Please answer and no handwriting )These are short essay questions.pdf
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Please answer and no handwriting :) These are short essay questions. ( These are my third time uploading...... please do not answer if you are not sure about all of these) 1.What is cell differentiation? How is it related to selective gene expression? 2. List the stages of mitosis and describe the major nuclei changes occurring during each stage. When does cytokinesis occur? What are the major cytoplasmic changes? 3.Compare and contrast the roles of introns and exons. Solution 1. Cell differentiation - changes in the cell called cell differentiation. It leads to change in cell shape, size, metabolic activities etc. eg zygote changes to a human being(complex system). Cell differentiation is highly related to selective gene expression as gene expression controls cell differentiation by actually guiding the cells by either switching on or off the particular process. 3. Difference between introns and exons are These both are discovered by Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts in 1977 Introns 1. Introns are non-coding regions of the gene and both are part of a gene. 2. Introns are removed through RNA splicing from the gene. 3. less conserved. 4. found between exons 5. common in higher vertebrate genes rarely in yeast. Exons 1. These are coding regions in the gene. 2. not removed from the gene. 3. conserved. 4. codes for proteins which get translated..
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Diffrentiation,Cell diffrentiation,Types of differentiation,Mechanism,Factors...
Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell develops specialized structures and functions. It begins with totipotent cells that can differentiate into any cell type, and progresses to pluripotent and fully differentiated cells. Gene expression and transcription factors determine the cell type as environmental signals induce changes in protein production. The genetic material remains the same, but different genes are expressed depending on the cell's role. Differentiation results in diverse cell shapes, sizes, and specialized functions in tissues and organs.
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why.pdf
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
Solution
1. There are four major types of biomolecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid.
Out of these, the nucleic acid has the most number of function. Nucleic acid are polymers present
in the living cells and are of two types: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA). DNA carry genes which are responsible for storing and transmitting the hereditary
information from one generation to the next. RNA help in protein formation and also have
functional activity as enzymes.
2. The entire length of DNA in each cell could reach up to 2 meters if measured end to end. The
DNA is coiled with the help of proteins called histones to form nucleosomes which are
compacted together to form chromatin fibre. The reason for it to be compacted : to accomodate
in the small size of the cell which has the size in micro meteres. It is also required to be
specifically coiled which is required to enter cell division.
3. Crossing Over is the process of exchange of genes between two homologous chromosomes
during sexual reproduction. This results in non-identical chromatids called recombinant
chromosomes. It happens in the pachytene stage of Prophase I of meiosis.
Independent assortment is the independent separation of homologous chromosomes. The alleles
of different genes get sorted into gametes randomly. This gives different hereditary traits equal
probability to occur together. in the offspring. It occurs in Metaphase I of meiosis..
Unit 7 mitosis powerpoint (revised2013)
Unit 7 explores cell growth, development, and division, noting that cells must divide for organisms and tissues to grow and repair, and that excess nutrients can cause algal blooms; it describes the cell cycle and the four stages of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - in which chromosomes duplicate and separate, leading to two identical daughter cells through cytokinesis.
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiation
Cell commitment and differentiation are important processes in the development of multicellular organisms. There are three main modes of cell specification - autonomous specification, conditional specification, and syncytial specification - which determine cell fate. Cell differentiation involves cells changing from embryonic to specialized cell types through morphological, chemical, and physiological changes. The main factors influencing differentiation are gene expression and environmental conditions. Cell differentiation allows a single cell to develop into the many specialized cell types that make up complex, multicellular organisms.
Protista blank f2019
1. The document discusses protists, the most diverse eukaryotic kingdom. It describes how endosymbiosis led to the evolution of multicellular organisms from prokaryotic ancestors through the incorporation of membrane-bound organelles.
2. Protists are classified based on evolutionary lineages revealed by DNA analysis, though classification remains a work in progress. They exhibit a wide range of motility and fulfill important ecological roles as phytoplankton and zooplankton.
3. Examples like choanoflagellates, Chlamydomonas, and Dictyostelium are used to study the origins of multicellularity and cellular processes like sex determination, communication,
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
Assignment 5 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 19th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 16: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
1.During what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? Why does this happen?
Watson & Crick model
2. What are the three parts of a nucleotide. Draw/depict them and label each.
Five carbon ribose sugar
Phosphate molecule
Nitrogenous bases
3. What type of bond connects nucleotides in the sugar backbone of DNA together?
Phosphates
What type of bonding holds the two DNA strands together?
4. What does it mean that the two strands of a DNA molecule are anti-parallel?
It means forming a double helix
5. Explain the semi-conservative model of DNA replication. Draw/depict it.
6. How is the DNA double helix unwound for replication? What enzymes are involved in this step and what are their functions?
Helicase and Topoisomerase
7. What is an RNA primer and why is it necessary to start DNA replication?
8. In what direction are nucleotides added to the new strand by DNA polymerase?
5’ to 3’ direction
9. What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand?
Leading strand is a strand that copy quickly.
Lagging strand is a strand that copy slowly
10. What are Okazaki fragments? What enzyme joins them together to form a new continuous DNA strand?
They areshort DNA segments. The enzyme DNA ligase
11. How does proof-reading keep the accuracy of DNA replication so high?
By minimizing the chance of incorporating wrong nucleotides
12. What is a telomere? Do prokaryotes have telomeres?
It is the end of a chromosome. They don’t have telomeres
CHAPTER 17: FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
1.What is the central dogma of biology?
a b
______DNA_______ ____RNA________ _______protein_____________
The arrows indicate what processes? a) Transcription
b) Translation
2.Most genes code for the production of what type of organic molecule?
Amino acids
3. Where in the cell does transcription occur for prokaryotes? For eukaryotes?
For prokaryotes: cytoplasm
For eukaryotes: nucleus
4. What is a codon? How do they code for amino acids?
It is a sequence made of 3 bases in the mRNA molecule. They code for amino acids by using a triplet code.
5. What does it mean that the genetic code is universal?
It means that all organisms use same codons for specific amino acid.
6. How is RNA different from DNA?
7. What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?
It takes the ribose into new strand of mRNA.
8. How does RNA polymerase know where to start?
The beginning of gene is called promoter
In what direction are nucleotides added?
They are added to the 3’ direction end of the RNA molecule
9. Explain what occurs in the three stages of transcription: (see pages 341-342)
Initiation: RNA polymerase works initiallyat the beginning of a gene
Elongation: Nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule
Termination: in this process, it sig ...
CELL SIGNALING, CELL CYCLE AND CELL DEATH.pptx
This is about cell signaling, cell cycle and cell death that can help you with your report..
Basic concepts in developmental biology
Cell differentiation allows for the formation of distinct cell types through differential gene expression. A cell's fate and potency become progressively restricted through developmental commitments in response to cytoplasmic determinants or inductive signals from other cells. Pattern formation organizes cells in the embryo according to their position through mechanisms like morphogen gradients, which establish regional identities and compartments that segment the body plan.
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Diffrentiation,Cell diffrentiation,Types of differentiation,Mechanism,Factors...
Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell develops specialized structures and functions. It begins with totipotent cells that can differentiate into any cell type, and progresses to pluripotent and fully differentiated cells. Gene expression and transcription factors determine the cell type as environmental signals induce changes in protein production. The genetic material remains the same, but different genes are expressed depending on the cell's role. Differentiation results in diverse cell shapes, sizes, and specialized functions in tissues and organs.
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why.pdf
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
1. What major biomolecule has the most number of functions and why?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
2. How does DNA coil or become more compact? Give two reasons why it must be compacted?
3. Explain what crossing over and independent assortment are. Where does each happen in
meiosis?
Solution
1. There are four major types of biomolecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid.
Out of these, the nucleic acid has the most number of function. Nucleic acid are polymers present
in the living cells and are of two types: Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA). DNA carry genes which are responsible for storing and transmitting the hereditary
information from one generation to the next. RNA help in protein formation and also have
functional activity as enzymes.
