This document summarizes a student project that compares the efficiency of two aquatic plants - Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Limnocharis Flava (water cabbage) - in treating polluted water. The experiment involved placing each plant in polluted drain water from Tg. Malim for 15 days and measuring pH levels daily to see which plant more quickly neutralizes acidity. Results showed E. crassipes raised the pH to neutral levels within two days, while L. Flava took four days, demonstrating E. crassipes is more efficient at phytoremediation of polluted water.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
The document discusses the importance of testing well water for total coliform bacteria and E. coli, which can indicate contamination and pose health risks if consumed. It provides instructions for properly collecting and submitting water samples to be tested at the certified Brazos County Health Department laboratory. The results indicate whether bacteria are present, and if positive, the water should be disinfected by adding bleach and flushing all faucets before retesting. Additional resources for water testing and treatment are also listed.
This document summarizes a lab study on using various aquatic plants for bioremediation of wastewater. Three combinations of plants - water hyacinth and Ceratophyllum (WC), water hyacinth and Azolla (WA), and water hyacinth alone (W) - were tested on sewage water samples over 22 days. All three combinations resulted in significant reductions of chemical oxygen demand (COD), a measure of pollution, ranging from 65% to 85%. The study aims to evaluate the efficiency and suitability of aquatic plants like water hyacinth, Ceratophyllum, and Azolla for treating sewage wastewater through bioremediation.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.11
ABSTRACT- For every life form, water is an essential natural element. Ever increasing growth of population, especially
in developing country like India, have affected not only surface but also ground water quality and is main cause for
environmental pollution. The most possible sources of soil, water and plant pollutions are sewage sludge, residues of
industrial factories and intensive fertilization. Increased organic matter (from the sewage) breaking down in the river
reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water body as the decomposition process uses up the available dissolved
oxygen. Microbial pathogens introduced by sewage into surface or groundwater can threaten public health, as well as
affect ecosystem health and function. Today as demand for fresh water intensifies, the use of municipal or sewage
wastewater as alternative source of water for irrigation purpose is also a common practice. The present study was
conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of the Rispana river where sewage is dumped and also effect of this
sewage wastewater on selected plant Vigna radiata. The findings of the study indicated a direct influence of sewage
wastewater on the plantlets and decrease in overall growth of plant with increase in concentration of wastewater.
Key-words- Water pollution, Urbanization, Environmental effect, Vigna radiata
Some Natural Herbs in India and Their Effectiveness in Water Purificationinventy
This document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of natural herbs in India for water purification. The study tested extracts from leaves and fruits of Ocimum Sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Triticum aestivum, Phyllanthus emblica, and Strychnos potatorum individually and in mixtures for their ability to remove E. coli bacteria from water. Testing showed that a 1% concentration of each herb extract was most effective at removing E. coli. Of the individual herbs, Ocimum Sanctum was the most effective at removing E. coli, with 82.15% removal observed. A mixture of Ocimum Sanctum, Azadirachta indica, and
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
Effect of Earthworms on Distillery Effluent Treatment through VermifiltrationIJERA Editor
Distillery is an important sub-unit of sugar production industry. Distillery wastewater generated from different
stages of sugar and ethanol production contains huge amount of pollutants that are very harmful to the
environment if released without proper treatment. The present paper describes the application of vermiculture
based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe
water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The
BOD, COD, TSS and TDS decreased by 90%, 94%, 88% and 82% respectively through vermifiltration.
The document discusses the importance of testing well water for total coliform bacteria and E. coli, which can indicate contamination and pose health risks if consumed. It provides instructions for properly collecting and submitting water samples to be tested at the certified Brazos County Health Department laboratory. The results indicate whether bacteria are present, and if positive, the water should be disinfected by adding bleach and flushing all faucets before retesting. Additional resources for water testing and treatment are also listed.
This document summarizes a lab study on using various aquatic plants for bioremediation of wastewater. Three combinations of plants - water hyacinth and Ceratophyllum (WC), water hyacinth and Azolla (WA), and water hyacinth alone (W) - were tested on sewage water samples over 22 days. All three combinations resulted in significant reductions of chemical oxygen demand (COD), a measure of pollution, ranging from 65% to 85%. The study aims to evaluate the efficiency and suitability of aquatic plants like water hyacinth, Ceratophyllum, and Azolla for treating sewage wastewater through bioremediation.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.11
ABSTRACT- For every life form, water is an essential natural element. Ever increasing growth of population, especially
in developing country like India, have affected not only surface but also ground water quality and is main cause for
environmental pollution. The most possible sources of soil, water and plant pollutions are sewage sludge, residues of
industrial factories and intensive fertilization. Increased organic matter (from the sewage) breaking down in the river
reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water body as the decomposition process uses up the available dissolved
oxygen. Microbial pathogens introduced by sewage into surface or groundwater can threaten public health, as well as
affect ecosystem health and function. Today as demand for fresh water intensifies, the use of municipal or sewage
wastewater as alternative source of water for irrigation purpose is also a common practice. The present study was
conducted to assess the physicochemical parameters of the Rispana river where sewage is dumped and also effect of this
sewage wastewater on selected plant Vigna radiata. The findings of the study indicated a direct influence of sewage
wastewater on the plantlets and decrease in overall growth of plant with increase in concentration of wastewater.
Key-words- Water pollution, Urbanization, Environmental effect, Vigna radiata
Some Natural Herbs in India and Their Effectiveness in Water Purificationinventy
This document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of natural herbs in India for water purification. The study tested extracts from leaves and fruits of Ocimum Sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Triticum aestivum, Phyllanthus emblica, and Strychnos potatorum individually and in mixtures for their ability to remove E. coli bacteria from water. Testing showed that a 1% concentration of each herb extract was most effective at removing E. coli. Of the individual herbs, Ocimum Sanctum was the most effective at removing E. coli, with 82.15% removal observed. A mixture of Ocimum Sanctum, Azadirachta indica, and
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
Assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological drinking water quality of d...IJERA Editor
Water is essential to sustain the life. Water samples have collected from a different urban area of H. D. Kote
town of Mysore district from different sources such as hand pump, public taps, and stored household drinking
water. Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the
standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water. All physic-chemical parameters are within the
permissible limit to WHO. The microbiological analysis shows that that t nearly 53 % of the samples were
observed with coliform contamination. The significant difference among water sources regarding total plate
count was observed, where stored household water has relatively higher compared to tap and borewell water
exceeding the standard limit. Both hand pump and the tap water were not detected with any E. coli
contamination whereas 80% of the household stored water samples have shown E. coli contamination. The
presence of significant counts of coliforms in stored household water indicates post poor sanitation and
existence of human activities. Attention should be given to the collection, storage, and management by
additional treatment to maintain and prevent excessive microbial growth
The document discusses bacteriological analysis of water. It describes how contamination can occur through fecal matter and outlines diseases spread through contaminated water. Various methods for analyzing water samples are covered, including membrane filtration and multiple tube methods. Indicator organisms like coliform bacteria are used to detect potential pathogens. Molecular methods like PCR are also discussed along with their benefits and limitations in identifying bacteria and viruses in water. The overall aim of the analysis is to evaluate water quality and safety.
Effect of mixed industrial effluent on the growth of abelmoschus esculentusroaddistancein
Industrialization play an important role in the development process but the wastewater disposal has become a global dilemma for the industries because of generation of high volume of effluents, limited space for land based treatment & disposal and high cost of treatment technologies (Kumar & Chopra).
Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extractijtsrd
Water is the most abundant chemical and important natural resource. Various concentrations of water at given place contributes to water quality. The suitability of water and its specific use are evaluated by examining its quality parameters. The adverse health effects have been observed in developing countries due to drinking contaminated water. The natural resources have serious threat due to development and urbanization in countries. People are made to use low quality water because of high cost of treated water which results in exposing them to waterborne diseases. The seed extract of Moringa oleifera is used for purification of drinking and wastewater due to presence of soluble cationic coagulant. It has capability to reduce the turbidity from water. In the present study, the collected water samples were examined with various physical, chemical and biological parameters. Obtained values of each parameters were compared with standard values set by World Health Organization. Areeba Ansari | Malika Ahuja "Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31019.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31019/water-treatment-and-purification-using-moringa-oleifera-seed-extract/areeba-ansari
Lichens are useful as bio-indicators of pollution levels because they absorb nutrients and pollutants from the air. Different lichen species show varying sensitivities and abilities to accumulate pollutants. They can survive in almost all environments and seasons. Indicator species found in water can also indicate pollution levels, with mayfly nymphs and caddis fly larvae found in cleaner water, and water lice and sludgeworms found in more polluted water, allowing conclusions about water quality to be drawn. Samples should be taken at the same time each year for valid comparisons, and other factors like oxygen, pH, metals or chemicals can also act as non-biological pollution indicators.
Sierra Landaiche conducted an experiment comparing the effectiveness of four plant species - Coix lacryma-jobi, Carex donnell-smithii, Eichhornia crassipes, and Cynodon nlemfuensis - at removing pollutants from synthesized greywater in biofilters. Landaiche found that C. lacryma-jobi, E. crassipes, and C. nlemfuensis significantly reduced salinity, total dissolved solids, and pH in the greywater, while E. crassipes was most effective without depleting dissolved oxygen. C. donnell-smithii did not significantly absorb pollutants. The more effective species likely removed nutrients via high
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
1) The document examines the persistence of triclosan in the environment and its potential toxic effects on algae. It finds that triclosan decreases algae growth and chlorophyll a concentration in a dose-dependent manner.
2) The study exposed the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. to different concentrations of triclosan from 10-50 ppm. It observed decreased algae population, changes in color, and decreased chlorophyll a levels as the triclosan concentration increased.
3) Growth curves showed triclosan treatment reduced the exponential phase and led to an earlier decline phase compared to the control. Conductivity also increased with decreased chlorophyll a and phytop
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. They indicate the presence of pollutants and provide information on exposure levels. Different types of bioindicators include microbes, plants, and animals. The document then describes various examples of bioindicators for different pollutants and environmental stresses. It concludes by discussing a case study where roadside plants in India were evaluated as bioindicators for urban air pollution through measurement of their air pollution tolerance index.
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized the fungus Aspergillus flavus TEAK 07 for its ability to decolorize the reactive textile dye Reactive Red 120. A. flavus TEAK 07 showed greater decolorization efficiency than the reference strain. The study optimized various factors affecting decolorization, finding pH 5.5 and 28°C provided optimal conditions. Glucose and ammonium nitrate served as the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Seed germination tests showed the decolorized dye was less toxic than the original dye.
This document discusses vermifiltration, a low-cost wastewater treatment technique using earthworms. It describes how earthworms and their gut microbes remove 90% or more of BOD, COD, TDS and TSS from wastewater through ingestion and biodegradation. The document outlines the vermifiltration process, comparing it to a control biofilter bed without worms. It also lists several advantages of vermifiltration over conventional wastewater treatment, such as low energy needs, value-added vermicompost byproduct, and no foul odors.
Efficacy of aqueous extracts of Aloe zebrina Baker, Capsicum annum L. and Mel...Innspub Net
Low cotton yields in Zimbabwe are mainly caused by infestation by high numbers of insect pests, diseases, poor agronomic practices and poor season quality. Aphids cause considerable yield loss in cotton. Control methods implemented for aphids include cultural approaches, chemical and biological control and use of biopesticides. Synthetic pesticides used by farmers have problems of environmental contamination, toxicity to non-target organisms, resistance by pests and toxicity to humans among others. Plant extracts (PEs) are suitable alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Three aqueous PEs at 10 and 20%v/v application rates, distilled water (no spray) and acetamiprid were evaluated against aphids. The 3×2 factorial + 2 experiments were laid out in an RCBD in the field and CRD for laboratory experiments. Leaves of Aloe zebrina and Melia azedarach and Capsicum annum fruits were dried and ground into powder. Water extracts were prepared and used at 10 and 20%v/v and compared with synthetic insecticide and distilled water in the laboratory. In field evaluations distilled water was replaced by unsprayed plots. All three PEs had insecticidal properties against aphids. During laboratory experiments C. annum 20%v/v killed 64.75% aphids and C. annum 10%v/v killed 63.85% aphids and they were significantly (p=0.007) different from other treatments after correcting for mortality. An average of 80.3% and 72.2% aphids were controlled by C. annum 20%v/v and A. zebrina 20%v/v during field trial, these were significant (p<0.001). A. zebrina extracts had both repellence and contact toxicity against aphids. All the PEs are suitable alternatives to aphicides for aphid management.
This document summarizes a study on the microbial communities in a full-scale vermifilter (VF) system treating rural domestic sewage in China over 17 months. The VF system achieved average removal efficiencies of 67.6% for COD, 78.0% for BOD5, 92.1% for NH4+-N, and 89.8% for TSS. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the VF biofilm was dominated by Proteobacteria, especially gamma-proteobacteria, followed by Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Earthworm activity in the VF selected for microbes related to processes in earthworm guts
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the molluscicidal properties of two plant species, Cestrum nocturnum and Cestrum diurnum, against the freshwater snail Lymnea accuminata. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of both plants, as well as an isolated saponin compound, were tested for toxicity against L. accuminata. The alcoholic extracts proved most toxic, with 100% mortality occurring within 24-48 hours at concentrations of 2.5-4.0 mg/L. The isolated saponin compound also showed strong molluscicidal effects. The study identifies saponins as active compounds and suggests Cestrum species may be a potential source
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
ABSTRACT- This study is a comparative analysis of physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water
intake in urban area of Patna District, Bihar state. A total of 68 drinking water samples randomly collected from 41
hand pumps, 14 municipal supply tap, 11 boring water and 2 well from 15 different locations of urban area of Patna
District. Samples were collected aseptically in 60ml sterile plastic container for bacteriological and in 1 liter sterile
plastic bottle for physicochemical parameter like pH, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand,
etc and compared with BIS (IS -10500). MPN test was applied to detect the presence of coliform in the drinking water
samples. The total coliform count was detected in 57 out of 68 water samples. Most of the water samples were shown
compromising physicochemical parameters. Total hardness (TH) is above the permissible limits detected in 60 out of 68
samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was also recorded below the standard for most of the samples .This results indicate
that drinking water is highly in jeopardy to bacterial contamination. Construction of septic tanks near with boring and
drinking water supply line short distance between water supply network and swage supply line poor constructed well
head, cross contamination with waste water, Leakage in pipe line are the main cause of water contamination.
Key-words- Drinking water, MPN count, Coliforms, Physico-chemical analysis, Bacterial, D.O., B.O.D., pH
This document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical parameters and diatom populations in two freshwater ponds in Tamil Nadu, India. Water quality parameters like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salinity were measured monthly at both a natural pond and a culture pond to understand how these factors influence diatom communities. Diatom samples were collected and processed using hydrogen peroxide to isolate the silica frustules for identification. The study aims to provide baseline data on the aquatic ecosystem balance in these ponds and support future research.
ABSTRACT- Ramgarh taal is an important water body of Gorakhpur, U.P, India, which received untreated effluents
from different sources of Gorakhpur city. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the toxic impact of these effluents
on water quality of water and its toxic effect on fish population present in this lake with two sets of experiments (1) Fish
caged in pollution free water i.e. control group and (2) Fish directly caught from different sites of water body. The
effluents discharged in this water body caused significant alterations in pollution parameters of water and significantly
altered the biochemical profile (total amino acid levels increased while total protein, Glycogen and nucleic acid levels
decreased from the levels of control group) and hematological parameters (PLTs, WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT, MCV,
MCHC etc) decreased from the levels of control group. Seasonally variations in Physico-chemical parameters
(Temperature, pH, DO, BOD and COD) of water body also measured. Which were much higher than the tolerance limit
recommended by General standard by Central Pollution Control Board of India.
