C10(100k h) • Fy The LED failure fraction (Fy): is defined as the percentage of LEDs that, at their rated life, has failed catastrophically (are unlit) or are providing significantly less light output than expected for the number of operating hours (i.e LEDs are glowing rather than lit). • Fy(t) relates to the percentage of LEDs within a luminaire that will be expected to fail at the defined time.
- 20. ISO TC 274/WG 3 – CIE JTC11 Light and Lighting – Maintenance Factor Determination – Way of Working Luminous flux factor 𝒇 𝑳𝑭 • For LED-based luminaires the luminous flux factor shall be determined based upon the light source replacement interval and shall be provided by the luminaire supplier according to the IEC definitions (LxBy or Lx format in case of the Median useful life) where Lx indicates the luminous flux factor in percent at the given time (e.g. L80 = 50.000 h translates to 80% remaining luminous flux at 50.000 h which would result in a 𝑓𝐿𝐹 = 0,80 if the luminaire is planned to be replaced at 50.000 h). •Only the Lx value is relevant for the luminous flux factor determination, the By value is not taken into account in the maintenance factor determination (e.g. when using either L80B50 =50.000 h or L80B10 = 50.000 h, in both cases 𝒇 𝑳𝑭 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟎). • This is true but logically, if the fm is given at the product life of perhaps 60,000 hours and the customer chooses to operate the luminaire on a 50,000 hour replacement schedule due to moving from B50 to B10 life figures, then the Lx might correctly be determined at 50,000 hours instead of using the manufacturers published 60,000 h figures. In which case the Lx value and f- LF WILL vary with the use of B10.
- 22. CIE Top Ten 1 Recommendations for Healthful Lighting and Non-Visual Effects of Light 2 Colour Quality of Light Sources Related to Perception and Preference 3 Integrated Glare Metric for Various Lighting Applications 4 New Calibration Sources and Illuminants for Photometry, Colorimetry, and Radiometry 5 Adaptive, Intelligent and Dynamic Lighting 6 Application of New CIE 2006 Colorimetry 7 Visual Appearance: Perception, Measurement and Metrics 8 Support for Tailored Lighting Recommendations 9 Metrology for Advanced Photometric and Radiometric Devices 10 Reproduction and Measurement of 3D Objects
- 23. CIE Division 4 Priorities/Panels Topics Description of research Justification Adaptive/intelligent/dynamic lighting (Average, Uniformity, Façade, Safety & Security) This research is development of the correct approach for the application of lighting to outdoor spaces. This might include adaptive lighting or lighting on demand. This research also includes the proper application controls and assessment of energy usage. There is the potential for significant energy and cost savings with intelligent lighting systems. Some past experience has shown savings as significant as 70%. Quality of light versus efficiency and cost saving This research is the consideration of the trade-off between high quality lighting systems and energy usage. Where both are desirable, there may be situations where the trade-off needs to be considered. As such this research would consider the typical metrics for outdoor lighting and compare these to lighting system performance. An uncertainty in the effectiveness of the metrics can be developed and a trade-off table prepared. The drive to reduce the energy consumption of a lighting system can override the quality of the installation which may have detrimental effects. This trade-off assessment would circumvent this issues. New metrics for LEDs (discomfort glare, tunnels, Vertical illumination, EIR, Effect LED, Road surface geometry, calculation/measurement grid density, interpolation methods, multishadow effect) LEDs have continuously impacted our approach to lighting design. There are metrics which may not be effective or may not have consideration of all boundaries. These metrics will be investigated in terms of the LED system performance. Past design metrics have always been based on the capabilities of the light source and luminaires. With Led some of these limitations have been removed and it is critical to ensure quality designs by using the appropriate metrics Ageing population As the population continues to grow older, the demised vision capabilities of the user needs to be considered and designed for. This research is the development of standards for both typical aging populations and populations with vision disparity. As the population ages it is critical to respond to their needs. Pedestrians & cyclists Roadway and transport lighting has long considered the needs of the driver. However, the needs of other roadway users have not been considered. This research is the development of standards and requirements for the other roadway users, particularly the pedestrians and bicyclists. As more and more people chose alternative modes of transportation and cities are looking to become more liveable, this research will respond to these needs.