2. The entire length of DNA in each cell could reach up to 2 meters if measured end to end. The
DNA is coiled with the help of proteins called histones to form nucleosomes which are
compacted together to form chromatin fibre. The reason for it to be compacted : to accomodate
in the small size of the cell which has the size in micro meteres. It is also required to be
specifically coiled which is required to enter cell division.
3. Crossing Over is the process of exchange of genes between two homologous chromosomes
during sexual reproduction. This results in non-identical chromatids called recombinant
chromosomes. It happens in the pachytene stage of Prophase I of meiosis.
Independent assortment is the independent separation of homologous chromosomes. The alleles
of different genes get sorted into gametes randomly. This gives different hereditary traits equal
probability to occur together. in the offspring. It occurs in Metaphase I of meiosis..
Unit 7 mitosis powerpoint (revised2013)
Unit 7 explores cell growth, development, and division, noting that cells must divide for organisms and tissues to grow and repair, and that excess nutrients can cause algal blooms; it describes the cell cycle and the four stages of mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - in which chromosomes duplicate and separate, leading to two identical daughter cells through cytokinesis.
cell commitment and differentiation, stem cell,types of differentiation
Cell commitment and differentiation are important processes in the development of multicellular organisms. There are three main modes of cell specification - autonomous specification, conditional specification, and syncytial specification - which determine cell fate. Cell differentiation involves cells changing from embryonic to specialized cell types through morphological, chemical, and physiological changes. The main factors influencing differentiation are gene expression and environmental conditions. Cell differentiation allows a single cell to develop into the many specialized cell types that make up complex, multicellular organisms.
Protista blank f2019
1. The document discusses protists, the most diverse eukaryotic kingdom. It describes how endosymbiosis led to the evolution of multicellular organisms from prokaryotic ancestors through the incorporation of membrane-bound organelles.
2. Protists are classified based on evolutionary lineages revealed by DNA analysis, though classification remains a work in progress. They exhibit a wide range of motility and fulfill important ecological roles as phytoplankton and zooplankton.
3. Examples like choanoflagellates, Chlamydomonas, and Dictyostelium are used to study the origins of multicellularity and cellular processes like sex determination, communication,
Assignment 5BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 19t.docx
Assignment 5 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 19th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 16: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
1.During what part of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? Why does this happen?
Watson & Crick model
2. What are the three parts of a nucleotide. Draw/depict them and label each.
Five carbon ribose sugar
Phosphate molecule
Nitrogenous bases
3. What type of bond connects nucleotides in the sugar backbone of DNA together?
Phosphates
What type of bonding holds the two DNA strands together?
4. What does it mean that the two strands of a DNA molecule are anti-parallel?
It means forming a double helix
5. Explain the semi-conservative model of DNA replication. Draw/depict it.
6. How is the DNA double helix unwound for replication? What enzymes are involved in this step and what are their functions?
Helicase and Topoisomerase
7. What is an RNA primer and why is it necessary to start DNA replication?
8. In what direction are nucleotides added to the new strand by DNA polymerase?
5’ to 3’ direction
9. What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand?
Leading strand is a strand that copy quickly.
Lagging strand is a strand that copy slowly
10. What are Okazaki fragments? What enzyme joins them together to form a new continuous DNA strand?
They areshort DNA segments. The enzyme DNA ligase
11. How does proof-reading keep the accuracy of DNA replication so high?
By minimizing the chance of incorporating wrong nucleotides
12. What is a telomere? Do prokaryotes have telomeres?
It is the end of a chromosome. They don’t have telomeres
CHAPTER 17: FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
1.What is the central dogma of biology?
a b
______DNA_______ ____RNA________ _______protein_____________
The arrows indicate what processes? a) Transcription
b) Translation
2.Most genes code for the production of what type of organic molecule?
Amino acids
3. Where in the cell does transcription occur for prokaryotes? For eukaryotes?
For prokaryotes: cytoplasm
For eukaryotes: nucleus
4. What is a codon? How do they code for amino acids?
It is a sequence made of 3 bases in the mRNA molecule. They code for amino acids by using a triplet code.
5. What does it mean that the genetic code is universal?
It means that all organisms use same codons for specific amino acid.
6. How is RNA different from DNA?
7. What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?
It takes the ribose into new strand of mRNA.
8. How does RNA polymerase know where to start?
The beginning of gene is called promoter
In what direction are nucleotides added?
They are added to the 3’ direction end of the RNA molecule
9. Explain what occurs in the three stages of transcription: (see pages 341-342)
Initiation: RNA polymerase works initiallyat the beginning of a gene
Elongation: Nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA molecule
Termination: in this process, it sig ...
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This is about cell signaling, cell cycle and cell death that can help you with your report..
Basic concepts in developmental biology
Cell differentiation allows for the formation of distinct cell types through differential gene expression. A cell's fate and potency become progressively restricted through developmental commitments in response to cytoplasmic determinants or inductive signals from other cells. Pattern formation organizes cells in the embryo according to their position through mechanisms like morphogen gradients, which establish regional identities and compartments that segment the body plan.
Write the letter(s) of answers to the questions below. I. ksentify th.pdf
Write the letter(s) of answers to the questions below. I. ksentify the immediase two levels of
organization that grineandy conurols one function of a cell? 2 These cellular structures increase
the superficial surface area of a cell. 3. These cellular gene expression products play a role in cell
division. 4. These organellecs) are location of anabolic reactions to synthesize gene expression
products 5. These are examples of the most robust calcium independent intercellular junctionusy
6 DNA is immediately enclosed inside of these subcellular structures). 7. These molecular
structures are used for intereellular adhesion between cells. 8. The uterus and its columnar
epithelium are examples of 9. This structure is used to radiate protein fibers utilized in
proliferation 10. This functions to modify gene expression products before they shuttled out of
the cell 11. These structures are responsible for the intermal morphological framework of the
will be made and exported out 12. The spliced product of heterogeneous nuclear RNA this
cellular structure(s) 13. The energy generating reactions of oxidation and reduction occur in this
14 These foundational structures of the cell plays a role in cytoplasmic division and movement.
15. These structures of the cell are responsible for intracellular translocation of cargo. 16. This
specific tertiary and quatemary gene expression product is found exclusively in the extracellular
leaflet of a cell. 17. The female reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone are
synthesized by this subcellular 18. This framework of the cell plays a role in cell motility in
eukaryotic cells. 19. This completely folded three-dimensional gene expression product is found
exclusively in the intracellular 20. Hydrogen peroxide, fatty acids and ethanol are degraded by
this subcellular
Solution
2. Microvilli and Non motile cilia.
3.RNA polymeraze
5. nectin and nectin 1 (desmosomes)
6. chromosomes
7. Desmosomes,Hemidesmosomes and Plasmodesmata(plants)
8.smooth muscle(Uterine myocytese)
9.chromatin
11.cytoskeleton(microtubules,microfilaments and intermediate filaments)
13.matrix of the mitochondria
14.Microtubules
15.Microtuble based motors.
17.ovaries and adrenal glands
18.microfillaments of cytoskeleton
20.peroxisomes.
What are the 3 types of RNA that are involved in the synthesis of prot.pdf
What are the 3 types of RNA that are involved in the synthesis of proteins from the DNA genetic
code. Inverted, Compressed, Depolymerized Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer Gluco-, Proteo,
Nucleo- None of these. QUESTION 6 What are the two types of cell division, and how are they
different? Chromatin and prohase, chromatin covers the DNA, and in prophase it disappears.