Key-words- Ramgarh taal, Parameters, Biochemical parameters, Amino acid, Hematological, Physiological, Pollution,
Pesticides, Herbicides, Channa punctatus
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham, KarwiIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the water quality parameters of waste water in Chitrakoot Dham, Karwi, India. Water samples were collected from 7 sites and analyzed for pH, temperature, nitrate, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, nitrite, and chloride. The results found that the maximum temperature was 34°C and maximum pH was 8.40. COD values at all sites exceeded the WHO limit of 10 mg/L. Nitrite values at 4 sites exceeded the limit. However, nitrate, chloride, TDS, TS, and TSS were within permissible limits. The overall conclusion is that the waste water is unsuitable for human, animal, and agricultural use due to failing C
This document summarizes the key microorganisms and constituents present in wastewater. It discusses that wastewater contains both beneficial microbes needed for degradation of organic matter, as well as pathogenic microbes that can threaten public health. It outlines the major constituents in wastewater including suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, and more. The document then discusses the types of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa found in wastewater and their impacts on human health. It concludes with an overview of wastewater treatment processes including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments that utilize chemical and biological processes to remove pathogens and reduce organic and nutrient levels.
Objectives :-
* Characterization and study of biochar.
*To examine biochar adsorption capacity.
*To determine the effect of KMnO4 as modifying agent on biochar adsorption.
This document discusses a group and their unique features. It mentions group members and unique features but provides no details about either. In just 3 sentences it aims to convey the high-level topic and purpose but lacks essential information to understand the core content.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help relax the body and lift the mood.
The document discusses bacteriological analysis of water. It describes how contamination can occur through fecal matter and outlines diseases spread through contaminated water. Various methods for analyzing water samples are covered, including membrane filtration and multiple tube methods. Indicator organisms like coliform bacteria are used to detect potential pathogens. Molecular methods like PCR are also discussed along with their benefits and limitations in identifying bacteria and viruses in water. The overall aim of the analysis is to evaluate water quality and safety.
Effect of mixed industrial effluent on the growth of abelmoschus esculentusroaddistancein
Industrialization play an important role in the development process but the wastewater disposal has become a global dilemma for the industries because of generation of high volume of effluents, limited space for land based treatment & disposal and high cost of treatment technologies (Kumar & Chopra).
Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extractijtsrd
Water is the most abundant chemical and important natural resource. Various concentrations of water at given place contributes to water quality. The suitability of water and its specific use are evaluated by examining its quality parameters. The adverse health effects have been observed in developing countries due to drinking contaminated water. The natural resources have serious threat due to development and urbanization in countries. People are made to use low quality water because of high cost of treated water which results in exposing them to waterborne diseases. The seed extract of Moringa oleifera is used for purification of drinking and wastewater due to presence of soluble cationic coagulant. It has capability to reduce the turbidity from water. In the present study, the collected water samples were examined with various physical, chemical and biological parameters. Obtained values of each parameters were compared with standard values set by World Health Organization. Areeba Ansari | Malika Ahuja "Water Treatment and Purification using Moringa Oleifera Seed Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31019.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31019/water-treatment-and-purification-using-moringa-oleifera-seed-extract/areeba-ansari
Lichens are useful as bio-indicators of pollution levels because they absorb nutrients and pollutants from the air. Different lichen species show varying sensitivities and abilities to accumulate pollutants. They can survive in almost all environments and seasons. Indicator species found in water can also indicate pollution levels, with mayfly nymphs and caddis fly larvae found in cleaner water, and water lice and sludgeworms found in more polluted water, allowing conclusions about water quality to be drawn. Samples should be taken at the same time each year for valid comparisons, and other factors like oxygen, pH, metals or chemicals can also act as non-biological pollution indicators.
Sierra Landaiche conducted an experiment comparing the effectiveness of four plant species - Coix lacryma-jobi, Carex donnell-smithii, Eichhornia crassipes, and Cynodon nlemfuensis - at removing pollutants from synthesized greywater in biofilters. Landaiche found that C. lacryma-jobi, E. crassipes, and C. nlemfuensis significantly reduced salinity, total dissolved solids, and pH in the greywater, while E. crassipes was most effective without depleting dissolved oxygen. C. donnell-smithii did not significantly absorb pollutants. The more effective species likely removed nutrients via high
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
1) The document examines the persistence of triclosan in the environment and its potential toxic effects on algae. It finds that triclosan decreases algae growth and chlorophyll a concentration in a dose-dependent manner.
2) The study exposed the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. to different concentrations of triclosan from 10-50 ppm. It observed decreased algae population, changes in color, and decreased chlorophyll a levels as the triclosan concentration increased.
3) Growth curves showed triclosan treatment reduced the exponential phase and led to an earlier decline phase compared to the control. Conductivity also increased with decreased chlorophyll a and phytop
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. They indicate the presence of pollutants and provide information on exposure levels. Different types of bioindicators include microbes, plants, and animals. The document then describes various examples of bioindicators for different pollutants and environmental stresses. It concludes by discussing a case study where roadside plants in India were evaluated as bioindicators for urban air pollution through measurement of their air pollution tolerance index.
The document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized the fungus Aspergillus flavus TEAK 07 for its ability to decolorize the reactive textile dye Reactive Red 120. A. flavus TEAK 07 showed greater decolorization efficiency than the reference strain. The study optimized various factors affecting decolorization, finding pH 5.5 and 28°C provided optimal conditions. Glucose and ammonium nitrate served as the best carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Seed germination tests showed the decolorized dye was less toxic than the original dye.
This document discusses vermifiltration, a low-cost wastewater treatment technique using earthworms. It describes how earthworms and their gut microbes remove 90% or more of BOD, COD, TDS and TSS from wastewater through ingestion and biodegradation. The document outlines the vermifiltration process, comparing it to a control biofilter bed without worms. It also lists several advantages of vermifiltration over conventional wastewater treatment, such as low energy needs, value-added vermicompost byproduct, and no foul odors.
Efficacy of aqueous extracts of Aloe zebrina Baker, Capsicum annum L. and Mel...Innspub Net
Low cotton yields in Zimbabwe are mainly caused by infestation by high numbers of insect pests, diseases, poor agronomic practices and poor season quality. Aphids cause considerable yield loss in cotton. Control methods implemented for aphids include cultural approaches, chemical and biological control and use of biopesticides. Synthetic pesticides used by farmers have problems of environmental contamination, toxicity to non-target organisms, resistance by pests and toxicity to humans among others. Plant extracts (PEs) are suitable alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Three aqueous PEs at 10 and 20%v/v application rates, distilled water (no spray) and acetamiprid were evaluated against aphids. The 3×2 factorial + 2 experiments were laid out in an RCBD in the field and CRD for laboratory experiments. Leaves of Aloe zebrina and Melia azedarach and Capsicum annum fruits were dried and ground into powder. Water extracts were prepared and used at 10 and 20%v/v and compared with synthetic insecticide and distilled water in the laboratory. In field evaluations distilled water was replaced by unsprayed plots. All three PEs had insecticidal properties against aphids. During laboratory experiments C. annum 20%v/v killed 64.75% aphids and C. annum 10%v/v killed 63.85% aphids and they were significantly (p=0.007) different from other treatments after correcting for mortality. An average of 80.3% and 72.2% aphids were controlled by C. annum 20%v/v and A. zebrina 20%v/v during field trial, these were significant (p<0.001). A. zebrina extracts had both repellence and contact toxicity against aphids. All the PEs are suitable alternatives to aphicides for aphid management.
