This document provides information on plant reproduction and propagation techniques. It discusses the parts of dicot and monocot seeds, plant sexual reproduction through flowers, vegetative reproduction through tubers, bulbs, grafting, and conifer cones. Examples are given for dicot beans and lima beans, monocot corn, parts of flowers, coconut seeds, fern and moss lifecycles, potato tubers, grafting fruit trees, bulb anatomy, and conifer cones. Credits and links are provided for further information.

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Flowering Plants - Dicot
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Ep icot y l will become the shoot-stems and leaves
Rad icle embryonic root
Hy p ocot y l connection between cotyledon and radicle
Cot y led on (seed leaf )
Not e:
If the seed has one cotyledon, it is a monocot.
Corn is a monocot.
If the seed has two cotyledons, it is a dicot.
A bean is a dicot.
A Lima Bean - Dicot

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Flowering Plants - Monocot
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Parts of a Corn Seed
Corn, wheat and grains/grasses, coconuts are monocots.
Monocots have leaves with parallel-veins.

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Parts of a Flower
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
STAMEN, ANTHER and FILAMENT
are male parts of the flower
PISTIL, STIGMA, STYLE and OVARY
are female parts of the flower
Rose flower ?

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Coconut is a monocot seed.
How does a coconut work?
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
More information at http://www.newtonsapple.org.uk/the-common-coconut/

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Flowering Plants - Dicot
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Not e:
If the seed has one cotyledon, it is a monocot.
Corn is a monocot.
If the seed has two cotyledons, it is a dicot.
A bean is a dicot.
A Lima Bean - Dicot

6. www.greenstem.us
Fern Life Cycle - is complex!
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Start with number 6 and number 1, the sp or e. A sp or e is a bit like the
seed of a flowering plant, in that it is the way the fern reproduces and
spreads. A sp or e, however, is different from a seed. A sp or e is a
single cell that has only one copy of each chromosome (haploid), and a
seed is multicellular and has two chromosomes(diploid). The sp or e
develops into a plant called a gametophyte that can produce both
sperm and eggs. These unite in the processes called fertilization,
producing a "baby" fern called a zygote, which now has two copies of
each chromosome (it is diploid). By normal cell division, this grows into
the fern as we know it, the green leafy plant on the forest floor. The
fern produces the sp or e (still diploid), and the cycle continues.

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Moss Life Cycle - is complex!
Moss is a non-vascular plant.
Moss reproduces with spores.
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Mosses do not have flowers or seeds.
Mosses reproduce by:
- branching and fragmentation
- regeneration from tiny pieces of leaves and stems
- and by production of sp or es
Under favorable conditions, a sp or e germinates and grows into a
small green threadlike trailing structure known as the protonema.
The protonema sends up buds that grow into leafy moss plants.

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Tuber
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Note: A Tuba is a musical instrument!
Find the ?eyes?on the potato tuber.
A tuber is a thickened underground part of a stem that stores food for the
plant.
Buds (the ?eyes?) on the tuber can become a new plant.
The Potato

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Grafting
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Professor and artist Sam Van Aken is growing a tree in
New York with 40 types of fruit!
How does he do that?
See http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/08/03/337164041/the-gift-of-graft-new-york-art
sts-tree-to-grow-40-kinds-of-fruit

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Grafting
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Here are several types of fruit on a tree with multiple grafts.
Drawing for the ?40 kinds of tree? grafts.

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Why Grafting?
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Gr af t in g is used for reproducing plants, such as apple trees that do not
reproduce true-to-type from seed. There are many ways to do g r af t in g .
Commercial rose growers often use b u d g r af t in g to reproduce roses.
?
Bu d g r af t in g or b u d d in g is the
most common type of g r af t in g to
reproduce orchard trees and roses
commercially.
?
Above, w h ip g r af t in g is for small branches.
Bind the splice with sticky tape such as an
electrical tape.
Below, clef t g r af t in g is for larger branches.
?

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Examples of Bud Grafting
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
This is a b u d or scion of a
flowering plum added to the
r oot st ock of another kind of
plum.
Add a b u d or scion of the
desired new rose onto a
vigorous growing
r oot st ock to produce a
new rose plant.

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Bulbs
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Bulbs are modified leaves.
Cross section through a Tulip
How does a bulb, like a Tulip, convert and
store energy during its life cycle?

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Conifers
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Conifers are Gymnosperms.
Conifers are non-flowering vascular plants
that make seeds.
Their life cycle is complex!
The pinecone protects the ?naked seeds? that are very thin
and light, like wafers.
The seeds have already fallen out from this pinecone.

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Credits and Links
Plant Reproduction Adaptations
and Propagation Techniques
Flow er in g Plan t s, Dicot s an d M on ocot s
http://blog.growingwithscience.com/2015/09/plant-science-what-is-a-seed/
https://garden.org/onlinecourse/PartI5.htm
Seed to Seed K-8 Educators 2001, National Gardening Association
http://blog.growingwithscience.com/2015/09/plant-science-what-is-a-seed/
Par t s of a Flow er
http://www.beeginnerbeekeeper.com/single-and-double-flowers/
Cocon u t Seed
http://www.newtonsapple.org.uk/the-common-coconut/
Fer n Lif e Cy cle
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~ joyellen/bioweb.html and image courtesy of:
http://www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/Fern_Life_cycle.htm
and acknowledged as from Biology by Campbell and Reece
M oss Lif e Cy cle
Drawing from Encyclopaedia Britannnica 2015
Tu b er
Potato plant drawing from National Gardening Association
https://garden.org/onlinecourse/Act23.htm
Gr af t in g
Dr Sam Van Aken's 40 types of fruit tree in the news
http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/08/03/337164041/the-gift-of-graft-new-york-artists-
tree-to-grow-40-kinds-of-fruit
Grafting types and techniques
http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/fruit/grafting-and-budding-fruit-trees/# what-is-grafting
http://www.rosesolutions.net/bud_graft.html
http://growinggreener.blogspot.com/2014/06/bud-grafting-asian-plums-
53114.htmlhttps://courses.cit.cornell.edu/hort494/graftage/hort494.index.html
Bu lb s
Cross section through Tulip Bulb from Journey North Tulips
Con if er s
Photos of pinecones by Mary Van Dyke for Green STEM Learning.