Anaphase and Telophase, in anaphase the chromosomes pull apart, and in telophase, the nucleus
re-forms. The cell cycle and cell death, in the cell cycle, the cell lives and grows, and at the end
of it, there is cell death. Mitosis and Meiosis. In mitosis, each cell resulting from one divison has
exactly the same DNA as the orginal cell that divided, but in meiosis, there are two divisions,
and the four cellls which result have only half the number of chromosomes as the orignai cell.
QUESTION 7 What are stem cells? Cells which belong to the stalk of a plant, between the roots
and the leaves. Cells that are not found in animals. Cells which are capable of changing
(differentiating) into more than one other cell type. None of these. QUESTION 8 What are the
four major types of tissues? Brain, Heart, Lung, Stomach Epithelial, Connective, Nervous,
Muscle Skin, Hair, Blood, Saliva None of these..
please helpViruses are classified into which one of the three Doma.pdf
please help
Viruses are classified into which one of the three Domains?
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Viruses are not considered to be members of any of the domains.
Which statement is true of the comparison of diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion involves liquids or gasses, where osmosis only relates to gasses.
Diffusion must always be facilitated, it will not occur passively.
Osmosis relates to molecules that are too big to pass through the cell membrane by themselves.
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion that involves water movement across a membrane.
What is assumed to be the advantage of the long, folded inner membrane of the mitochondria?
What do the folds of the inner membrane do to make the mitochondrion more efficient?
cool off the cell\'s interior
allow for a place to store the mitochondrial DNA
increased surface area for reactions
None of these are correct regarding the folded inner membrane of mitochondria.
Which structures within a cell are responsible for making the ATP molecules used for cellular
energy?
rough ER
smooth ER
lysosomes
mitochondria
Given that a cell\'s structure reflects its function, what do you predict would be the function of an
animal cell with a very large amount of Golgi apparatus inside of it?
movement within the animal using cilia and flagella
cell growth and division management
secretion of lipids for use in insulating tissue
storage of pigmentation molecules
The cellular cytoskeleton of eukaryotes contains which of these types of protein fibers?
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments (actin filaments)
All of these types of fibers are involved in the cytoskeleton.
How is an individual cell identified by the organism in which it lives (assuming we are talking
about a multicellular organism)? How does a cell show itself as \"friendly\" to the immune
system in humans, for example?
the size and particular shape of the cell determine it\'s identity
the types of phospholipids in the bilayer determines the cell\'s identity
carbohydrate and protein pieces in and on the cell membrane identify the cell
All of these are correct in determining the cell\'s identity.
What is the term for the model used by biologists to describe the various proteins, carbohydrates,
and other molecules that make up the cell membrane, and their structure and function?
the gel electrophoresis model
the fluid mosaic model
the egg cell model
the triphosphate model
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of which are living and most of
which are non-living.
cells are part of a continuous membrane system, and are not individual living entities.
all living things are composed of at least one living cell.
DNA is a double helix in shape and is directly related to heredity and genetic traits.
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of.
Name the two types of stem cells, and explain the main difference .docx
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What is one part of the process of cell division that cells undergoing mitosis or meiosis
all
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What is the name of the oxygen molecules that result when they don’t get their full quota of
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.
Cycle of living cells
The cell cycle describes the process of cell growth and division. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and organelles. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells while meiosis results in four non-identical reproductive cells. The stages of the cell cycle are interphase followed by prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase which make up the phases of mitosis.
Cycle of living cells
The cell cycle describes the process of cell growth and division. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and organelles. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells while meiosis results in four non-identical reproductive cells. The stages of the cell cycle are interphase followed by prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase which make up the phases of mitosis.
can you have it done in 3 hoursIn addition to your Key terms, b.docx
can you have it done in 3 hours?
In addition to your Key terms, be sure that you understand the following concepts:
*What are the parts of the Mitochondria?
* What are the parts of the Chloproplast?
* What is the first step of cellular respiration?
* What are the reactants of Cellular respiration?
*what is the first step of cellular respiration? Where does it happen?
* What are the reactants of Photosynthesis?
* What is ATP?
* What are the main reactants of the light reactions of Photosynthesis?
* What are the main reactants of the light independent reactions of Photosynthesis?
* What are the main products of the light reactions of Photosynthesis?
* What are the main products of the light independent reactions of Photosynthesis?
* Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
* Where does the Krebs’s cycle occur?
* What is photorespiration?
* In cellular respiration, what process is interrupted by Cyanide?
* Understand the following terms: gene, chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, sister chromatids, centromere, centrosome, centrioles
*
What are the functions of cell division?
* What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
*
How does cell division occur in prokaryotes? What are the similarities and differences in cell division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
* What is the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome?
* What are the components of the cell cycle?
* What happens during interphase?
* Why is DNA synthesized prior to mitosis?
*What is the sequence of events during mitosis?
*What are the chromosomal and nuclear changes during mitosis?
* If errors occur in the cell cycle, what are some of the potential consequences
* In Mitosis, recognize and know how to use the following terms:
Nucleoli Centrosomes Nuclear envelope Spindle fibers
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Cell plate
*When and where does the process of meiosis occur?
*What is the sequence of events during meiosis?
* What are the chromosomal and nuclear changes during meiosis?
* In Meiosis, recognize and know how to use the following terms:
Homologous Chromosomes Tetrad
Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Interphase
Crossing over Prophase I
Metaphase I Independent assortment
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
Gamete Egg/ovum Sperm Zygote
*Identify the stages in meiosis where variation is produced.
*How does meiosis produce variation in chromosomes at these stages?
*If errors occur in meiosis what are some of the potential consequences?
*What are the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis?
*Use examples to calculate number of possible combinations during independent assortment:
X= 2
n
*How many sets of chromosomes do you have in each one of your somatic cells?
* How many sets of chromosomes do you inherit to your kids?
.
Stange1965
This document summarizes plant cell differentiation, specifically in multicellular plants. It begins by defining plant cell differentiation as the origin of differences between plant cells that are important for development. It then discusses how cell differentiation is visualized as differences between cells in a multicellular organism. The document goes on to discuss the cell growth and division cycle, and how differentiation occurs when cells stop proliferating and take on specialized functions. It also discusses endopolyploidy, where specialized cells take on polyploid chromosome or DNA contents.
3. What is meant by a differentiated cell How do cells become di.pdf
3. What is meant by a differentiated cell? How do cells become differentiated?
4. What are the 3 basic principles of cell theory?
Solution
3. What is meant by a differentiated cell? How do cells become differentiated?
Differentiation is a process by which an unspecialized cell specializes to do particular function.
Example: Cells of bone marrow differentiate into Red blood cells.
Generally certain differentiation factors trigger differential gene expression (particular sets of
genes are turned on), this provides cell its special characteristics.
4. What are the 3 basic principles of cell theory?
All living organisms are composed of one or more cell
Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms
Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material
onto their daughter cells.
Biology Finals Study Guide
- Cells face difficulties as they increase in size, including placing more demands on DNA and less efficient nutrient/waste transport. If a cell grows too large without its DNA increasing, an "information crisis" will occur.
- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and found in the early embryo, while adult stem cells are multipotent and found in adult tissues where they generate specialized cell types.
- DNA carries genetic information through genes located on chromosomes. During cell division, chromosomes with one set from each parent separate and cells receive a complete set, maintaining genetic integrity.
Cell Signaling And Cell Death
Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other and their environment through chemical signals. There are several types of cell signaling including paracrine, autocrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling. Cell death, which can occur through programmed or unprogrammed means, is also an important cellular process. The three main types of cell death are apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, autophagy involves lysosomal degradation of cytoplasm, and necrosis is unprogrammed cell death resulting from injury or infection.