This document summarizes a study on the microbial communities in a full-scale vermifilter (VF) system treating rural domestic sewage in China over 17 months. The VF system achieved average removal efficiencies of 67.6% for COD, 78.0% for BOD5, 92.1% for NH4+-N, and 89.8% for TSS. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the VF biofilm was dominated by Proteobacteria, especially gamma-proteobacteria, followed by Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Earthworm activity in the VF selected for microbes related to processes in earthworm guts
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the molluscicidal properties of two plant species, Cestrum nocturnum and Cestrum diurnum, against the freshwater snail Lymnea accuminata. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaves of both plants, as well as an isolated saponin compound, were tested for toxicity against L. accuminata. The alcoholic extracts proved most toxic, with 100% mortality occurring within 24-48 hours at concentrations of 2.5-4.0 mg/L. The isolated saponin compound also showed strong molluscicidal effects. The study identifies saponins as active compounds and suggests Cestrum species may be a potential source
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
ABSTRACT- This study is a comparative analysis of physicochemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water
intake in urban area of Patna District, Bihar state. A total of 68 drinking water samples randomly collected from 41
hand pumps, 14 municipal supply tap, 11 boring water and 2 well from 15 different locations of urban area of Patna
District. Samples were collected aseptically in 60ml sterile plastic container for bacteriological and in 1 liter sterile
plastic bottle for physicochemical parameter like pH, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Biological Oxygen Demand,
etc and compared with BIS (IS -10500). MPN test was applied to detect the presence of coliform in the drinking water
samples. The total coliform count was detected in 57 out of 68 water samples. Most of the water samples were shown
compromising physicochemical parameters. Total hardness (TH) is above the permissible limits detected in 60 out of 68
samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was also recorded below the standard for most of the samples .This results indicate
that drinking water is highly in jeopardy to bacterial contamination. Construction of septic tanks near with boring and
drinking water supply line short distance between water supply network and swage supply line poor constructed well
head, cross contamination with waste water, Leakage in pipe line are the main cause of water contamination.
Key-words- Drinking water, MPN count, Coliforms, Physico-chemical analysis, Bacterial, D.O., B.O.D., pH
This document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical parameters and diatom populations in two freshwater ponds in Tamil Nadu, India. Water quality parameters like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salinity were measured monthly at both a natural pond and a culture pond to understand how these factors influence diatom communities. Diatom samples were collected and processed using hydrogen peroxide to isolate the silica frustules for identification. The study aims to provide baseline data on the aquatic ecosystem balance in these ponds and support future research.
ABSTRACT- Ramgarh taal is an important water body of Gorakhpur, U.P, India, which received untreated effluents
from different sources of Gorakhpur city. The aim of the present study was to evaluated the toxic impact of these effluents
on water quality of water and its toxic effect on fish population present in this lake with two sets of experiments (1) Fish
caged in pollution free water i.e. control group and (2) Fish directly caught from different sites of water body. The
effluents discharged in this water body caused significant alterations in pollution parameters of water and significantly
altered the biochemical profile (total amino acid levels increased while total protein, Glycogen and nucleic acid levels
decreased from the levels of control group) and hematological parameters (PLTs, WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT, MCV,
MCHC etc) decreased from the levels of control group. Seasonally variations in Physico-chemical parameters
(Temperature, pH, DO, BOD and COD) of water body also measured. Which were much higher than the tolerance limit
recommended by General standard by Central Pollution Control Board of India.
Key-words- Ramgarh taal, Parameters, Biochemical parameters, Amino acid, Hematological, Physiological, Pollution,
Pesticides, Herbicides, Channa punctatus
Assessment of the waste water quality parameter of the Chitrakoot Dham, KarwiIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the water quality parameters of waste water in Chitrakoot Dham, Karwi, India. Water samples were collected from 7 sites and analyzed for pH, temperature, nitrate, COD, TDS, TS, TSS, nitrite, and chloride. The results found that the maximum temperature was 34°C and maximum pH was 8.40. COD values at all sites exceeded the WHO limit of 10 mg/L. Nitrite values at 4 sites exceeded the limit. However, nitrate, chloride, TDS, TS, and TSS were within permissible limits. The overall conclusion is that the waste water is unsuitable for human, animal, and agricultural use due to failing C
This document summarizes the key microorganisms and constituents present in wastewater. It discusses that wastewater contains both beneficial microbes needed for degradation of organic matter, as well as pathogenic microbes that can threaten public health. It outlines the major constituents in wastewater including suspended solids, biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients, and more. The document then discusses the types of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa found in wastewater and their impacts on human health. It concludes with an overview of wastewater treatment processes including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments that utilize chemical and biological processes to remove pathogens and reduce organic and nutrient levels.
Objectives :-
* Characterization and study of biochar.
*To examine biochar adsorption capacity.
*To determine the effect of KMnO4 as modifying agent on biochar adsorption.
This document discusses a group and their unique features. It mentions group members and unique features but provides no details about either. In just 3 sentences it aims to convey the high-level topic and purpose but lacks essential information to understand the core content.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help relax the body and lift the mood.
Comparison In Genetic Population Of Cats At Kampung Ketoyong and Taman IndahANna CHan
This document summarizes a student group's mini project comparing the genetic populations of cats in two areas in Malaysia. The group found 57 cats in Taman Indah and 35 cats in Kampung Ketoyong over two days. They categorized coat colors and found the highest populations were orange in Taman Indah and tabby in Kampung Ketoyong. The group determined that the higher population in Taman Indah was likely due to more available food from shops and waste, while Kampung Ketoyong had fewer cats due to dogs and cultural practices. The project helped identify which location had more cats and factors influencing populations, and showed coat color is controlled by more than just sex linkage.
Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and/or destroy contaminants in the soil and groundwater. There are three main phytoremediation processes: phytoextraction, which uses plants to remove contaminants from soil and concentrate them in harvestable biomass; phytostabilization, which focuses on long-term stabilization and containment of pollutants using plants; and phytotransformation, where plants or associated microorganisms metabolize and degrade organic pollutants. Phytoremediation has advantages of being lower cost than traditional remediation methods and preserving the natural environment, but it also has limitations such as being restricted
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart has four chambers that keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate, improving oxygen exchange. Blood enters the right atrium, passes to the right ventricle, then the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs, blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. It then passes through pulmonary veins to the left atrium and left ventricle, and into the aorta to be distributed throughout the body before returning to the heart. While arteries generally carry oxygenated blood and veins deoxygenated, the pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
This experiment measures the coefficients of discharge (CD), velocity (CV), and contraction (CC) for water flowing through orifices. Students will collect flow rate data for two orifice plates across a range of water heights and use this to calculate the coefficients. Graphs will then compare how the coefficients vary with orifice size. The relationships provide insight into flow properties and validate theoretical models.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
Isolation and Identification of Coliform Bacteria's from Drinking Water Sourc...iosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed drinking water samples from three cities (Mansehra, Abbottabad, and Haripur) in Hazara Division, Pakistan to identify coliform bacteria. A total of 90 water samples were collected and tested for the presence of four bacterial species: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella, and H. pylori. The study found that 26.66% of samples contained E. coli, the most prevalent bacteria identified. Abbottabad had the highest number of samples containing coliform bacteria at 20%. The results indicate unsafe drinking water in the region and a need for improved water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce waterborne diseases.
This lab report summarizes an experiment that tested the optimal foraging theory using beavers. Water quality, bottled water, and tap water were tested for various contaminants like ammonia, chlorine, and iron. The results showed that tap water generally had higher levels of contaminants than bottled water brands like Dasani and Fiji. This supported the hypothesis that bottled water undergoes more purification and would contain fewer contaminants. The report concluded that drinking bottled water may provide health benefits by reducing exposure to contaminants.
The integration of fish and vegetables creates an ideal growing environment that is more productive than conventional methods. Consequently, aquaponics is gaining more importance now a day because crop production systems are being forced towards increasing irregularities as drought, floods, storms, cyclones and diseases visit regularly. A simple aquaponic system was designed with the locally available materials.13 pants of 5 different species were grown in an area of 0.27 m2 ( Rashmi M et. al 2013). Three different methods were tested to determine the best system to grow Taro vegetable. The applied methods were T1 = aquaponics system for soilless vegetable culture in gravel bed with fish tank waste water, T2= hydroponics for soilless vegetable culture in gravel bed with tap water and T3= vegetable culture in soil media with tap water as control. Double recirculating aquaponic system (DRAPS) consisting of two independent recirculating units – a recirculating aquaculture unit for fish production and a closed hydroponic cycle for plant production which were connected unidirectional was developed (Suhl J et al 2016). Results revealed that aquaponic system offers better results than other media. This system can enhance the organic farming which could be environmental friendly. Double recirculating aquaponic system (DRAPS) with two independent cycles provides the opportunity to produce equal tomato yields compared to those obtained by conventionally used hydroponic systems. By Using DRAPS fertilizer use efficiency was also improved by 23.6%.