- 24. CIE Division 4 Further Research Topics Description of research Justification Maintenance Factors Determination of Maintenace Factor does not reflect neither the level and features of contemporary technologies nor the environments of today. It is necessary to re-establish the mortality component into MF, to adapt the methods to LED based luminaires and to deal with environmental issues. Adverse Weather Conditions Glare in Mixed traffic tunnels Mesopic ( JTC01) ( Periphenral Appilcations - façade) CCT - perferences Reports are suggesting that high CCT could be detrimental to not only Flora and Fauna, but human activity. Greater understanding of the imapct of high CCT is required to make informed choice Road Safety versus Lighting ( pedestrain safety, Road visisbility) Road Surface reflectance LED displays - Billboards Adversting/ informative signage is getting brighter with advances in Technology and the intrusion of such lighting into the environemnt is significant Adaption level on roadways users Lighting Controls - ( Smart City - IoT, LiFi) Smart technologies and smart solutions are broadly studied and rapidly developing. Incorporating of light in communication technologies and vice versa promise high- value potentials.
Editor's Notes
- LED street lights have been around quite a few years and are becoming common on our streets as the UK leads the conversion in Europe to this new technology. As an industry, we were initially unfamiliar with how light was being delivered from the solid-state chip and understandably cautious in many cases about the claims of extraordinary long life and reliability that were being quoted. In general, during the last five years most of us now developed a good understanding of the technology and to date we are seeing the claims being delivered. In part, this is due to the UK high standard of technical expectations and many of the initial poor offerings were never adopted by the local authority sector. How we actually light the night scene has not changed during this technical revolution and our practices have very often stayed the same. With the lighting requirements remaining constant yet the technology deploying light in a different way the industry wanted to be able to have standards and guidance to fully appreciate the LED Lightsource and its nuances. During this time, our general understanding has caught up and there is now a raft of standards that cover key technical issues and guidance on the questions to ask, typically in tender submissions and recently the Lighting group in London (LOLEG) have produced a helpful
- So, is choosing the right LED important? Is there a difference between LEDs or are they basically all the same? Like any commodity there are differences in type and between manufacturers. The graph below shows the predicted lumen output of five different LEDs from top tier suppliers. Three of these are what are known as high-power (solid line) and two are medium-power (dotted line). It is clear to see the high-power LEDs tend to have a constant lumen output throughout life and medium-power see a drop of around 20-30% over a given period of 100,000 hours. Let us not forget that these LEDs will go on giving light out for many years and I believe the LED chip shown as the top line in the graph will only drop 10% at around 180,000 hours! Of course, the likelihood is that a new driver will be required at some point and there maybe a wiring fault that will cause an LED to fail, but in general LEDs are remarkably reliable and will continue to operate if looked after. So why choose anything but the top option? It’s the most sustainable option, as it won’t need replacing any time soon!
- So, is choosing the right LED important? Is there a difference between LEDs or are they basically all the same? Like any commodity there are differences in type and between manufacturers. The graph below shows the predicted lumen output of five different LEDs from top tier suppliers. Three of these are what are known as high-power (solid line) and two are medium-power (dotted line). It is clear to see the high-power LEDs tend to have a constant lumen output throughout life and medium-power see a drop of around 20-30% over a given period of 100,000 hours. Let us not forget that these LEDs will go on giving light out for many years and I believe the LED chip shown as the top line in the graph will only drop 10% at around 180,000 hours! Of course, the likelihood is that a new driver will be required at some point and there maybe a wiring fault that will cause an LED to fail, but in general LEDs are remarkably reliable and will continue to operate if looked after. So why choose anything but the top option? It’s the most sustainable option, as it won’t need replacing any time soon!