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Sheet1PMGT 576 Assignment Rubric – Unit 8 Assignment20Is the Lean Canvas complete? Do each of the canvas sections demonstrate a clear understanding of the question or item posed? 20Do each of the canvas sections provide a clear, concise, and reasonable approach or description in addressing each one?20Does the canvas demonstrate creativity and innovation in addressing each of the sections?25The text is grammatically correct and there are no spelling or punctuation errors. 15Total100
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 1/10
Name:_________________________
Instructor: ___________ Section: ___
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
One of the tenets of cell theory is that all cells come from pre-existing cells. All individual
organisms begins with one cell, and yet in multicellular organisms the number of cells in the
adult may be in the trillions. This requires cells to repeatedly divide during the life of an
organism.
The average adult human body is made up of about 37 trillion cells. Of these, approximately 50
billion are fat cells and 2 billion are heart muscle cells. By the time you finish reading this
sentence, 50 million of your cells will have died and been replaced by others. Human cells are
estimated to divide nearly 2 trillion times every day. Amazingly, humans contain at least 10
times as many bacteria cells as human cells. The 100 trillion bacterial cells are much smaller
than human cells and have a faster generation time.
Mitosis and meiosis are two processes that produce new cells through cell division, which occurs
as a part of the cell cycle. The new “daughter” cells produced by these processes are quite
different because they have different purposes. These differences occur because the processes
have several key differences as outlined in the video lecture. You will be doing several lab
activities examining mitosis and meiosis and what can happen if problems occur during these
cell division processes.
Why are we doing this lab?
1. To gain a better understanding of the mitotic and meiotic processes of cell division that
occur in humans and all other animals.
2. To examine how issues in mitosis and meiosis can lead to diseases and disorders in
humans.
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 2/10
Background: Phases of mitosis
For each phase, draw and label:
a. Chromatin or chromosomes
b. Centrosomes
c. Microtubules/spindle
d. Cell membrane
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 3/10
Activity 1: Mitosis under the microscope
1. Use Google images of mitosis (Google “mitosis of onion root tip”) to identify cells in
interphase and all phases of mitosis.
Cells in…Interphase will have chromatin, not distinct chromosomes
Prophase will have distinctly visible chromosomes
Metaphase will have chromosomes lined up along the equator of the cell
Anaphase will have chromosomes separating at the centromeres
Telophase will have chromosomes decondensing into chromatin and a .
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Mitosis: Interphase I And Meiosis
Mitosis: A Meiosis In Diploid Cells
The Process of Mitosis Essay
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Speech On Mitosis
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Here is a presentation of development biology. For further assistance contact at my email. It's a pleasure to me.if my work is helpful for anyone of you. Need your appreciation and criticism to improve my work. Thanks.
Observing Mitosis
The document is a lab report describing an experiment observing mitosis. It includes an introduction stating the objective was to observe different phases of mitosis using orcein ethanoic stain on onion root tip slides. The results section describes cells in telophase of mitosis or meiosis being observed. Safety precautions of wearing gloves and goggles are discussed. Treatment with hydrochloric acid is said to help stain the specimen. The discussion notes issues viewing slides initially but improvement after pressing. Cells were counted in the microscope's field of view and phases of mitosis were drawn to aid differentiation.
cell division & physiology of cell division
cell division & physiology of cell division, types, binary fission, meiosis, mitosis, regulation of cell cycle, cell cycle checkpoints, what is cyclin-dependent kinases and its importance
What Are The Three Postulates Of Cell Theory
The three postulates of cell theory are:
1) Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All living things are made of cells.
2) All cells come from preexisting cells. Cells reproduce through dividing to form new cells.
3) All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Multicellular organisms are made of many cells, while unicellular organisms are a single cell.
1407 protists presentation
This document discusses protists and their evolution and classification. It describes how endosymbiosis led to the development of organelles in eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic ancestors. Protists are the most diverse eukaryotic kingdom and are classified based on evolving criteria including DNA analysis. Some protists like Chlamydomonas are useful for studying the origins of multicellularity and processes like sex determination.
Cell determination and differentiation
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
chapter_1.pdf
1) The document describes the key findings from early microscopy that led to the discovery of cells as the fundamental unit of life. Observation of plant and animal tissues under early microscopes revealed distinct membrane-bound units, termed cells, that all living things are built from.
2) Further development of light and electron microscopy revealed greater details of cell structure, such as internal organelles and membranes only a few molecules thick. This allowed biologists to understand cells' internal organization and the similarities and diversity among cell types.
3) The simplest cells, bacteria, were found to lack internal structures like organelles and nuclei, distinguishing them as prokaryotic cells, while other cells with nuclei are eukaryotic. Microscopy
Interpersonal tactics, motivation, planning and leadership style can.pdf
Interpersonal tactics, motivation, planning and leadership style can be labeled as foundation
strategies for career advancement. How each of them influence individual career sucess? Pick
one example from each tactic below to elaborate.
Interpersonal Example: People interaction, social communication, emotional intelligence
Motivation Example: Aggressiveness, ambition, challenge
Planning Example: Goal directed, preparation, strategizing
Leadership style Example: Influence process, motivational style, personality traits
Solution
Absolutely, the mentioned 4 can be stated as foundation strategies for career advancements. Each
tactic is explained below as:.
In the exclusivity case (Mayer et al., p. 849-853), given the pr.pdf
In the \"exclusivity\" case (Mayer et al., p. 849-853), given the provisions of the contract (e.g.,
anti discrimination, no-strike, and no-lockout clauses), what effect did the protesting employees\'
actions have on their rights to court claims?
Exclusivity Emporium Capwell Co. v. Western Addition Community Organization 420 U.S. 50
(1975) The Emporium Capwell Company (Company) operates a department store in San
Francisco. At all times relevant to this litigation it was a party to the collective-bargaining
agreement negotiated by the San Francisco Retailer’s Council, of which it was a member, and
the Department Store Employees Union (Union), which represented all stock and marketing area
employees of the Company. The agreement, in which the Union was recognized as the sole
collective-bargaining agency for all covered employees, prohibited employment discrimination
by reason of race, color, creed, national origin, age, or sex, as well as union activity. It had a no-
strike or lockout clause, and it established grievance and arbitration machinery for processing
any claimed violation of the contract, including a violation of the antidiscrimination clause. On
April 3, 1968, a group of Company employees covered by the agreement met with the
secretarytreasurer of the Union, Walter Johnson, to present a list of grievances including a claim
that the Company was discriminating on the basis of race in making assignments and
promotions. The Union official agreed to certain of the grievances and to investigate the charge
of racial discrimination. He appointed an investigating committee and prepared a report on the
employees’ grievances, which he submitted to the Retailer’s Council and which the Council in
turn referred to the Company. The report described “the possibility of racial discrimination” as
perhaps the most important issue raised by the employees and termed the situation at the
Company as potentially explosive if corrective action were not taken. It offers as an example of
the problem the Company’s failure to promote a Negro stock employee regarded by other
employees as an outstanding candidate but a victim of racial discrimination. Shortly after
receiving the report, the Company’s labor relations director met representatives and agreed to
“look into the matter” of discrimination, and see what needed to be done. Apparently unsatisfied
with these representations, the Union held a meeting in September attended by Union officials,
Company
employees, and representatives of the California Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)
and the local anti-poverty agency. The secretary-treasurer of the Union announced that the Union
had concluded that the Company was discriminating, and that it would process every such
grievance through to arbitration if necessary. Testimony about the Company’s practices was
taken and transcribed by a court reporter, and the next day the Union notified the Company of its
formal charge and demanded that the union-management .
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this subcellular
Solution
2. Microvilli and Non motile cilia.
3.RNA polymeraze
5. nectin and nectin 1 (desmosomes)
6. chromosomes
7. Desmosomes,Hemidesmosomes and Plasmodesmata(plants)
8.smooth muscle(Uterine myocytese)
9.chromatin
11.cytoskeleton(microtubules,microfilaments and intermediate filaments)
13.matrix of the mitochondria
14.Microtubules
15.Microtuble based motors.
