Mitosis Essay

Essay Mitosis and Meiosis
Cell division may happen by either mitosis or meiosis, depending on what type of cell is
invovled. Mitosis is a process by which a cell divides to form two daughter cells. They each have
the same exact number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs in the primary
sex cells leading to the formation of viable egg and sperm cells. They reduce the number of
chromosomes to half in each gamete so that when they are getting furtilized, the species chromosome
number is kept even.
Mitosis happens in the reproduction of unicellular organisms and in the addition of cells to a tissue or
organ in a multicellular organism.
There are four stages of mitosis. The first stage is the prophase. In this stage the chromosomes
become shorter...show more content...
The spindle fibers extending from the poles to the centromeres disappear and those fibers that lie in
the plane between the rows of chromosomes remain for a longer time. A nuclear membrane reforms
around each bundle of chromosomes at the poles. At the center of animal cells, the cytoplasm turns
inward, pinching the old cell into two new cells.
Meiosis happens in the primary sex cells, which leads to the formation of viable egg and sperm
cells. The purpose of meiosis is to cut the number of chromosomes in half.
There are two stages of meiosis, meiosis I and II. Meiosis I has five stages called prophase I,
metaphse I, anaphase I, telophase I, and interkinesis I. Meiosis II has only four stages. They are
prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.
The stages of meiosis I result in the reduction of the number of chromosomes.
In prophase I the chromosomes become shorter and thicker and the nucleolus disappears. The
chromosomes pair with their homologues forming a group of four chromatids. The tetrads wrap
around each other and may exchange like parts. The centrioles move and the spindle fibers appear
and the nuclear membrane disappears.
The tetrads move as a group to the equator in metaphase I. The centromeres of each of the
homologous pairs of chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers extending from opposite poles.
Each pair of double–stranded chromosomes, in anaphaseI, is pulled away from its homologue
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Mitosis Key Process
Mitosis cells reproduce to increase growth, repair or asexual reproduction without Mitosis living
things would be unable to grow or heal if wounded. Diagram 6 demonstrates the key process of
Mitosis that occurs in organisms apart from viruses and reproduction occurs when new cells are
needed. The cells also copy's its chromosomes splitting them ensuring that each cell have a full set.

Mitosis Research Paper
Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells that are identical and each
having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, which is typical of
ordinary tissue growth. Each daughter cell also carries identical DNA of the parent cell. Errors in
mitosis can result when there is an incorrect DNA copy called aneuploidy. The effect of errors on
the health of the cell ranges from benign to cancerous, depending on the amount and type of errors.
All cancer types are traced back to harmful mutations multiplied by mitosis.
There are four stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase the
chromatin shrinks into separate chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down and forms
...show more content...
Scientists from George Washington University medical center have found a missing link in
mitosis that brings hope for cancer researchers. They have found a protein known as Arpc 1b that
is an activator for an enzyme called Aurora A that is important in early stages of cellular
reproduction. Cells divide and separate poles to create new cells. If all goes well two new cells
are produced, but in some cases the protein is over used, and abnormal cells are produced which
lead to cancer. Pharmaceutical industries are targeting Aurora A and trying to prevent it. This is the
next step to help scientists find a way to stop the activity of Arpc in cancer cells. As an example,
Genentech is a leading biotechnology company that discovers, develops, manufactures and
commercializes medicines to treat patients with serious or life–threatening medical conditions. They
are among the worlds leading biotech companies, with multiple products on the market and a
promising development pipeline. At Genentech, James Sabry, M.D., Ph.D. who is the Vice
President, said, "If we understand basic science, our drugs make it to market. If we don't, the
company dies." Roche, Genentech's parent company, spends more on research and development than
any country in the world ($9.5 billion annually). Understanding cell development and cell division
help the