- Well it’s not quite that simple. If you choose the med power led (bottom dotted line) it may have a higher initial lumen output, say 155 lumen per watt as compared to say 135 lumen per watt for the top line LED chip but will see a 30% depreciation over the stated life. So that’s where Constant Light Output option comes into its own. So, taking an average of 25% drop in lumen output into account when designing a lighting scheme, the driver is programmed to make small incremental steps over a fixed period and generally will be more energy efficient as the mid-point energy value will be used in UMSUG coding for a defined period. However what isn’t made very clear is what happens when the driver reaches 100% output, the drive current will then remain constant, but from a steady light output upto that point we will see a marked drop in output as the LEDs will continue to work and depreciate at the same rate. Unless of course the whole luminaire is changed or maybe just the driver, but if just the driver then do you need to apply another 25% in your calculations? Which do you determine is best to use and if so choose the best option. In twenty years time will the CLO controlled luminaires be changed because they fall below the deisgn threshold? Or is it a consideration to keep the high-power LED and with our new emerging Smart City communications be able to decide when to change as the lumen output slowly drops? The graph below with the top 3 lines indicating the lumen output and the lower two indicating percentage of power use, shows the implications of choosing the right combination to provide initial power savings for a defined life against potential total life.
- Is there a problem? So, what’s the problem? There is an old saying that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing We do seem to have focused on issues that were never a concern with HID lamps and spent a good deal of time trying to establish what is important or not. For example, we often see requirements concerning colour shift of LEDs and macadam eclipse steps being quoted to indicate how constant the LED will be through life (its long life). Yet this was rarely a consideration when relamping son luminaires as we often witnessed a myriad of shades from pink to gold as different lamps were used. So why is it now important that the LED with a Macadam ellipse of 3 and thus unnoticeable colour shift be used. Is it just because we can, so we do? However, it’s not just the LED to choose it’s the driver and drive current and associated to all of these the heat management. The graphs below are for the same LED chip and the top graph is at 55C and the bottom graph at 105C, and you may notice that at the higher temperature the colour shift is more pronounced even at 6000 hour life. But is this important in your streetlight? It would be if used in food-halls or clothing stores as colour rendering and appreance are key, but in the street, I’m not sure as in my experience the public will happily call to say a light isn’t working, but never to complain about a small colour shift over ten years or a lot less with HID lamps.
- As I mentioned drivers, then we are faced with more choices. There now seems to be so many drivers available but do they all do the same thing? We have a standard driver that will deliver a set current output and that’s it, we have 0-10 or 1-10v drivers that will allow dimming down to around 20%, or DALI drivers that can be pre-programmed with multiple step dimming and of course CLO. We also have the option of direct drive circuitry that is part of the LED array. They all have their pros and cons but it’s worth bearing in mind that the more complex the drivers become, then more things that can potentially fail and of course back to heat management, the cooler the driver and components the longer its likely life. The oft quoted ‘Arrhenius law’ which states ‘10 degree increase will halve its life’. So 10 degrees reduction may not directly double its life, but following the logic will definitely help!
- What to look for? Parallel Connection – The SPD module is connected in parallel with the load. An SPD module that has reached end-of-life is disconnected from the power source while leaving the driver energized. The lighting still remains operational, but the protection against the next surge to which the power supply unit and LED module is lost • Series Connection – The SPD module is connected in series with the load, where the end-of-life SPD module is disconnected from the power source, which turns the light off. The loss of power to the luminaire serves as indication for a maintenance call. The disconnected SPD module not only turns the lighting off to indicate the need for replacement but also isolates the AC/DC power supply unit from future surge strikes. General preference for this configuration is growing rapidly because the luminaire investment remains protected while the SPD module is awaiting replacement. It’s far less expensive to replace a series-connected SPD module than the whole luminaire as in the case of a parallel-connected SPD module. Linked to the driver should be surge protection devices (SPD) and I won’t reiterate again what has been covered in many articles and indeed the Loleg guide, only to say that an appreciation of the clamping voltage and maximum surge protection still requires clarification for many. One thing that is highlighted is recognising when an SPD does fail ( and by fail I mean, beyond its limits) what to do about it. Most SPDs are wired in parallel, so if they fail the luminaire continues to operate, but stops protecting the driver. If we were to place the SPD at the base of the column and wire it in series, then when it fails it puts the luminaire out of light. The lighting manager maybe have an increase in the number of outages, but it would better protect the lantern and would be easy to change at the base of the column. Indeed there is no reason not to place the driver and SPD at the base of the column, and thus protect them better from the heat of the LED source.