17.ovaries and adrenal glands
18.microfillaments of cytoskeleton
20.peroxisomes.
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What are the 3 types of RNA that are involved in the synthesis of proteins from the DNA genetic
code. Inverted, Compressed, Depolymerized Messenger, Ribosomal, Transfer Gluco-, Proteo,
Nucleo- None of these. QUESTION 6 What are the two types of cell division, and how are they
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Anaphase and Telophase, in anaphase the chromosomes pull apart, and in telophase, the nucleus
re-forms. The cell cycle and cell death, in the cell cycle, the cell lives and grows, and at the end
of it, there is cell death. Mitosis and Meiosis. In mitosis, each cell resulting from one divison has
exactly the same DNA as the orginal cell that divided, but in meiosis, there are two divisions,
and the four cellls which result have only half the number of chromosomes as the orignai cell.
QUESTION 7 What are stem cells? Cells which belong to the stalk of a plant, between the roots
and the leaves. Cells that are not found in animals. Cells which are capable of changing
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please help
Viruses are classified into which one of the three Domains?
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Viruses are not considered to be members of any of the domains.
Which statement is true of the comparison of diffusion and osmosis?
Diffusion involves liquids or gasses, where osmosis only relates to gasses.
Diffusion must always be facilitated, it will not occur passively.
Osmosis relates to molecules that are too big to pass through the cell membrane by themselves.
Osmosis is a special type of diffusion that involves water movement across a membrane.
What is assumed to be the advantage of the long, folded inner membrane of the mitochondria?
What do the folds of the inner membrane do to make the mitochondrion more efficient?
cool off the cell\'s interior
allow for a place to store the mitochondrial DNA
increased surface area for reactions
None of these are correct regarding the folded inner membrane of mitochondria.
Which structures within a cell are responsible for making the ATP molecules used for cellular
energy?
rough ER
smooth ER
lysosomes
mitochondria
Given that a cell\'s structure reflects its function, what do you predict would be the function of an
animal cell with a very large amount of Golgi apparatus inside of it?
movement within the animal using cilia and flagella
cell growth and division management
secretion of lipids for use in insulating tissue
storage of pigmentation molecules
The cellular cytoskeleton of eukaryotes contains which of these types of protein fibers?
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments (actin filaments)
All of these types of fibers are involved in the cytoskeleton.
How is an individual cell identified by the organism in which it lives (assuming we are talking
about a multicellular organism)? How does a cell show itself as \"friendly\" to the immune
system in humans, for example?
the size and particular shape of the cell determine it\'s identity
the types of phospholipids in the bilayer determines the cell\'s identity
carbohydrate and protein pieces in and on the cell membrane identify the cell
All of these are correct in determining the cell\'s identity.
What is the term for the model used by biologists to describe the various proteins, carbohydrates,
and other molecules that make up the cell membrane, and their structure and function?
the gel electrophoresis model
the fluid mosaic model
the egg cell model
the triphosphate model
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
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cells are part of a continuous membrane system, and are not individual living entities.
all living things are composed of at least one living cell.
DNA is a double helix in shape and is directly related to heredity and genetic traits.
The Cell Theory of Schleiden and Schwann was very important in establishing that...
all living things are always composed of multiple cells, some of.
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Cycle of living cells
The cell cycle describes the process of cell growth and division. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and organelles. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells while meiosis results in four non-identical reproductive cells. The stages of the cell cycle are interphase followed by prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase which make up the phases of mitosis.
Cycle of living cells
The cell cycle describes the process of cell growth and division. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells which lack a nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and organelles. Cell division occurs through mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells while meiosis results in four non-identical reproductive cells. The stages of the cell cycle are interphase followed by prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase which make up the phases of mitosis.
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In addition to your Key terms, be sure that you understand the following concepts:
*What are the parts of the Mitochondria?
* What are the parts of the Chloproplast?
* What is the first step of cellular respiration?
* What are the reactants of Cellular respiration?
*what is the first step of cellular respiration? Where does it happen?
* What are the reactants of Photosynthesis?
* What is ATP?
* What are the main reactants of the light reactions of Photosynthesis?
* What are the main reactants of the light independent reactions of Photosynthesis?
* What are the main products of the light reactions of Photosynthesis?
* What are the main products of the light independent reactions of Photosynthesis?
* Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
* Where does the Krebs’s cycle occur?
* What is photorespiration?
* In cellular respiration, what process is interrupted by Cyanide?
* Understand the following terms: gene, chromatin, chromosome, chromatid, sister chromatids, centromere, centrosome, centrioles
*
What are the functions of cell division?
* What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
*
How does cell division occur in prokaryotes? What are the similarities and differences in cell division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
* What is the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome?
* What are the components of the cell cycle?
* What happens during interphase?
* Why is DNA synthesized prior to mitosis?
*What is the sequence of events during mitosis?
*What are the chromosomal and nuclear changes during mitosis?
* If errors occur in the cell cycle, what are some of the potential consequences
* In Mitosis, recognize and know how to use the following terms:
Nucleoli Centrosomes Nuclear envelope Spindle fibers
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Cell plate
*When and where does the process of meiosis occur?
*What is the sequence of events during meiosis?
* What are the chromosomal and nuclear changes during meiosis?
* In Meiosis, recognize and know how to use the following terms:
Homologous Chromosomes Tetrad
Diploid (2n) Haploid (n) Interphase
Crossing over Prophase I
Metaphase I Independent assortment
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
Gamete Egg/ovum Sperm Zygote
*Identify the stages in meiosis where variation is produced.
*How does meiosis produce variation in chromosomes at these stages?
*If errors occur in meiosis what are some of the potential consequences?
*What are the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis?
*Use examples to calculate number of possible combinations during independent assortment:
X= 2
n
*How many sets of chromosomes do you have in each one of your somatic cells?
* How many sets of chromosomes do you inherit to your kids?
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Stange1965
This document summarizes plant cell differentiation, specifically in multicellular plants. It begins by defining plant cell differentiation as the origin of differences between plant cells that are important for development. It then discusses how cell differentiation is visualized as differences between cells in a multicellular organism. The document goes on to discuss the cell growth and division cycle, and how differentiation occurs when cells stop proliferating and take on specialized functions. It also discusses endopolyploidy, where specialized cells take on polyploid chromosome or DNA contents.
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3. What is meant by a differentiated cell? How do cells become differentiated?
4. What are the 3 basic principles of cell theory?
Solution
3. What is meant by a differentiated cell? How do cells become differentiated?
Differentiation is a process by which an unspecialized cell specializes to do particular function.
Example: Cells of bone marrow differentiate into Red blood cells.
Generally certain differentiation factors trigger differential gene expression (particular sets of
genes are turned on), this provides cell its special characteristics.
4. What are the 3 basic principles of cell theory?
All living organisms are composed of one or more cell
Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms
Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material
onto their daughter cells.
Biology Finals Study Guide
- Cells face difficulties as they increase in size, including placing more demands on DNA and less efficient nutrient/waste transport. If a cell grows too large without its DNA increasing, an "information crisis" will occur.
- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and found in the early embryo, while adult stem cells are multipotent and found in adult tissues where they generate specialized cell types.
- DNA carries genetic information through genes located on chromosomes. During cell division, chromosomes with one set from each parent separate and cells receive a complete set, maintaining genetic integrity.
Cell Signaling And Cell Death
Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other and their environment through chemical signals. There are several types of cell signaling including paracrine, autocrine, synaptic, and endocrine signaling. Cell death, which can occur through programmed or unprogrammed means, is also an important cellular process. The three main types of cell death are apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Apoptosis is programmed cell death, autophagy involves lysosomal degradation of cytoplasm, and necrosis is unprogrammed cell death resulting from injury or infection.