This document summarizes a study on using Lemna minor (duckweed) to treat wastewater in bio-treatment ponds in Pakistan. The study evaluated the effectiveness of duckweed in removing heavy metals from wastewater ponds constructed at the National Agricultural Research Center. Analysis found that duckweed accumulated higher concentrations of heavy metals like zinc, lead, nickel, manganese, and iron compared to the wastewater. The treated wastewater met parameters for reuse in aquaculture and agriculture, and the plants around the ponds were healthy. The study demonstrated that bio-treatment ponds could be an effective wastewater treatment approach in Pakistan.
Running Head BOTTLED WATER1BOTTLED WATER12Title.docxsusanschei
This document summarizes three experiments that tested water quality. The first experiment showed that soil can effectively filter out contaminants like oil, vinegar, and detergent from water. The second experiment showed that water treatment processes using sand, charcoal and other filters can decontaminate contaminated water. The third experiment tested tap water, Dasani bottled water and Fiji bottled water and found that tap water had the highest levels of contaminants measured, while Fiji had the lowest, supporting the hypothesis. Overall, the experiments demonstrated that natural and water treatment processes can filter water to safe drinking levels.
Microbiological studies on the wastewater treatment and agricultural fertil...Mohamed Younes
This document discusses a study on using microorganisms like Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces to treat wastewater biologically. The microbial consortium was formulated using molasses as a medium and showed efficient reduction of parameters like total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, pH and odor in wastewater treatment. The treated water was suitable for disposal and the process was found to be a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment.
This document summarizes a study that assessed pollutant levels in Lake Tadie in Mampong Ashanti, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 5 points around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical and biological parameters in a laboratory. The results found that temperature, total dissolved solids, and levels of sulfate, nitrate and phosphate were within recommended limits. However, pH levels and concentrations of iron, lead and fecal coliform bacteria exceeded guidelines. The acidic pH is likely due to runoff of fertilizers and waste from surrounding agricultural and residential areas entering the lake. Overall, the lake water quality has been impacted by human activities in the area.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in reducing water turbidity compared to synthetic chemical coagulants. The researchers found that a higher concentration of Moringa extract was more effective at coagulating and reducing turbidity than a lower concentration. The higher concentration formed denser flocs, resulting in greater turbidity reduction. Additionally, the Moringa extract performed as well as commercial synthetic coagulants. The study concludes that Moringa oleifera shows potential as a natural and sustainable alternative to synthetic chemicals for water treatment.
Lab 2 – Water Quality and ContaminationExperiment 1 Drinkin.docxsmile790243
Lab 2 – Water Quality and Contamination
Experiment 1: Drinking Water Quality
Bottled water is a billion dollar industry in the United States. Still, few people know the health benefits, if any, that come from drinking bottled water as opposed to tap water. This experiment will look at the levels of a variety of different chemical compounds in both tap and bottled water to determine if there are health benefits in drinking bottled water.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis regarding which water sources you believe will contain the most and least contaminants, and state why you believe this. Be sure to clearly rank all three sources from most to least contaminants.
Hypothesis = If bottled water is a billion-dollar industry in the United States then it must contain less chemicals, if any, that come from my local tap water and should be healthier. I think that Fiji water will contain the least amount of contaminants because the water is bottled at the source. It is bottled from an artesian aquifer and remains untouched by man (FijiWater.com). An artesian aquifer is essentially a well that is in particular geologic layer that stores water. Following the Fiji water, I think that the Dasani water will contain more contaminants than the Fiji water but less than my local tap water because Dasani is simply purified water. Dasani’s purified water is purified using reverse osmosis then minerals are added in after the purification process (Dasani.com). Finally, I think that my local tap water will contain the greatest amount of contaminants because there is no purification system in place.
Table 1: Ammonia Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (mg/L)
Tap Water
0(mg/L)
Dasani® Bottled Water
0(mg/L)
Fiji® Bottled Water
0(mg/L)
Table 2: Chloride Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (mg/L)
Tap Water
0(mg/L)
Dasani® Bottled Water
0(mg/L)
Fiji® Bottled Water
0(mg/L)
Table 3: 4 in 1 Test Results
Water Sample
Total Alkalinity
(mg/L)
Total Chlorine
(mg/L)
Total Hardness
(mg/L)
Tap Water
0(mg/L)
4.0(mg/L)
50(mg/L)
Dasani® Bottled Water
0(mg/L)
0(mg/L)
0(mg/L)
Fiji® Bottled Water
0(mg/L)
4.0(mg/L
50(mg/L)
Table 4: Phosphate Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
50ppm
Dasani® Bottled Water
10ppm
Fiji® Bottled Water
100ppm
Table 5: Iron Test Results
Water Sample
Test Results (ppm)
Tap Water
0.15ppm
Dasani® Bottled Water
0ppm
Fiji® Bottled Water
0ppm
Table 6: pH Results
Water Sample
Test Results
Tap Water
7
Dasani® Bottled Water
3
Fiji® Bottled Water
6
2. Based on the results of your experiment, would accept or reject the hypothesis you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this.
Accept/reject = Based on the results of the experiment I would reject the hypothesis that I produced in question 1 because the Fiji Bottled Water contained the same amount of chlorine and hardness and the bottled Dasani water contained no hardness or chlorine. In addition, the Fiji Bottled Water had the highest amount of phosphate p ...
Lab 3 – BiodiversityExperiment 1 Effects of Water Pollution o.docxsmile790243
Lab 3 – Biodiversity
Experiment 1: Effects of Water Pollution on Plant Diversity
Water pollution can have severely negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystems, particularly on plant populations. In many cases, these pollutants are introduced to the environment through everyday human activity. In this experiment, you will contaminate several water samples, as well as purify a water sample. You will then evaluate the effects of water pollution and purification on the biodiversity of wildflowers.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
Table 1: Water Observations (smell, color, etc.)
Beaker
Observations
1
Water clean, clear and no smell
2
Water remains clear, veggie oil floats on top of water its light yellow on top and clear on bottom, no smell
3
Looks a little foggy and smell like vinegar
4
Water turned light blue and smell like laundry detergent
5
Turned a little dark but no smell
6
Water turned darker brown, but no smell.
7
Water turned a darker brown, smells like vinegar and all water came through the soil
8
Water turned very dark, all water came through soil, still smell like laundry detergent
1. What effects did each of the contaminants have on the water in the experiment? Use Table 1 for reference.
Answer = Some of the water remained clear with no smell. When water was mixed with oil the oil floated to top and water remained clear at the bottom. Water looked foggy when mixed with vinegar and smelled like vinegar as well.
2. What kinds of human activities could cause oil, acids, and detergents to contaminate the water supply?
Answer = Oil spills can contaminate nearby water sources Improperly disposing oil, acids and detergents can also cause water contamination. Houses septic tank, and pipes not properly installed fan cause nearby water contamination.
3. What are the differences in color, smell, visibility, etc. between the “contaminated” water and the “treated” water?
Answer = The contaminated water is dark, dirty color and the treated water is a light brown clearer than contaminated water. I wasn’t able to smell anything from contaminated or treated water.
4. From the introduction to Lab 2, you know that there are typically five steps involved in the water treatment process. Identify the processes (e.g., coagulation) that were used in this lab and describe how they were performed.