- Manufacturer’s assess the luminaire lumen depreciation based on testing. This uses: the IES LM-80 report for the specific LED component measured over at least 6,000 hours (increased accuracy will be obtained with longer testing periods) The LED reference temperature as used in the LM-80 LED test report measured with LEDs installed in the luminaire and operating at maximum operating power at the ambient temperature outside the luminaire of 25°C; and IES TM-21 to plot the curve of LED lumen depreciation over time at the specified LED reference temperature, or nearest higher reference temperature available in the LM-80 testing. Manufacturers may select standard drivers or drivers providing Constant Light Output (CLO) features to minimise energy use over their life. The rate of increase of power required to achieve constant light output that is defined in the CLO feature should conservatively approximate the luminaire lumen depreciation curve to ensure that the luminaire meets the specified light levels throughout the scheme life and reflect the final lumen output in the design.
- Well it’s not quite that simple. If you choose the med power led (bottom dotted line) it may have a higher initial lumen output, say 155 lumen per watt as compared to say 135 lumen per watt for the top line LED chip but will see a 30% depreciation over the stated life. So that’s where Constant Light Output option comes into its own. So, taking an average of 25% drop in lumen output into account when designing a lighting scheme, the driver is programmed to make small incremental steps over a fixed period and generally will be more energy efficient as the mid-point energy value will be used in UMSUG coding for a defined period. However what isn’t made very clear is what happens when the driver reaches 100% output, the drive current will then remain constant, but from a steady light output upto that point we will see a marked drop in output as the LEDs will continue to work and depreciate at the same rate. Unless of course the whole luminaire is changed or maybe just the driver, but if just the driver then do you need to apply another 25% in your calculations? Which do you determine is best to use and if so choose the best option. In twenty years time will the CLO controlled luminaires be changed because they fall below the deisgn threshold? Or is it a consideration to keep the high-power LED and with our new emerging Smart City communications be able to decide when to change as the lumen output slowly drops? The graph below with the top 3 lines indicating the lumen output and the lower two indicating percentage of power use, shows the implications of choosing the right combination to provide initial power savings for a defined life against potential total life.
- Maintenance Factors have been an issue since LEDs with a quoted 20-year life upset the usual lamp change cycle with HID lamps. So how to decide what value and can we trust the predictions? As stated earlier it is highly likely that LEDs will continue to work well beyond the defined life we are using of either 20 years or 100,000 hours when chosen wisely and manged appropriately, so when to do something about it? Some of you may recall the time when mercury lamps were common and lasted years, often just a dull glow at the end of life, and there were often instances that as they continued to work as they were not replaced. The ILP itself as mentioned by VP technical are in the process of producing guidance on this subject and indeed ISO and CIE are working together to produce general guidance for both indoor and outdoor lighting.