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CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 1/10
Name:_________________________
Instructor: ___________ Section: ___
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
One of the tenets of cell theory is that all cells come from pre-existing cells. All individual
organisms begins with one cell, and yet in multicellular organisms the number of cells in the
adult may be in the trillions. This requires cells to repeatedly divide during the life of an
organism.
The average adult human body is made up of about 37 trillion cells. Of these, approximately 50
billion are fat cells and 2 billion are heart muscle cells. By the time you finish reading this
sentence, 50 million of your cells will have died and been replaced by others. Human cells are
estimated to divide nearly 2 trillion times every day. Amazingly, humans contain at least 10
times as many bacteria cells as human cells. The 100 trillion bacterial cells are much smaller
than human cells and have a faster generation time.
Mitosis and meiosis are two processes that produce new cells through cell division, which occurs
as a part of the cell cycle. The new “daughter” cells produced by these processes are quite
different because they have different purposes. These differences occur because the processes
have several key differences as outlined in the video lecture. You will be doing several lab
activities examining mitosis and meiosis and what can happen if problems occur during these
cell division processes.
Why are we doing this lab?
1. To gain a better understanding of the mitotic and meiotic processes of cell division that
occur in humans and all other animals.
2. To examine how issues in mitosis and meiosis can lead to diseases and disorders in
humans.
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 2/10
Background: Phases of mitosis
For each phase, draw and label:
a. Chromatin or chromosomes
b. Centrosomes
c. Microtubules/spindle
d. Cell membrane
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 3/10
Activity 1: Mitosis under the microscope
1. Use Google images of mitosis (Google “mitosis of onion root tip”) to identify cells in
interphase and all phases of mitosis.
Cells in…Interphase will have chromatin, not distinct chromosomes
Prophase will have distinctly visible chromosomes
Metaphase will have chromosomes lined up along the equator of the cell
Anaphase will have chromosomes separating at the centromeres
Telophase will have chromosomes decondensing into chromatin and a .
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Mitosis And The Phase Of Interphase Essay
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Here is a presentation of development biology. For further assistance contact at my email. It's a pleasure to me.if my work is helpful for anyone of you. Need your appreciation and criticism to improve my work. Thanks.
Observing Mitosis
The document is a lab report describing an experiment observing mitosis. It includes an introduction stating the objective was to observe different phases of mitosis using orcein ethanoic stain on onion root tip slides. The results section describes cells in telophase of mitosis or meiosis being observed. Safety precautions of wearing gloves and goggles are discussed. Treatment with hydrochloric acid is said to help stain the specimen. The discussion notes issues viewing slides initially but improvement after pressing. Cells were counted in the microscope's field of view and phases of mitosis were drawn to aid differentiation.
cell division & physiology of cell division
cell division & physiology of cell division, types, binary fission, meiosis, mitosis, regulation of cell cycle, cell cycle checkpoints, what is cyclin-dependent kinases and its importance
What Are The Three Postulates Of Cell Theory
The three postulates of cell theory are:
1) Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All living things are made of cells.
2) All cells come from preexisting cells. Cells reproduce through dividing to form new cells.
3) All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Multicellular organisms are made of many cells, while unicellular organisms are a single cell.
1407 protists presentation
This document discusses protists and their evolution and classification. It describes how endosymbiosis led to the development of organelles in eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic ancestors. Protists are the most diverse eukaryotic kingdom and are classified based on evolving criteria including DNA analysis. Some protists like Chlamydomonas are useful for studying the origins of multicellularity and processes like sex determination.
Cell determination and differentiation
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
chapter_1.pdf
1) The document describes the key findings from early microscopy that led to the discovery of cells as the fundamental unit of life. Observation of plant and animal tissues under early microscopes revealed distinct membrane-bound units, termed cells, that all living things are built from.
2) Further development of light and electron microscopy revealed greater details of cell structure, such as internal organelles and membranes only a few molecules thick. This allowed biologists to understand cells' internal organization and the similarities and diversity among cell types.
3) The simplest cells, bacteria, were found to lack internal structures like organelles and nuclei, distinguishing them as prokaryotic cells, while other cells with nuclei are eukaryotic. Microscopy
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with these representations, the Union held a meeting in September attended by Union officials,
Company
employees, and representatives of the California Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)
and the local anti-poverty agency. The secretary-treasurer of the Union announced that the Union
had concluded that the Company was discriminating, and that it would process every such
grievance through to arbitration if necessary. Testimony about the Company’s practices was
taken and transcribed by a court reporter, and the next day the Union notified the Company of its
formal charge and demanded that the union-management .
In which sentence is the underlined group of words a prepositional ph.pdf
In which sentence is the underlined group of words a prepositional phrase acting as an adverb?
My sister hopes to be one of the finest novelists in the world. My sister\'s grades gave her a place
in the top rank of her class. My sister is going to write novels. My sister applied on Tuesday to a
graduate school in England.
Solution
last statement as it modifies the verb applied.
first statement modifies noun one.
2nd also modifies palce.
underlined statement in 3rd is not PP.
In 1905, the French biologist Lucien Cuénot discovered an interestin.pdf
In 1905, the French biologist Lucien Cuénot discovered an interesting mutant mouse displaying a
yellow coat color. He bred the mouse and its progeny for several generations but could never
obtain a pure breeding stock of yellow mice! Normal mice have a coat color called Agouti which
appears gray. When he crossed pure breeding gray Agouti mice with the yellow mouse, half the
progeny had the gray Agouti coat and half had the light yellow coat. When he crossed the F1
yellow mice with each other, he found that 1/3 of the F2 progeny had the gray Agouti coat and
2/3 had the yellow coat. When he crossed the F2 yellow progeny with pure breeding Agouti
mice, he found again that they produced 50% gray Agouti mice and 50% yellow mice.
Based on these results, you would conclude that relative to the Agouti coat color, the Yellow
coat color is:
A. Completely Dominant
B. Incompletely Dominant
C. Co-dominant
D. Incompletely Penetrant
E. Recessive
Cuénot was never able to produce a pure breeding strain of yellow mice even after trying several
crosses for several years. Provide a one-sentence explanation for why Cuénot was unable to
obtain yellow mice but not a pure breeding stock of yellow mice.
Solution
(A) It is complete dominant. As per definition, dominant allele shows phenotype in homozygous.
Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA. They are passed from parents to their
offspring through reproduction. Genes also contain information about a specific characteristic or
trait and can either be dominant or recessive. Each gene has a designated place on every
chromosome, called a locus. All copies of a gene are not identical and alternative forms of a gene
is called alleles that lead to the alternative or different form of one trait. Alleles are helpful in
identification of the two members of a gene pair, which produce opposite contrasting
phenotypes, e.g., b is an allele of B and vice versa. When the two alleles of a gene are identical,
the individual is homozygous for that trail, and on the other hand, if there are two different
alleles, the individual is heterozygous. A homozygous pair can be either dominant (AA, BB) or
recessive (aa, bb). Heterozygous pairs are made up of one dominant and one recessive allele (Aa,
Bb). In heterozygous individuals, only one allele, the dominant one, is able to express itself,
while the other allele, the recessive, is hidden but still present. The dominant genes are denoted
by upper case letters and recessive genes are denoted by lower case letters. The word genotype
was created to identify genes of an individual and phenotype for the external appearance of the
trait and genes.Phenotype and genotype are terms used to describe the difference between the
visible expressions of the trait versus the actual gene makeup. An individual, which expresses a
dominant trait may carry a recessive allele, but the recessive expression is hidden by its dominant
partner. Mendel\'s observations from these experiments can be summar.