Cell Biology Meiosis and Mitosis
Cell Biology (CP8121)
Experiment 2: Observing Mitosis and Meiosis on cell specimens
(Formal report)
Name: Wong Chung An
Class: DMLS/FT/1B/02
Admin number: P1138687
Summary
This experiment aims to observe mitosis and meiosis on cell specimens. It involves the modelling of
the stages of meiosis and also the staining procedures to identify mitosis in onion root tip. There are
two parts to the procedure of the experiment whereby the first is staining and observing mitosis in
onion root tips and the second being observing and comparing mitosis between whitefish blastula
and onion root tip. The results are that the five stages of mitosis have been observed and sketched,
together with a comparison of telophase in plant and animal cells. The...show more content...
2) This time, instead of sketching the different phases of mitosis in onion root tip, the differences in
mitosis between the plant and animal cells were recorded.
4) Results and Discussion
*For the results, refer to the datasheet archived under appendix at the end of the report.
5.1 Explanation and reasons for results
The results of the datasheet have shown that all the five main phases of mitosis can be observed.
This can because of several reasons such as the choice of use of onion root tips, flattening of the
onion root tips, addition of hydrochloric acid and 0.5% Toluidine Blue solution.
Onion root tips are easy to grow in large numbers and the cells at its tips are actively dividing, thus
many of its cells will be in different stages of mitosis. The reason for using the last 1–3mm of the
root tip is because it is where the region of cell division (meristem) is located. This is the region
whereby cells are dividing but not significantly increasing in size.
The flattening of the onion root tips allows the chromosomes of each individual cell to be
observed. The hydrochloric acid added, plays a part in fragmenting the root tissues by weakening
and removing the bonds between cells so that each cell will not be attached to the other cell,
obstructing the observation. Toluidine Blue solution acts as a colorant, giving a blue colour to the
chromosomes and so that it is more easily spotted

Mitosis is when atomic division in addition to cytokinesis, and produces two indistinguishable little
girl cells amid prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase,and cytokinesis. Which a phone copies into
two hereditarily indistinguishable girl cells. In mitosis, chromosomes in the cell core are
differentiated into two indistinguishable arrangements of chromosomes, each in its own core.
Interphase is incorporated in mitosis discussions,but it is not actually piece of mitosis yet rather
ecompasses stages G1,S,and G2 of the cell cycle.
Stage S is the place create two comparative girl cells, the complete DNA guidelines in the cell must
be copied. In stage G2 is the place a time of quick cell development and protein combination amid
which the cell...show more content...
In a cell DNA replication starts at particular areas, or starting points of replications, in the genome.
DNA typically exists as a twofold stranded structure, with both strands looped together to shape the
trademark twofold helix. DNA replication starts with the "unfastening" of the guardian atom as the
hydrogen bonds between the base sets are broken. Once uncovered, the succession of bases on each
of the differentiated strands serves as a format to guide the insertion of a reciprocal arrangement of
bases on the strand being

Observing Mitosis
Lab Report в„–3
Title:Observing Mitosis
By Yerkebulan Yesbolatov
Biology course, tutorial group I
October 18, 2012
Lab partner: Azhar Zhaisanova
Introduction
Experiment is intend to show mitotic stage of cell cycle, phases of mitotic stage, to define
predominance in the number of each phases over the others, if it is possible. Objectivity of lab is
to observe the different phases of mitotic stage of cell cycle, to get skills for special technique( by
using orcein ethanoic stain) designed for making slide enable to observe mitotic stage of cell cycle.
The tip of Garlic bulb's root is suspected to be relevant for that,...show more content...
In interphase cells are as they are swallowed, e.c become bigger. Question 6 Safety precautions
Wear goggles to avoid contact with orsein ethanoic stain is corrosive, has ability to irritate by vapour
Wear gloves – acetic alcohol is corrosive and highly flammable.
Question 7 Treatment with hydrochloric acid
It enable to stain the specimen of root tip. It can help to break the hydrogen bonds contain in it.
Question 8 Reason
Cells are in phase of telephase of mitosis or meiosis stage could start.
Discussion
There was cells with purple chromosomes on a pink background.There was drawn the each phases
of mitosis to make easier the differentiation of phases cause is sometimes difficult to differ. At the
beginning, when final stage of slide preparation was done, there was problem, three times with its
observing–the image wasn't enough pure to see a cells in mitosis stage. Cause could be wrong
decay of specimen during the pressing. It should be taken into care that pressing of stained
specimen should be strong to make image more clear and transparent. To define the number of
cells visible at point of view (image which enable objective to see during reviewing without
changing the position) of microscope it was calculated the quarter of circle row by row cause cells
are not same, so rows are not same. Defining of microscope's point of view is necessary for further
calculating the percentage of each