- Continuous maintenance of lighting installations is essential as it ensures that the performance of a system stays within the design limits and promotes safety and efficient use of energy. In the design phase this is taken into account through the use of the maintenance factor which combines several different factors into one and defines a maintenance schedule for the life of the installation. The methodology of determining the maintenance factor has been extensively documented by CIE (see normative references). Although the focus of these technical reports was predominantly on traditional light sources and the accompanying components, the core methodology is still sound. However, more clarity is needed to ensure the proper use/translation of the existing methodology towards the more recent technologies such as LED. Technologies such as LED distinguish themselves from traditional light sources by their long lifetime, low failure rate and their integration of components which were seen as separate components in the traditional lighting era. As such the methods used for traditional light sources to determine the depreciation and survival of luminaires might seem unusable and cause uncertainty. However, based on recent work by IEC (see normative references) the luminous flux depreciation and light source failure parameters have now been (re)established for LED based light sources and allow for translation into an updated way of working to determine the maintenance factor using the existing CIE methodology and data for luminaire and surface dirt depreciation. This document will provide the following: Background information with respect to the principles of the maintenance factor and the relevant parameters for indoor and outdoor applications A detailed way of working on how to apply the maintenance factor determination method (as described in CIE 154:2003 & CIE 97:2005) for outdoor and indoorlighting designs using the technologies available in the market. Provide explanation and examples on how to apply the maintenance factor and how to ensure proper operation over time corresponding to the determined values. Should stay consistent, so either swap CIE reports of change to outdoor and indoor. The luminous flux factor describes the depreciation of the luminous flux over time due to aging of the light source or luminaire during regular operation. This includes effects of the reduced transmission or reflection of optical components , the light source depreciation, and the failure of the one or more of the individual light sources in a luminaire, e.g. a small proportion of the total number of LEDs installed or failure of a proportion of the lamps in a multi-lamp luminaire. For luminaires with an integrated light source the luminous flux factor shall be determined at luminaire level. For luminaires with a non-integrated light source the luminous flux factor shall be determined at lamp level. The luminous flux factor shall be given as the quotient of the luminous flux at the moment of the planned replacement of the light source compared to the initial luminous flux and shall be provided by the lamp or luminaire supplier. This shall be defined either for the worst case operating conditions on the luminaire datasheet or provided severally covering the range of operating conditions, for example, varying ambient air temperature and/or drive current. For LED-based luminaires the luminous flux factor shall be determined based upon the light source replacement interval and shall be provided by the luminaire supplier according to the IEC definitions (LxBy or Lx format in case of the Median useful life) where Lx indicates the luminous flux factor in percent at the given time (e.g. L80 = 50.000 h translates to 80% remaining luminous flux at 50.000 h which would result in a 𝑓 𝐿𝐹 = 0,80 if the luminaire is planned to be replaced at 50.000 h). Only the Lx value is relevant for the luminous flux factor determination, the By value is not taken into account in the maintenance factor determination (e.g. when using either L80B50 =50.000 h or L80B10 = 50.000 h, in both cases 𝒇 𝑳𝑭 =𝟎,𝟖𝟎). This is true but logically, if the fm is given at the product life of perhaps 60,000 hours and the customer chooses to operate the luminaire on a 50,000 hour replacement schedule due to moving from B50 to B10 life figures, then the Lx might correctly be determined at 50,000 hours instead of using the manufacturers published 60,000 h figures. In which case the Lx value and f-LF WILL vary with the use of B10. It is very difficult if not impossible to get relevant B10 data from LED suppliers as this is not a mandated requirement of LED manufacturer’s testing regime. B10 data seems to be available at the limits of operation (e.g. Ts=105C rather than Ts=85C) and these data may not be useful for decision making on a scheme life under normal operating parameters. Time will be required to allow LED manufacturers to test and distribute this information to luminaire manufacturers if it becomes a mandatory requirement in future.
- So do we still need more research on LEDs? There are the questions about Glare and Flicker from LED sources, and although these were perhaps more pertinent with earlier products, I think todays more mature market has addressed the glare issue in general and that flicker is of course driver dependent, but the latest batch of drivers perform very well with only 4% flicker compared to that of a tungsten lamp at 6.5%! Indeed, we do need a better understanding and research and the CIE have several areas of current or future research on lighting and many include the performance of LEDs, a short list below Top ten lighting research topics The paper looks to raise the awareness and discuss the top ten internationally identified research topics judged by the CIE as needing immediate attention by the research community in support of developments in lighting technology and application. Such research, and publications in the peer-reviewed literature on these topics, will provide the basis for the next generation of CIE technical reports and standards. The top priority topics are as follows: 1 Recommendations for Healthful Lighting and Non-Visual Effects of Light Although light is defined as electromagnetic radiation that provides the stimulus for vision, we now know conclusively that photo detection also has many other essential physiological and psychological effects in humans and other organisms. Fundamental photobiology research adds to this knowledge base daily. However, targeted research, performed in concert with applied lighting scientists, will be required to put this knowledge to use as part of integrated lighting recommendations and designs. 