Identify and explain the characteristics that distinguish government.pdf
Identify and explain the characteristics that distinguish governmental and not-for-profit entities
from for-profit entities
Solution
The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) lists down some characteristics that
distinguishes a governmental and a not-for-profit entities from business organizations
Other differences between a ‘governmental and a not-for-profit entities’ and ‘business
organizations’ are:.
how slavery build the united states economySolutionChattel sla.pdf
how slavery build the united states economy
Solution
Chattel slavery is such a difficult piece of American history that we presently can\'t seem to give
the subject appropriate broadcast appointment in our national discussions and classrooms. A few
of us would rather do without real exchanges and smother grant about the transgressions of our
progenitors to abstain from affecting sentiments of blame and commitment. There are different
people who guarantee there is a limited break between that woeful 250-year field in our
country\'s adolescence and a period that manufactured a worldwide good example for majority
rules system and monetary development. Quiet and misleading statements work to secure a
national mystery and a false picture. What\'s more, similar to every single frightful mystery, the
ability to propagate disgrace and blame is lessened with arrival of reality.
The genuine story?—?the one we Americans don\'t advertise?—?is that we didn\'t rise up out of
the fiery remains of the mid twentieth century clashes as a superpower. Nor did we construct our
strength exclusively from the muscles of Ellis Island. By the start of the nineteenth century,
subjugated work had deliberately both straightforwardly and in a roundabout way transformed
the United States into one of the best two monetary powers on the planet. Afterward, in spite of
the assaults of the Civil War, the capital and framework separated from the spirits, sweat, and
blood of oppressed African Americans situated a previous backwater province to explore the
Industrial Revolution. In 1880?—?not 1917 or 1945?—?the U.S. started to supersede its
significantly more seasoned and more settled opponent, Great Britain. The shores of the U.S., in
the next decades, turned into a worldwide reference point for economic opportunity and
flexibility to more than 12 million fresh introductions.
U.S. servitude was not a Southern men of honor\'s liven. As Ta-Nehisi Coates wrote in his article
\"The Case for Reparations\" in The Atlantic, \"by 1840, cotton created by slave work constituted
59 percent of the nation\'s fares.\" The monetary commitment of subjugated Americans,
regardless, did not start and end with King Cotton in the South. Northern states profited from the
slave exchange, as well, start with the Puritans. Servitude and the business movement brought by
the slave dispatches going through New England ports in early America developed the locale\'s
beginning economy and, at last, propelled the spread of North American colonization past the
soonest settlements.
There is another once in a while talked about part of servitude that helped shape our country\'s
worldwide economic impression. The evaluated advertise estimation of the subjugated populace
by 1860 had achieved seven times the estimation of money available for use. At the point when a
slaveholder required money, he had three choices: 1) lease the work of a man he held in
servitude; 2) offer that oppressed individual to another person; .
How did Woodrow Wilson impact public administrationSolutionWo.pdf
How did Woodrow Wilson impact public administration?
Solution
Woodrow Wilson impact public administration with his radical thinking and the way he
implemented the ideas that he thought, which would be best for the public administration in his
country. Let us some of the measures that he adopted to raise the public administration levels.
One of the major decisions that he took was that the public administration must be run by the
skilled workers of the party. Earlier loyalty to the party was considered as the only criterion to
run the public administration. Not all the loyal people in the party possessed the required skill
levels to run the public administration. He assessed the skill levels of the party members and
gave them the job of public administration.
He also brought in the concept, that public administration must be out of the purview of the
changing views of the political party. Public administration must run on the policy decisions and
not on the changing mindset of the political leaders.
The focus of the government is not on making profit, but to provide service to the citizens of the
country. But effective steps need to be taken to run the administration efficiently, much like a
privately owned business. Only with the introduction of that kind of mindset, would the service
be provided to the public in an efficient manner.
And above of he is the only US president to have possessed a Phd., in the field of politics and
history. This skill and ability made him devise strategies to run the public administration
efficiently, and thereby creating an impact in the country as a whole..
Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making .pdf
Describe the three most well-known types of ethical decision making and the four dilemmas that
each engender. Why do these matter to the leader in his or her own ethical perspectives?
Solution
Three Broad Types of Ethical Theory:
Ethical theories are often broadly divided into three types: i) Consequentialist theories, which
are primarily concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions; ii) Non-
consequentialist theories, which tend to be broadly concerned with the intentions of the person
making ethical decisions about particular actions; and iii) Agent-centered theories, which, unlike
consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories, are more concerned with the overall ethical
status of individuals, or agents, and are less concerned to identify the morality of particular
actions. Each of these three broad categories contains varieties of approaches to ethics, some of
which share characteristics across the categories. Below is a sample of some of the most
important and useful of these ethical approaches.
i.) Consequentialist Theories:
The Utilitarian Approach
Utilitarianism can be traced back to the school of the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus of
Samos (341-270 BCE), who argued that the best life is one that produces the least pain and
distress. The 18th Century British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) applied a similar
standard to individual actions, and created a system in which actions could be described as good
or bad depending upon the amount and degree of pleasure and/or pain they would produce.
Bentham’s student, John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) modified this system by making its standard
for the good the more subjective concept of “happiness,” as opposed to the more materialist idea
of “pleasure.”
Utilitarianism is one of the most common approaches to making ethical decisions,especially
decisions with consequences that concern large groups of people, in part because it instructs us to
weigh the different amounts of good and bad that will be produced by our action. This conforms
to our feeling that some good and some bad will necessarily be the result of our action and that
the best action will be that which provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it
another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm. Ethical environmental action,
then, is the one that produces the greatest good and does the least harm for all who are
affected—government, corporations, the community, and the environment.
The Egoistic Approach
One variation of the utilitarian approach is known as ethical egoism, or the ethics of self-
interest. In this approach, an individual often uses utilitarian calculation to produce the greatest
amount of good for him or herself. Ancient Greek Sophists like Thrasymacus (c. 459-400 BCE),
who famously claimed that might makes right, and early modern thinkers like Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679) may be considered forerunners of this approach. One of the most influential recent
proponents of.
Central banks in advanced economies have gradually moved away from m.pdf
Central banks in advanced economies have gradually moved away from monetary policy based
on monetary targeting (founded on the quantity theory of money) and tend to focus on inflation
using some variation of the interest rate determination rule or “Taylor rule”.
What explains that evolution of monetary policy?
How does the Taylor rule work?
What is your evaluation of the efficiency of the new approaches to monetary policy in advanced
economies, using the US as an example?
Solution
What explains that evolution of monetary policy?
How does the Taylor rule work?
What is your evaluation of the efficiency of the new approaches to monetary policy in advanced
economies, using the US as an example?.
Cell division in the apical meristems Cell division in the apical me.pdf
Cell division in the apical meristems Cell division in the apical meristems at the tips of a plant
that results in increases in height or length is called vascular cambium growth herbaceous
growth mitotic growth. secondary growth primary growth.
Solution
Primary growth
Cell division and cell elongation in the apical meristem is called primary growth..
Asteroids X, Y, and Z have equal mass of 4.0 kg each, They orbit aro.pdf
Asteroids X, Y, and Z have equal mass of 4.0 kg each, They orbit around a planet with M =
7.20*10^24 kg. The orbits are in the plane of the paper. The 3 asteroids orbit in the same
counterclockwise direction.
Solution
1. Greater than,
2. equal to, (r and c seems to be at same distance from the planet, if not the answer will change),
3. greater than ( v seems to be closer to the planet than c)
4. less than
5. equal to,
6. less than
7. less than.
Biochemistry-Explain the differences in the ease of lateral movem.pdf
Biochemistry:-
Explain the differences in the ease of lateral movement and transmembrane movement of
phospholipids.
Solution
Lateral movement refers to the lateral movement of lipids and proteins found in the membrane.
Membrane lipids and proteins are generally free to move laterally if they are not restricted by
certain interactions. Lateral diffusion is a fairly quick and spontaneous process.