Answer = First thing I did to purifying the contaminated was water was adding the 10grams of alum mixing it with water, which is call coagulation. This caused the dirt to clump up and sink to bottom and separated from the water that was separated from the water. Secondly was sedimentation, when I poured the water that was separated from the dirt into the filter and the marked beginning of the filtration process. While the water was filtering, the water also slowed down while trying to pass through the filter which was made of charcoal, gravel and sand. The filter worked because the water was cleaner in the beaker below the funnel. Lastly was the purifying, a sma ...
The document discusses wastewater treatment using vermifiltration. It makes the following key points:
1) Vermifiltration uses earthworms to treat wastewater in an eco-friendly and low-cost way. Earthworms help biodegrade and bioaccumulate pollutants.
2) A study examined using Moringa oleifera seeds to treat municipal wastewater. Analysis found the seeds effectively removed pathogens, chemicals, and heavy metals.
3) Kinetic modeling showed the dissolution of potassium from Moringa seeds followed a shrinking core diffusion model. Dissolution rates increased with temperature up to an optimal 27°C.
Objective: This study was performed to screen phytochemical and antibacterial activity of two different plants Teucrium capitatium L and Silene vulgaris, which were chosen after an ethnobotanical study to determine the close relationship between plant species and describe the different types of conditions affecting the population
Methods: A phytochemical screening was performed for the detection of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, resin, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, proteins, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars and proteins. Antibacterial activity was performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas arueginosa.
Results: Ethnobotanical study revealed that the disease dermatitis and gastrointestinal infection tract are most common in the study area In addition, the results showed that the two plants are used for both diseases. These two selected plants were screened for the presence of different chemical components ; the plant Teucrium capitatium L showed a highly significant inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus ori S and ori R (gram +), while the plant Silene vulgaris has no anti-microbial activity.
Conclusion: Teucrium capitatium L may act as an anti-microbial agent. The results are promising and encouraging because there is a strong co-relation between: active compounds / antibacterial activity.
Phytoremediation of industrial effluent and Reduction of physicochemical para...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on using two aquatic weeds - Eichornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes - to treat industrial effluent and reduce physio-chemical parameters in pond water. The weeds were placed in troughs containing pond water or industrial effluent for 48, 72, and 96 hours. Both weeds significantly reduced parameters like EC, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, sulfates, and phosphates compared to the control, with E. crassipes generally performing better. Maximum reductions were seen after 96 hours of treatment. The weeds were concluded to be a simple, safe and cost-effective form of biological treatment for industrial and pond
The students created a water purifier to address water scarcity and conservation. Their purifier uses activated charcoal, polyfil, and alum stone to mechanically and chemically filter water from a washing machine. It can purify 2-3 loads of washing machine water, raising the pH from acidic to a level suitable for plants but not human consumption. The project aims to educate about water conservation and reduce water waste.
Antibacterial Activity of Libyan MacroalgaeNADA ZUBI
This study investigated the antibacterial activity of extracts from four types of marine algae found along the coast of Benghazi, Libya. The algae tested were Cystoseira compressa, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Ulva lactuca, and Corallina. Methanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared from the algae and tested against three bacterial strains - Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The results showed that methanolic extracts had higher antibacterial activity than aqueous extracts. Specifically, the methanolic extract of Ulva lactuca showed the strongest inhibitory effects against the tested bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa. The study concludes that macroalgae from the Libyan
This document summarizes a study on using the aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) to treat tannery effluent through phytoremediation. The study involved collecting tannery effluent samples, analyzing their physicochemical properties, treating the effluent with water hyacinth for 20 days, and re-analyzing the treated effluent. Key findings were that the water hyacinth significantly reduced parameters like pH, TDS, BOD, COD, and improved the overall quality of the effluent, demonstrating its potential for low-cost, effective phytoremediation of tannery wastewater.
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Final Lab Report: Water Quality & Contamination
Student: Monica McNeal
SCI207: Dependence of Man of on the Environment
Instructor: Jeffrey Sigler
Date: August 5, 2013
A Study of the groundwater contamination, water treatment and water quality
Abstract Comment by Jeffrey Sigler: This isn’t really an abstract. It is more of an introduction. An abstract is very succinct (a paragraph or two) and summarizes the entire study – including results and conclusions.
In this experiment we explore the effects of groundwater contamination, study the water treatment process and teststudy the quality of tap water versus bottled water.
Groundwater is rain water that infiltrates the soil and underlying rocks, or water from lakes that is absorbed in the soil or bedrock. When harmful substances are absorbed in the groundwater, the contamination is not only harmful for humans, but also causes problems to the flora and fauna.
In the first experiment we study the effects of groundwater contamination. Two main types of contaminants, parabens and ammonium, have had the most potent effect on greywater, due to a fact that parabens produced its grey color, and ammonium content influenced its purgent odor (citation). By mixing water with common products we have in our household we were able to show the chemical poperties of the water were changed by vegetable oil, vinegar and laundry detergent. Imagine that happening on a global scale, and that will give us a picture of massive groundwater contamination that is detrimental to the living organisms.
In the second experiment we studiedy the process of water filtration. We created a home filtration system, similar in concept to the ones used in the cities'municipal wasteterwater treatment plans. This experiment made us aware that a succesfull wastewater treatment will eliminate the ammonia, chloride, phosphate and iron from the tap water. The test strips helped us identify the amounts of the chemical elements that are still present in the drinking water.
The third experiment is an extension of the second experiment. The third experiment looked at the examined the levels of various chemicals in bottled water and tap water. The bottled water industry is a multi-million dollar industry in the United States (citation??). This experiment helped us properly understand the fact that bottled water is not necessarily free of chemicals and may not be more beneficial compared to the treated tapwater.
Introduction
Wastewater Water is a basic living necessity that needs to be protected. According to the EPA, "40% of people living in the United States use groundwater for drinking, cooking, cleaning, showering, and all other types of activities. 97% of people living in rural areas of the nation use groundwater, and 30-40% of water used agriculturally (for farming) is from the ground" (1) In other words, water is used for many important things such as dri ...
The study compared water quality parameters of greywater samples collected before and after treatment from four systems in Monteverde, Costa Rica. While water quality did not significantly differ before and after treatment within systems, some parameters differed between systems after treatment. Specifically, samples from the Monteverde Institute system had significantly higher conductivity, total dissolved solids, and salinity than other systems, possibly due to sediment and stagnant water. Samples from the Monteverde Country Lodge system had significantly higher nitrate nitrogen, likely due to its treatment of both greywater and blackwater. The study found treatment systems can improve some greywater quality aspects but their effectiveness depends on system design and water sources.
Similar to Plant physio mini pojek water treatment full (20)
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
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Plant physio mini pojek water treatment full
1. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY MINI PROJECT
TITLE :
COMPARISON IN EFFICIENCY of Eichhornia crassipes
and Limnocharis Flava in WATER POLLUTION
TREATMENT
LECTURER’S NAME : DR HASIMAH ALIMON
GROUP MEMBERS:
NAME MATRIC NO.
SARAH SABILLAH BT. IBRAHIM D20091034820
NOOR ZANARRIYAH BT.
MOHAMAD GANI
D20091034827
SITI RAHAYU BT. MOHAMED
NOOR
D20091034855
2. COMPARISON IN EFFICIENCY of Eichhornia crassipes and Limnocharis flava in WATER
POLLUTION TREATMENT
SARAH SABILLAH BINTI IBRAHIM
NOOR ZANARRIYAH BINTI MOHAMAD GANI
SITI RAHAYU BINTI MOHAMED NOOR
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
UNIVERSITI PENDIDIKAN SULTAN IDRIS
PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN
Abstract
The purpose of this mini project is to analyze which plant between Eichhornia crassipes and
Limnocharis flava is more efficient in treating polluted water. Both of these two plants are
chosen because they are from the most popular choices in treating polluted water in previous
experiments. The drain water sample was taken from Tg. Malim area. The chosen plants have
been provided by the Biology laboratory of Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. The study is
done by using experimental method. There are 8 pails (5 gallon each) altogether, 3 pails for
polluted water treated with Eichhornia crassipes (E.) sp., the other 3 pails for polluted water
tretaed with Limnocharis flava(L.) sp and the rest 2 pails left are used as control both for two
types of plant. For the control, we had used the dechlorinated water. The plants were soaked
in the water for 15 days throughout the experiment. The method or device used to analyze the
rate of water treatment is pH meter. This eperiment is done for 15days.