2 Colour Quality of Light Sources Related to Perception and Preference With the development of new lighting technologies, LED light sources are increasingly used for general lighting. These light sources are creating diversity in light spectra and imposing new challenges in assessing their colour quality. While a new colour fidelity index is being developed in CIE (TC 1-90) toward future update of the CIE Colour Rendering Index (CRI), a colour fidelity index alone will not be sufficient to assess the overall colour quality of light sources. Scores of a colour fidelity index do not always agree with perceived colour rendering experienced by end users. 3 Integrated Glare Metric for Various Lighting Applications The brightness of light sources, be they electric luminaires or windows, may have a negative effect on the performance of visual tasks (disability glare) but it may also cause a feeling of discomfort without having a directly measurable effect on visibility: discomfort glare. Industry and user concern exists over the application of Threshold Increment assessment with respect to LED luminaires. Currently threshold increment is based upon traditional light sources which are comparatively large compared to the luminaire. The advent of LEDs with their much smaller size is raising concerns that although these meet the threshold increment requirements, the installations often display a high level of disability glare. 4 New Calibration Sources and Illuminants for Photometry, Colorimetry, and Radiometry A good metrological system relies on the availability of stable light sources and detectors. A major challenge is the technological revolution of lighting products towards LED lighting and the ban of incandescent lamps. This raises concern about the availability of incandescent photometric standard lamps in the future. LED-based standards would bring several benefits for calibration laboratories, photometer manufacturers, and for those using instruments for measurement of white LED lighting. However, different types of LED-based standards have to be considered . 5 Adaptive, Intelligent and Dynamic Lighting With the advent of advanced control systems incorporating LED sources, the opportunity to provide fully adaptable lighting is a significant direction being considered by industry. What is the impact of adaptive lighting on user behaviour or reactions, such as occupants’ space perception or driver safety? What are the relations between lighting settings and user safety and comfort? 6 Application of New CIE 2006 Colorimetry The objective of this research is to conduct field trials that compare the results of the use of the CIE 1931 (2°), CIE 1964 (10°) and CIE 2015 cone-fundamental-based colour-matching functions, especially when applied to LED lighting and in imaging applications. 7 Visual Appearance: Perception, Measurement and Metrics The overall objective of this research topic is to define metrics describing the appearance of various materials in order to support relevant stakeholders (e.g. the automotive, cosmetics, paper, printing, coatings, plastics industry, etc.). In addition to the definition of a metric, measurement tools, methods and transfer artefacts shall be provided, in order to characterize modern surfaces and to ensure traceability of measurement to the SI and a reliable and well-managed visual and instrumental correlation. 8 Support for Tailored Lighting Recommendations Individuals differ widely in visual capabilities and needs. Lighting recommendations are based on average results, usually for able-bodied young adults. A concerted research effort is required to deliver knowledge that can support specific lighting recommendations for specific populations. Two groups of particular interest are the elderly (a demographic group known to be increasing as a proportion of the population in most countries) and those with visual impairments. Other groups of special interest are those susceptible to migraine headache, epilepsy, and depression. Research in this field could lead to modifications to recommendations to aid these populations. With better knowledge, modifiers could be applied to any lighting recommendation to provide for the needs of identified groups. 9 Metrology for Advanced Photometric and Radiometric Devices In the past CIE has published technical reports and standards defining procedures for characterization, calibration and testing of photometric and radiometric devices and measurement systems such as illuminance meters, luminance meters, integrating spheres and goniophotometers. Due to technological progress new types of photometric and radiometric measurement devices have appeared on the market. The outcome of this research will increase the quality of photometric and radiometric measurements in general and therefore increase confidence in lighting products. The availability of reliable and traceable measurements is also a prerequisite to develop and verify intelligent sensor systems used to enable smart and adaptive lighting. Reproduction and Measurement of 3D Objects New scientific models and new engineering ideas will be necessary to give feasible analysis and practical implementation of 3D-printed coloured objects. Moreover, the final property of a 3D-printed object will have some deviations from the properties designed, thus a 3D-object proofing system will be necessary analogous to a colour-proofing system in conventional printing