Mitosis And Meiosis Similarities
Mitosis and Meiosis are two very important topics to learn about within school. It is easy to
confuse the two, because they sound so similar, are similar, but also very different. Mitosis occurs
when the human body grows and it is asexual because no sexual interaction needs to take place.
Meiosis occurs during sexual reproduction and the creation of DNA. There are many similarities and
differences between Mitosis and Meiosis. Daughter cells are formed when a cell is duplicated.
Mitosis contains two identical daughter cells. These are identical to the parent cells because they
have the same number of chromosomes. Meiosis has four unique daughter cells. They are unique
because they are not the exact same as the parent's cell. Within Mitosis,

Essay on Meiosis Vs. Mitosis
More than one celled organisms grow by way of mitosis and the cytoplasmic division of body
cells. On the other hand, meiosis occurs only in germ cells, which are put aside for the formation of
gametes (sperm and egg). Reproduction by meiosis allows for species survival and it increases
genetic variability.
The process, during which the germ cells are generated is called meiosis. It represents nature's
solution to the problem of chromosome doubling that would occur, if two diploid cells, i.e. two
cells with a double set of chromosomes would fuse. Accordingly does meiosis produce haploid germ
cells, with maternal and paternal germ cell fusing at fertilization and thus generating a...show more
content...
Chromosome pairs line up across the equator of the spindle at metaphase I (5). In anaphase I the
chromosomes separate and travel to opposite ends of the spindle. The chromosomes migrate to the
equators of two new spindles for metaphase 2 (7). Next the chromatids are pulled apart in anaphase
2 to form four clusters of chromosomes in telophase 2. The nuclear envelopes reform around four
haploid nuclei that will give rise gamete
The leptotene. This phase differs only slightly from the early stages of mitosis. Usually are the cells
and nuclei of meiotic tissues bigger than that of their neighbouring tissues and often do they seem to
be longer and are longitudinally structured. At regular intervals can thickenings be found, like beads
on a string: the chromomeres. Their number, size and positioning is constant in each species.
The zygotene. During this phase begins the pairing of homologous chromosomes. It is also called
synapsis and the resulting structure synaptic complex. Directly after initiation of the process does
the pairing spread like a zipper across the whole length of the chromosome.
The pachytene. During the pachytene does the pairing stabilize. The number of synaptic complexes
corresponds to the number of chromosomes in a haploid set of the respective species. The pairs are
also called bivalents. The