Treatment using Eichhornia crassipes (E.) sp. of polluted water exhibited the drastic changes
in pH reading after two days of experiment. From the initial pH reading of polluted water
treated with Eichhornia crassipes that is 6.60, it rose up to 7.05 which indicates the polluted
water has become neutral. From the results it is clearly showned that the pH reading for
Limnocharis flava(L.) on the same day is 6.87. The pH reading for polluted water treated with
(L.)sp. only reached neutral on the 4th
day of experiment, with a reading of 7.01. From here it
is proved that, E.sp. has a higher efficiency in treating the polluted water compared to L.sp.
Based on the analysis from the results tabulated, the use of Eichhornia crassipes (E.) sp in
treated polluted water is more efficient compared to Limnocharis flava(L.) The data resulting
from the experiment was analyze by using pH meter with same code number throughout the
experiment.
3. Introduction
Water pollution is an undesirable change in the state of water, contaminated with harmful
substances. It can be described as any change in the physical, chemical and biological
properties of water that has a harmful effect on living things. The effects of water pollution
are very harmful to human beings, animal, plants, birds and fish. Polluted water can cause
waterborne diseases and other harmful microorganisms. Normally, the main sources of water
pollution are domestic wastes, industrial effluents and agricultural wastes including oil spills,
atmospheric deposition, marine dumping, radioactive waste, global warming and
eutrophication.
Plant water treatment also known as phytoremidiation. Phytoremediation consists in
mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water, or air, with plants able to
contain, degrade, or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its
derivatives, and various other contaminants from the media that contain them.
One fact is phytoremediation works best at sites with low to medium amounts of pollution.
When the roots of plants absorb nutrients and water from polluted soil, streams, and
groundwater, it will remove harmful chemicals from the ground. As the roots grow up, plants
can clean chemicals as deep as possible. Once the chemicals or any other material are
absorbed by these plants, they will be stored in the plant’s root, stem and leaves too. After
that, it remains in the plant body and becomes less harmful material. Besides that, the harmful
chemicals are converted into the gases and released into the atmosphere in the process of
transpiration.
Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Limnocharis flava are both aquatic plants that are
also known as macrophytes. These microphytes have been used in this mini project because
they have their own special characteristics and are able to treat the wastewater due to their
special characteristics. Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) is a free floating species which
most of the leaf, stem tissue and roots float above the water surface. Parija (1934), described
E. crassipes as a free-floating stoloniferous herb. It is one single plant consists of a
rhizomatous stem, a rosette of leaves and numerous adventitious roots. While, Limnocharis
flava is a emergent species. It is a rooted plants in shallow water with most of their leaf and
stem tissue emerge above the water surface.
Objectives
1. To study the efficiency between both Eichhornia Crassipes and Limnocharis Flava in
Water Pollution Treatment.
2. To observe the changes in pH of polluted water treated by Eichhornia Crassipes and
Limnocharis Flava in 15 days.
3. To apply the concept of water treatment.
4. Issues
1. Which plant is more efficient in water pollution treatment?
2. What are the special characteristics that both Eichhornia crassipes(E.c) and
Limnocharis flava(L.f) have to be the most popular choices in phytoremidiation?
3. Why is that Limnocharis flava is less efficient than Eichhornia crassipes in treating
polluted water based from the experiment?
4. How did we run the experiment in using the concept of water pollution treatment?
Significance
The effects of water pollution are far-reaching and affect not only the environment, but human
beings and animals as well.Water pollution affects our oceans, lakes, rivers, and drinking
water, making it a widespread and global concern. Numerous diseases, health problems, and
even fatalities have been associated with water pollution. Water is considered polluted when
chemicals, pathogens, or contaminants are detected. Human beings have the most crucial
impact on our water resources. They also have the ability to control or eliminate water
pollution. The cost that needed to cleaned up is very high and also can cause many
environmental damage such as sound pollution . Why we use plant in treat water pollution?
This is because, using of plant to treat the waste water only need lower budget rather than the
use of the advanced technologies. For exampe is phytoremediation which is needed lower
budjet in water pollution treatment. Not only that, the used of plant also maybe will cause
nothing or only a small damage to our environment and the ecosystem. Plant water treatment,
a plant-based technology, offers cost-effective and environment friendly alternative to
physical methods. This process only using a simple and easy technique which is can be
handled by students. More pollution can be settled in a short time period. This allows workers
to avoid contact with harmful chemicals while the process of water treatment because most of
the work totally are done by that plant.
Population and sample of mini project
Sample of waste water chosen are drain water. The drain water was taken from area of Tg.
Malim which is besides the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)’s franchais. Those drain water
was very suitable since it came from the domestic wastes of KFC. So, that drain water would
be very dirty and contains lots of heavy metals. The sample size used was 8 pails which have
same size that enough to put 25 % of plants into it. While doing this experiment, we were
guided and monitered by our beloved lecturer, Dr. Hasimah bt. Alimon. Besides that, we also
got advices and guides from Dr’s assistant, Faizah (Pari).
5. Structure
This mini project showed the effeciency of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and
Limnocharis Flava (water cabbage) in treating waste water by absorbing heavy metals. The
effeciency was rated by measuring the changes of Ph in water used in this experiment.
Limitation
This mini project was done for two species of plants which are Eichhornia crassipes (water
hyacinth) and Limnocharis Flava (water cabbage). Both of these two plants are chosen
because they are the most popular choices in treating polluted water in previous experiments.
The drain water sample was taken from Tg. Malim area. The chosen plants had been provided
by the biology laboratory.
Apparatus and Materials
Apparatus that are needed to conduct this experiment are 8 pails (5 gallon each), measuring
cylinder and pH meter. All of these things can be found in the laboratory from the lab
assistants. The materials that were used are Buffer solution (pH 4 and PH 7), polluted water
(drain water), dechlorinated water, Eichornia Crassipes, and Limnocharis Flava. Before used
the pH meter, it has to be calibrated by using buffer solution (pH4 and pH 7). This is vital to
make sure that we have an accurate result.
Method
Firstly, the pH meter was calibrated in buffer solution with pH 7. After a few minute, when
the pH meter is stabled, the pH meter will show the range of reading around 7. After that, the
pH meter was put into buffer solution with pH 4 and the reading on pH meter will show the
reading around 4. At that time, the pH meter was ready to be used. The polluted water that is
used in this experiment was taken from drain which is the results of domestic waste. The
drain’s water was filled in six pails and brought back to the laboratory to be examined the pH
reading. Dechlorinated water was prepared in the laboratory. Dechlorinated is the removal of
chlorine. Steps to prepared dechlorinated water are, two pails were filled with pipe water and
the pails were covered. The pails were left about 24 hours in the laboratory. After that, the
water is ready to be used for the experiment. Eichornia crassipes,and Limnocharis flava were
already provided by the lab assistance. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) is a member of
the pickerelweed family (Pontederiaceae). Limnocharis flava is a member of the family
Alismataceae also placed in Limnocharitaceae. First step to start the experiment was, 14L of
polluted water was poured into three pails and was treated with Eichornia Crassipes. Also
with the same amount, 14L of polluted water was poured into three pails and was treated with
Limnocharis Flava. The other two pails also used 14L of dechlorinated water as the control of
experiment. The amount of water that is 14L must be equal in eight pails. Small amount of
6. water in eight pails was poured into measuring cylinder and the pH reading was taken using
pH meter. The pH reading that shown by the pH meter was recorded. The pH reading was
taken every day and the graph was plotted. The same pH meter with the same code number is
used throughout the experiment that is A02003.
