This is about tissue culture. People will get a overall idea about tissue culture.

1. Historical Development of
Plant Tissue Culture
• Tissue culture is a method of growing cells, organs, and tissues
in a lab with nutrient solutions in sterile conditions.
• Plant tissue culture allows for the propagation of new plants
from small plant parts, such as shoots, roots, and embryos
• The idea of tissue culture was first proposed by Theodor
Schwann in 1832, and later proven by Wilhelm Roux in 1835
with embryonic chicken cells.
• In 1839, reichinger proposed the first parameter for tissue
culture, stating that fragments needed to have a minimum
thickness of 1.5mm to grow successfully.

2. Types of tissue culture
 Tissue culture techniques involve growing plant cells or
tissues in a laboratory setting.
 Different types of tissue culture techniques include seed
culture, embryo culture, callus culture, organ culture,
and protoplast culture.
 Each technique has its unique requirements and can be
used for different purposes such as plant propagation,
disease control, and genetic manipulation.

3. Nutritional Requirement
 The plant cell and tissue require a proper nutrient
medium for their growth and development.
 The nutrient medium contains both major and minor
nutrients to assist the growing cell or tissue.
 Each element effect certain physiological centrol over the
growing cells or tissue in the medium.
 The deficiency of there element cause the deficiency
symptoms on the growing tissue.
 Inorganic nutrients requore for tissue culture techniqucs.
 Macro Nutrients
 Micro Nutrients

4. Application in Plant Tissue Culture
(1) Extracts from black carrot tissue culture as potent anticancer agents.
(2)Enhanced production of tropane alkaloids in transgentic scopolia parviflora
hairy root cultures over-expressing putrescine N-methyl transferase (PMT) and
hyoscyamine-68-hydroxylase(H6H).
(3)Taxus globose S. cell lines:initiation,selection and characterization in terms of
growth and baccatin III and paclitaxel production.
(4)Production of camptothecin in cultures of chonemorpha grandiflora.
(5)Regeneration,in vitro glycoalkaloids production and evaluation of callus
methanolic extract of solanum tuberosum L.

5. Application in Plant Tissue Culture
(6) The influence of medium composition on alkaloid biosynthesis by
Penicillium citrinum.
(7) Differential production of tropane alkaloids in hairy roots and in vitro
cultured two accessions of Atropa belladonna L. under nitrate treatment.
(8) Increased vincristine production production from Ageobacterium
tumefaciens C58 induced shooty teratomas of Catharantus roseus G.Don.
(9) Enhancement of taxane production in hairy root culture of Taxus x media
var. Hicksil.
(10) An endophytic taxol-producing fungus from Taxus media ,Cladosporium
cladosporioides MD2.

6. Edible Vaccines
 Vaccines that one can eat are called edible
vaccines, which are among the most unusual
approaches for administering new vaccines.
 They are engineered to contain antigen, but
bear no genes that would enable whole pathogen
to form.
 Again these are mucosal-targeted vaccines,
which causes s timulation of both systematic and
mucosal immune response.

7. IDEAL PROPERTIES
EDIBLE
VACCINES
Should be Nontoxic or nonpathogenic
effective
in affordable
Vaccination
should be simple Very low level of side effects
Not contammate Not cause problem in individual with
I impaired immune system
the environment Long lasting humoral and
cellular immunities

8. Edible Vaccine
Advantages Disadvantages
The plants producing the edible
vaccines could be grown in the third
world countries.
Plants are living organisms that
changes,so the continuity of the
vaccine production might not be
guaranteed.
Plants are regularly used in
pharmaceuticals and there exist
established purification protocols.
The edible vaccines could be mistaken
for regular fruits and consumed in
larger amounts than might be safe.
Growing plants is much cheaper than
producing vaccines.
The dosage of the vaccines might be
variable.For example,different sized
bananas will contain different amount
of vaccine.
Plants can not host most human
pathogens,so the vaccines will not pose
a danger to human.
If the vaccines were grown in fields or
on trees,security would become a big
issue.