Mitosis: Interphase I And Meiosis
Mitosis and meiosis are the means by which reproduction takes place. Mitosis creates an exact
duplicate of cell so that old cells can be replaced, such as in skin, hair, and bones. Meiosis allows a
cell to unite one half of its genetic makeup with a cell from another partner to create an entirely new
organism.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of
chromosomes. Mitosis is the process by which an organism creates new cells, such as skin or bone.
There are two parts to a cell's life В– interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the normal life of the cell
when all of the growth and metabolism processes take place. Mitosis happens after interphase is
complete and produces an...show more content...
Meiosis is broken into two parts called Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Meiosis I
The stages of Meiosis I are called prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. Prophase I is
like prophase in mitosis. However, in metaphase I, instead of pulling the chromosomes away from
their duplicates, the microtubules attach so as to pull the like pairs, called homologues, apart and
leave the chromosomes attached to their duplicates.
In anaphase I, the microtubules of the spindles pull the homologues apart.
In telephase I, the plasma membrane pinches the cell into two parts and the chromosomes are
surrounded by nuclear material. At the end of meiosis I, two haploid cells have been created, but
they still have duplicated chromosomes, so the cell must enter meiosis II.
Meoisis II
The purpose of meiosis II is to create cells with no duplicates, for purposes of reproduction. In
meiosis II, there are now two cells going through the process. Prophase II and metaphase II occur
just as in mitosis, but remember, there are two cells now.
During Anaphase II, the microtubules pull the duplicate chromosomes away from the originals.
During Telophase II, the plasma constricts and nuclei are formed.
Meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis, however, at the end of meiosis II, four haploid cells called gametes
have been formed, each with no duplicate chromosomes. The chromatids of each chromosome are
not identical

Mitosis: A Meiosis In Diploid Cells
Everyone, from the people as tall Shaquille O'Neal, standing at 7 feet and 1 inch, to people as
small as Simone Biles, 4 feet, and 9 inches, started life as a tiny little embryo then grew into the
people they are today with a process called binary fission. Mitosis is a type of cell division that
results in two daughter cells who each have the same number of chromosomes, as their diploid
parents, and are genetically identical to their parents after one division. Humans have 46
chromosomes in diploid cells. Mitosis is used for growth, repair, and binary fission. Mitosis makes
somatic cells or body cells.
Mitosis has 5 main phases, or parts: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. In
Prophase the DNA condenses to form chromosomes,...show more content...
Meiosis II has 5 steps: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. First, the
chromosomes consisting of two chromatids become visible in Prophase II. In Metaphase II, the
sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell, then pull apart during Anaphase II. Finally, the
nuclear membrane reforms and the cells

The Process of Mitosis Essay
The Process of Mitosis
Mitosis is the term used to describe cell division for replication. The product at the end of mitosis is
two daughter cells both genetically identical to the original (parent) cell. This process (mitosis) is
used for growth and repair within an organism (and also for asexual reproduction).
There are five main stages to mitosis, called Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase. Although the process has been divided up into these stages the process of
mitosis is actually continuous.
Interphase ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– In this, the first stage the cell will look
just like any other 'normal' cell although this is far from the case because very much is actually
happening. All cell...show more content...
[A labelled diagram of the end of the Prophase stage of a cell here would be great.] Metaphase
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– During this stage the chromosomes move towards
the equator of the spindle, attaching themselves horizontally by the centromere to the spindle's
filaments. The chromatids then pull slightly away from each other at the centromere towards the
opposite poles of the cell.
[A labelled diagram of Metaphase here, and put a note next to it saying "Note that some
spindle fibres run from pole to pole while others from pole to equator."] Anaphase
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Now this stage is very quick.
The pairs of chromatids are separated and each chromatids is pulled is pulled towards each opposite
pole by the spindle fibres by a ratchet–like mechanism.
This process requires energy so the ATP store is now used up.
[A labelled diagram of Anaphase. Write a note underneath saying "They split apart by the
centromere breaking into two. Each centromere divides into two so that each chromatid has its own
centromere."]
Telophase ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– The chromatids are destined to become
the new chromosomes of the daughter cells. Once the chromatids are at the poles of the cell they
unwind into chromatin again, now becoming hard to see once again. The spindle fibres now
disintegrate and new nuclear membranes form around the new groups of chromatin