Transverse movement involves the movement of a lipid or protein from one membrane surface
to the other. Unlike lateral diffusion, transverse diffusion is a fairly slow process due to the fact
that a relatively significant amount of energy is required for flip-flopping to occur. Most large
proteins do not flip-flop due to their extensive polar regions, which are unfavorable in the
hydrophobic core of a membrane bilayer.
Differences in the ease of lateral movement and transmembrane movement of phospholipids.
4. Ammonia and calcium chlorate react to yield nitrogen gas, water, a.pdf
4. Ammonia and calcium chlorate react to yield nitrogen gas, water, and aqueous calcium
chloride.
Solution
V1,given volume of potassium hydroxide=0.015L
M1,Concentration of potassium hydroxide =?
V2,volume of HCl given=0.010L
M2,Concentration of HCl given=0.92M
as we know
M1V1=M2V2
M1=M2V2/V1
=0.92*0.010/0,015
=0.613M.
With regard to the SDLC and the Systems Engineering processThe SD.pdf
With regard to the SDLC and the Systems Engineering process:
The SDLC and Systems Engineering method are independent from each other. You may use the
SE method without being within a life cycle and alternatively you may develop a system
throughout its life cycle without using the SE method.
The SDLC and Systems Engineering method are highly dependent on each other. A system\'s life
cycle is iterated several times within the SE method.
The SDLC and Systems Engineering method are highly dependent on each other. The SE
method is iterated several times over a system\'s development life cycle.
The SDLC and SE method are essentially the same thing. Showing a system\'s life cycle is just
another way of showing the SE method.a.
The SDLC and Systems Engineering method are independent from each other. You may use the
SE method without being within a life cycle and alternatively you may develop a system
throughout its life cycle without using the SE method.b.
The SDLC and Systems Engineering method are highly dependent on each other. A system\'s
life cycle is iterated several times within the SE method.c.
The SDLC and Systems Engineering method are highly dependent on each other. The SE
method is iterated several times over a system\'s development life cycle.d.
The SDLC and SE method are essentially the same thing. Showing a system\'s life cycle is just
another way of showing the SE method.
Solution
Answer b) The SDLC and Systems Engineering method are highly dependent on each other. A
system\'s life cycle is iterated several times within the SE method.
Explanation:
The systems development life cycle (SDLC), is a term used in systems engineering, information
systems and software engineering to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and
deploying an information system..
What is the conjugate acid of each of the following Brønsted–Lowry b.pdf
What is the conjugate acid of each of the following Brønsted–Lowry bases?
HSO3
Express your answer as a chemical formula.
SO32
Express your answer as a chemical formula.
OH
Express your answer as a chemical formula.
H2PO4
Express your answer as a chemical formula.
Solution
the conjugate acid is formed by addition of H+ , ions to base , H2SO3 is the conjugate acid of
bronsted lowry base HSO3-- , for SO3 2-- It is HSO3--, FOR OH-- , it is H2O , FOR H2PO4-- ,
it is H3PO4.
What is the importance of phosphoryl-transfer potential and what fac.pdf
What is the importance of phosphoryl-transfer potential and what factors differentiate the
stability of reactants vs. products?
Solution
Importance of phosphoryl-transfer potential:is defined as the ability of a compound to transfer its
phosphoryl group across a membrane.The phosphoryl transfer potential is an important form of
cellular energy transformation.
4 factors differentiate the stability of reactants and products:
1. Electrostatic (charge) repulsion.
2. Resonance stabilization.
3. Increase in Entropy.
4.Stabilization due to hydration..
What is emphysema What effect does emphysema have on breathing Wha.pdf
What is emphysema? What effect does emphysema have on breathing? What are the causes and
treatments?
Solution
Emphysema is progressive disease of lungs that causes due to over inflation of alveoli.
The lung tissue involved in exchange of gases are impaired or destroyed.
In this disease, the airflow on exhalation is slowed or stopped because of over inflation of alveoli
. So when a person tries to breathe, no movements of gases out of the alveoli.
The causes of emphysema are cigarette smoking, air pollution, airway reactivity etc.
It can be treated using bronchodilating medications, steroid medications, antibiotics, and oxygen
in the case of emergency conditions..
What are cyclinsand How do cyclins oscillateSolutionCyclines.pdf
What are cyclins?and How do cyclins oscillate?
Solution
Cyclines are group of protein that control the progression of cell in cell cycle by activating
cycline dependent kinase.
Each cycline associates with one or two CDK. And cycline - CDK complex results in activation
of active sites. Some studies suggest that cell cycle is triggered by an oscillator present in midst
of cyclin - CDK complex.
Cyclins in presence of sufficient growth factor of CDK is capable of self organisation in the form
of oscillations. The oscillations corresponds to sequential activation various CDK cyclin
complex that control cell cycle.the change from cell quiescence to cell proliferation corresponds
to transition from a stable state to oscillations state of CDK..
Weaver Company Comparative Balance Sheet December 31, 2015 and 2014 2.pdf
Weaver Company Comparative Balance Sheet December 31, 2015 and 2014 2015 2014 Cash
Accounts recelvable Inventory Prepald expenses $ 2 $ 11 231 196 306 155 9 Total current assets
468 443 Property, plant, and equipment 508 428 Less accumulated depreciation Net property,
plant, and equipment Long-term Investments Total assets (86) 422 28 (71) 357 35 $ 918 835
Liabilties and Stockholders\' Equity Accounts payable Accrued llabilities Income taxes payable
$301 226 79 64 71 72 369 172 Total current llabllitles 198 642 161 Bonds payable Total
llabllities 541 Common stock 200 94. 115 Retalned earnings Total stockholders\' equity Total
liabllties and stockholders\' equity 276 294 $ 918 835
Solution
Weaver Company
Statement of Cash Flows
For the year ended December 31, 2015
(I) Operating activities
Net income for the current year 60
Adjustments to convert net income to cash basis
Provision for tax made 25
Loss on sale of equipments 2
Depreciation provided 25
Less: Gain on sale of investments -5
Operating profits before working capital changes 107
Add: Decrease in current assets
Inventory 41
Less: Increase in current assets
Accounts receivable - 75
Prepaid expenses - 4
Add: Increase in current liabilities
Accounts payables 75
Less: Decrease in current liabilities
Accrued liabilities - 8
Less: Tax paid - 17
Net cash generated from operating activities 119
(II) Investing activities
Sale of investments 12
Sale of equipments 18
Purchase of property, plant and equipments -110
Net cash used in investing activities - 80
(III) Financing activities
Cash dividend paid - 39
Buy back of own stock - 39
Issue of bonds payable 26
Net cash used in financing activities - 52
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents (I+II+III) - 13
Add:Begining cash and cash equivalents 11
Ending cash and cash equivalents - 2
Dr. Provision for tax account Cr.
Cash(Tax paid) 17 Balance b/d 64
Balance c/d 72 Provision for tax made 25
89 89
Dr. Property, plant and equipments account Cr.
Balance b/d 428 Accu. depreciation 10
Cash (Purchases) 110 Cash (sale) 18
(Bal.Fig.) Loss on sale 2
Balance c/d 508
538 538
Dr. Accumulated depreciation account Cr.
Equipment account 10 Balance b/d 71
Balance c/d 86 Depreciation for the current year 25
96 96
Net cash provided by operating activities $119.
13. The auditors report on Other Financial Information (OFI) accomp.pdf
13. The auditor\'s report on Other Financial Information (OFI) accompanying the audited
statements may take the form of: a. an opinion that the OFI is fairly stated, but only with respect
to the statements taken as a whole b. an opinion that the OFI is fairly stated at the OFI detail
level of analysis c. a disclaimer of opinion on the OFI d. either a or c. e. either b or c.
Solution
Management is responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the
information
included in the X report but does not include the financial statements and our auditor’s report
thereon.
Asnwer: D .either a or c..
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