Discussion
There are two types of aquatic plant that we had used to treat the polluted water in this
experiment which are, Eichhornia crassipes(E.c) and Limnocharis flava(L.f). Eichhornia
crassipes(E.c) is a type of floating wetland plant whereas Limnocharis flava(L.f) is a type of
emergent wetland plant.
Both of these two plants are the most popular choices in treating the polluted water.
Therefore, we had conducted an experiment to determine which of these two has the higher
efficiency in treating the polluted water. The variable that we use to determine which plant is
more efficient is pH meter.
The pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. Pure water is said to be neutral.
The pH for pure water at 25 °C (77 °F) is close to 7.0. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said
to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are said to be basic or alkaline. In this
experiment, we had used drain water which is from domestic waste and dichlorinated water as
the control. Dechlorinated water is the water that do not have any impurities in it. The
dechlorinted water is actually pipe water that is left overnight with cover on top of the pail.
Our experiment takes 15days to see the results in pH reading.
The initial pH reading ( 0 day) for dichlorinated water is 7.20. Both of the control, Eichhornia
crassipes(E.c) and Limnocharis flava(L.f) have the same initial pH reading. The initial pH
reading for treated polluted water with Eichhornia crassipes(E.c) is 6.60 and Limnocharis
flava(L.f) is 6.57. On the second day of the experiment, the pH reading for polluted water
treated with Eichhornia crassipes(E.c) has showned a drastic change with pH reading of 7.05.
The pH reading for Limnocharis flava(L.f) on the same day is 6.87. The pH reading for
polluted water treated with L.f only reached neutral on the 4th
day of experiment, with a
reading of 7.01. From here it is proved that, E.c has a higher efficiency in treating the polluted
water compared to L.f.
The control for both Eichhornia crassipes(E.c)and Limnocharis flava(L.f) were setup to see
that whether those plant have effect in non –polluted water. The results show that on 7th day
of experiment the pH reading for both control dropped, which indicates the acidic state. This
is probably due to rain that takes place on 7th day of experiment. For both control, the pail
were put under exposed area. But on 11th day of experiment, both control shows a neutral pH
reading which is 7.
7. Discussion of Issues
Which plant is more efficient in water pollution treatment?
Based on the experiment, results shows that Eichhornia crassipes has more higher efficiency
compared to Limnocharis flava(L.f) in treating the polluted water. This is because from the
experiment we found out pH of polluted water has become neutral at 2nd
day of experiment
when treated with Eichhornia crassipes. The initial pH reading for the polluted water is 6.60
and after two days it rose up to 7.05 which is considered neutral.
What are the special characteristics that both Eichhornia crassipes(E.c) and
Limnocharis flava(L.f) have to be the most popular choices in phytoremidiation?
For Eichhornia crassipes(E.c), it has its own special characteritics. It has the ability to absorb
inorganic nutrients and store them in its roots, as well as convert nutrients to plant material
that can be removed from the water. Roots hanging submersed from the water beneath
floating leaves. Water hyacinth grows faster than any other tested plant. The fibrous root
system of water hyacinth provides nesting habitat for invertebrates and insects. Water
hyacinth is one of the fastest-growing plants on the planet. A group of plants can double its
population every seven days. Because of its rapid rate of growth, water hyacinth has the
potential to quickly absorb waste from sewage water. This converts the waste to plant material
that can be removed manually. Water hyacinth that has been grown in sewage can be
harvested and then composted for organic fertilizer. It can also be processed into biofuel.
Water hyacinths have long been known for their water-cleaning properties. The free-floating
water plants help remove ammonia and phosphates from pond water. They work so well that
they're now used inware treatment facilities. The base of the plant is inflated giving it high
buoyancy and making it floats high in the water.
For Limnocharis flava(L.f) as well, its own special characteristics are more or less the same
with Eichhornia crassipes. Limnocharis flava is a perennial, rhizomatous aquatic plant with milky
sap that can grow to a height of 1m. It also has the ability to absorb heavy metal like water hyacinth
did. Based from previous research that we had searched, it is found that heavy metal analysis of
plants roots and leaves for species, Limnocharis flava and Eichhornia Crassipes, shows that
both species is capable of accumulate heavy metals like iron and manganese for both plants.
For Limnocharis flava 54% Fe uptake by leaves while 44% uptake by roots and Mn uptake by
roots was 51% while 34% by leaves. While for Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), heavy
metals were found to have accumulated in roots more than leaves. Heavy metals were found
to have accumulated in roots more than petioles and least in leaves of Eichhornia crassipes
(Soltan and Rashed, 2001).
Why is that Limnocharis flava is less efficient than Eichhornia crassipes in treating
polluted water based from the experiment?
This is due to several factors. We do know that both of these plant are among the popular
choices in treating polluted water, but there are some weaknesses that make Limnocharis
8. flava less efficient than Eichhornia crassipes. For example, habitat of Limnocharis flava is in
shallow water as it is from emergent type of wetland plant. Eichhornia crassipes habitat’s is
in floating, "obligate" which means it require a wet habitat as it is a floating type of wetland plant.
Thus, in this experiment the depth of water that we used is high which we analyze at the end of the
experiment it favours Eichhornia crassipes more. Then, this explains why the Eichhornia
crassipes can neutralise the polluted water faster than Limnocharis flava.
How did we run the experiment in using the concept of water pollution treatment?
We had applied the concept of water pollution treatment by using two types of plants that are among
of popular choices in water treatment. The plants that were used are Eichhornia crassipes and
Limnocharis flava. The efficiency of water treatment by using both plants was obtained by taking the
pH reading for 15days. The most efficient plant shows the value of pH become 7 (neutral) in just two
days after experiment had started, that is Eichhornia crassipes.
Suggestion
From this mini project of Plant Water Treatment for Plant Physiology, we had highlighted
some suggestions to based on what we had discussed and concluded earlier. This is to
improve and increase the efficiency of plant water treatment experiment and application
concept. These are some suggestions from our group :
i. While doing the experiment about Water Pollution Treatment, every step in
procedures should be followed clearly and carefully. This is to ensure that the future
result is not being disturbed, which will cause us to extend the period to repeat the
experiment in few times.
ii. In order to get better result, it is important to run the experiment with the guide of
previously experiment doing by other researchers. All the steps in the procedures must
have guideline research as a control to make sure our objectives of mini project did not
deviates. This for surely will not affect our result. Besides that, do not forget to seek
advices from lecturer.
iii. The students or researcher that are planning to do thesis study on plant water treatment
must have prior knowledge about the suitable plants to be taken as sample. Knowledge
about the measurement and scale are also needed to be used that research.
iv. The result of this mini project will be more precise if the Ph reading of water is taken
carefully for everyday. The tools that have been used along the experiment should be
the same to avoid error in data reading.
v. Using data logger to take pH reading is more accurate and easier in next eperiment on
water pollution treatment.
9. Conclusion
In this experiment, we are able to study the efficiency between both Eichhornia Crassipes and
Limnocharis Flava in water pollution treatment.The most efficient plant in water pollution
treatment is Eichhornia Crassipes. Other than that we are able to observe the changes in pH
of polluted water treated by Eichhornia Crassipes and Limnocharis Flava in 15 days. All the
results were taken using pH meter with the same code number throughout the experiment. We
are also able to apply the concept of water treatment while conducting this experiment.
References
1. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-water-pollution.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediation
3. http://www.epa.gov/bioiweb1/html/macrophytes.html
4. http://dspace.fsktm.um.edu.my/bitstream/1812/597/8/ABSTRACT.pdf
5. http://www.apms.org/japm/vol42/v42p60.pdf
6. http://eprints.utm.my/5063/1/SitiKamariahMdSa%27atKPFKATTT.pdf
7. http://www.arrpet.ait.ac.th/phase1/hwtm/nl1.pdf
8. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es00005a015
9. http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/Removal%20of%20cadmium%20and
%20zinc%20by%20water%20hyacinth,%20eichhornia%20crassipes.pdf
10. http://www.icid.org/weed_report.pdf
11. http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123317/noxious-and-
environmental-weed-control-handbook.pdf