Mitosis And The Phase Of Interphase Essay
Mitosis results in the formation of two diploid daughter cells genetically identical to the diploid
parent cell
because the full sequence of DNA is replicated during the S phase of interphase. This creates two
identical
copies of DNA (if properly conducted without error, as is most often the case), but the chain remains
in its
unraveled form as chromatin until prophase of mitosis. Then, the chromatin condenses into
chromosomes, and
each pair of duplicated chromosome joins together. Each chromosome in the duplicated pair is now
known as a
sister chromatid. During metaphase, the sister chromatids align along the imaginary metaphase plate
along the
center axis of the cell; their positioning is aided by spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore
proteins at the
centromere of each sister chromatid pair. Once all sister chromatids are properly aligned, the
enzyme separase
breaks apart the bonds between the sister chromatids in anaphase, and each sister chromatid is now a
standalone
chromosome pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by shortening spindle fibers and motor
proteins. In
telophase, the final stage of mitosis, the nuclear envelope reforms around the unraveling
chromosomes, one in
each daughter cell, and the two cells split in a process known as cytokinesis.
Because DNA had been duplicated during S of interphase, each daughter cell inherits the complete
DNA
sequence of the parent cell because as the chromosomes separate during anaphase and the cell splits

Speech On Mitosis
In this video, our group will talk about what mitosis is, why it is important, and why we should
learn about mitosis. We will then go over each step of mitosis.
Mitosis, as defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary, is a process that takes place in the nucleus
of a dividing cell. It involves a series of steps consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase. This results in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of
chromosomes as the parent nucleus.
Why is mitosis important?
Mitosis is an essential part of the growth and development for all living things, from the smallest
unicellular organisms like amoebas and bacteria to complex organisms like plants and animals.
In this video we will focus on the mitosis of a typical eukaryotic animal cell. For simplicity, we will
focus on the nucleus of the cell....show more content...
Some describe this stage as the "resting stage".
However, that is not entirely true. The white circle here symbolises the cell and the big orange circle
inside the white circle symbolises the nucleus. Inside the nucleus, the cell prepares itself for mitosis.
At the start of interphase, the cell's DNA exists in the form of a uncondensed chromatin.
Each chromatin duplicates into two daughter chromatids through semiconservative DNA
replication. At the end of interphase, we will get pairs of sister chromatids which is represented by
the pairs of yellow and green lines (and indicated by the red arrow).
The centrosome (indicated by the pink T–shaped structure) will also be duplicated.
Aster, a type of microtubule (indicated by the pink strings), extends from the

Mitosis Case Study
E.g. The patient was discharged from a hospital. She had a femur fracture and she was put on
hydromorphone for pain. The patient was also diagnosed with microcytic anemia for which the
MD prescribed her Iron supplementation. She called on the same day to ask why she was
prescribed Senakot and Docusate and if she still needs to use it since she has a normal bowel
movement now. I explained to her that the reason why she was put on those 2 drugs was because
her therapy with Hydromorphone and Iron may cause constipation and just to adjust her diet would
not be enough to prevent it. Moreover, she was immobile due to her cast on her leg which made her
at higher risk of constipation. 4.1b Patient with actinic keratosis came to pick up a prescription

In order to better understand genetics, and what makes us who we are, it is important to first
understand cell division/reproduction. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus that produces two
daughter cells identical to themselves and to the original cell. Cytokinesis, which is the division of
the cytoplasm, follows this process. The process of mitosis has five stages that are proceeded by
interphase, which is a period for cell growth and development. Mitosis begins with prophase, which
is when chromatids condense, centrosomes move to opposite poles, and mitotic spindles form from
centrosomes. Prometaphase follows, during which the nuclear membrane disintegrates. During
metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle on the equatorial plate,...show more content...
In this experiment, meiosis was observed during oogenesis, or formation of the egg, in the
roundworm ascarsis. The process oogenesis begins with the diploid oogonium dividing
mitotically to produce primary oocytes. Each primary oocyte completes meiosis I and creates a
polar body and a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II and creates a
second polar body and an ovum. The ovum is then able to become fertilized. Since the diploid
number of chromosomes is only four in Ascaris megalocephala, the worm is ideal for the study of
oogenesis because of its small chromosome number. In fact, the Ascarsis megalocephala was an
excellent model for a scientist named Theodor Boveri who provided us with one of the first
descriptions of meiosis. Boveri was able to distinguish that chromosome number was reduced in
gametes and that meiosis did not happen until fertilization had concluded. Knowing this
information, Boveri was able to observe the sperm and egg chromosome after fertilization and
saw that Ascari eggs possessed 2 chromosomes after the formation of the polar body, and that after
the fusion of the sperm and egg, the chromosome number was restored to 4 again (O'Connor, C. &
Miko, I. 2008). Meiosis was also observed during spermatogenesis, or the formation of sperm, in a
grasshopper. This process takes

Lab Report On Mitosis
Mitosis Lab Report
Without cell division and the cell cycle nearly all life would fail to exist. Cell division allows an
organism to not only replace its own cells but to create offspring. The cell cycle consists of two
main parts: interphase and mitotic phase. Within these two phases the processes can be broken
down into further categories. Interphase can be broken down into three subphases that are the
necessary preparations the cell makes in order to be ready to divide during mitosis. For this lab we
looked mainly at the mitotic phase because of its fascinating and rapid changes to the cell. The cell
types we looked at were prepared slides of whitefish and onion root tip.
Although mitosis is just a fraction of time compared to interphase it can be divided into four
distinct subphases. If we start viewing a cell under a brightfield microscope right at the end of
interphase subphase G2 we would see that throughout the interphase process (fig 1) the cell has
grown considerably in size due to production of extra mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
The cell has also gone through the labor of duplicating all of its chromosomes, a process known as
DNA synthesis. Now that the cell has made all of these preparations it's time to start prophase (fig
2), the first stage of the mitotic phase. This stage is visibly identified by the chromatin becoming the
tightly formed chromosomes. During the lab we were able to view these newly formed
chromosomes best on the onion root tip

Mitosis And Phase Of Mitosis Essay
Discovering Mitosis
(its not just a phase you going through)
Mitosis tried its best to break me. All the phases to remember and all the functions of the phases
seriously couldn't the human body be a little easier to comprehend. At first glance Mitosis seemed
not so complicated until realising the intricacies of the process. I grasped the basic principle of
mitosis in its simplest form, cells divide. The four phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase all had a part to play in cell division but what each phase contributed I could not
understand. also over the whole cell cycle there was really a total of nine phases if you count the
interphase, mitotic phase, G1 phase, G2 phase and S phase I needed some clarification. I
endeavoured to find out answers to four questions to clarify and understand clearly.
The specifics of interphase and mitotic phase
What each phase did.
Why it was important that cell division happened in a specific order
Find a system to remember the phases and their properties
My aim is to seek out resources to help me find the answers I need and solidify the details for me to
recall easily.
Resource #1 https://www.youtube.com/
watch?annotation_id=annotation_3739956411&feature=iv&src_vid=gwcwSZIfKlM&v=f–ldPgEfAHI
Resource #2 Cell and Molecular biology by Dr Gupta P.K chapter 17 page 287–298
Resource #1 analysis This video clip has been created by Sarina Paterson and Briana Rapini they are
sisters who are passionate about science. Sarina

Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis Essay
Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis and mitosis describes the process by which cells divide, either by asexual or sexual
reproduction to produce a new organism.
Meiosis is a form of cell division that produces gametes in humans these are egg cells and sperms,
each with reduced or halved number of chromosomes. The number of chromosomes is restored
when two gametes fuse together to form a zygote. A cell with two copies of each chromosome is
called diploid cell and a cell with one copy of each chromosome is called a haploid cell. Meioses
produces haploid daughter cells that are genetically different from each other and from the parent
cell. However, mitosis is a form of cell division that produces daughter cells...show more content...
These bivalents line up along the equator during metaphase I, the arrangement of the bivalent is
completely random and relative to the orientation of the other bivalents, this is known as the
independent assortment of chromosomes. This is followed by anaphase I where the homologous
chromosomes separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell.
At telophase I the cell divides into two, each cell contains one chromosome from each homologous
pair. The second stage of meiosis is similar to mitosis. These centrioles replicate and the
chromosomes line along the equator at metaphase II and spilt at the centromeres causing the
chromatids to move to opposite sides at anaphase II. At telophase II the cell divides to form four
haploid cells, these are not identical to each other because the cells contains chromosomes from two
different parent gametes therefore differ genetically.
However, during mitotic division the cells produced are genetically identical to each other because
they are produced from the same parent cell. The cell begins to replicate during interphase to
produce two identical sister chromatids. At prophase the chromosomes become condense to become
visible and the membrane begins to break down. The chromosomes line up along the centre of the
equator during metaphase.
The chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles during anaphase. In telophase these
separate chromatids

Mitosis Lab Report
9/28/2017
Lab 4 Report– Cell Cycle and Mitosis and Meiosis setup
Abstract
The main focus of this lab was to be able to understand the different phases of mitosis and the cell
cycle and also identify what those stages may look like. Mitosis is the process in which concerns
the production of new cells. For example, when apoptosis(cell death) the process of Mitosis begins to
replace the dead cells. To be able to familiarize ourselves with this concept, we took a sample of an
onion root and had it put through a process to be able to look at the different phases under the
microscope. We found that the majority of the cells were mostly undergoing Interphase or
Prophase which are the phases in charge of crossing over of DNA and where the chromosomes
then become visible and the nuclear envelope dissipates. The conclusion of this lab was that
Mitosis is essential for the production of new cells. In the case of the onion root sample, the cells
were damaged leading to the tester to undergo Mitotic cell division and it was found that mainly
Interphase and Prophase were the stages that occurred in this lab.
Introduction
The cell cycle is separated into multiple stages such as G0, G1, S, G2, and M phase. During the
G0 phase is the stage in which there is no sign of the cell preparing to separate but, rather a
stagnant cell. The G1 phase involves the expansion of the cell and gathering all the nutrients and
energy to prepare for the upcoming processes of the cell cycle. In the S phase,

Mitosis
Mitosis is when the cell divides in order to replicate itself. The product at the end of this stage is
two daughter cells that are both genetically identical to the parent cell. Mitosis is also used for the
growth and repair within an organism.
Mitosis is not just one stage by itself; it is made of several stages, which include interphase,
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and also telophase. These stages have several different things that
they are responsible for. Interphase is the first phase of mitosis. In interphase the cell will look like
any other cell, but that is wrong because there are several things that are happening in this stage; the
organelles of the cell are being produced in quantity and also the chromosomes are being...show more
content...
The changes in the cell become more noticeable. The chromosomes become coiled and can be
viewed under a microscope. Each chromosome that was duplicated is a pair of sister chromatids
joined by the duplicated but unseparated centromere. The nucleolus in the cell disappears in this
stage of mitosis. The cytoplasm is also involved in prophase. The mitotic spindle of the cytoplasm
consists of microtubules. The microtubules form between two pairs of centrioles as they move to
opposite poles of the cell. At the end of this phase, the nuclear envelope disappears.
The third stage of mitosis is metaphase. In metaphase, the centrosomes arrive at the opposite poles in
the cell. The chromosomes become arranged on a plane equidistant from the two poles called the
metaphase plate. For each of the chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister chromatids face the
opposite poles, and each is now attached to a kinetochore microtubule coming from that pole.
Anaphase is the fourth stage of mitosis. Anaphase begins when the duplicated centromeres of each
pair of daughter chromatids, which were created in the before stages, separate. Now the daughter
chromosomes begin moving toward the opposite poles due to the action of the spindle. The location
of the centromere located on the chromosome, a shape will appear during the chromosome
movement. At the end of anaphase, a complete set of chromosomes have assembled at each pole of
the

Mitosis Essay

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