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Sustainable cities- concepts and approaches
- 1. Making Cities Sustainable -Concepts &Approaches Ar. Jit Kumar Gupta Ar. Jit Kumar Gupta Email---- Email---- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com, Mob- 90410-26414 , Mob- 90410-26414
- 2. Cities and theirContext Cities and their Context • Cities have been part of human history. • - Cities- known to command power and authority • .Cities- known for both -- positivity and negativities • Cities -- known for their dualities and contradictions • Cities -- known to be areas of concentration of population/ activities, infrastructures, services, healthcare, education • Cities -- Engines of economic growth- • Cities - generators of employment , wealth and prosperity, • Cities – also known for their negativities, • – where rich & poor rub shoulders- • Cities – large consumers of resources/energy/ land • Cities- generators of 70 % waste • Cities – consuming 60 % global energy • Cities--- generating 70 % of carbon footprints- • Cities -- largely responsible for global warming-
- 3. Cities and theirContext Cities and their Context • Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical habitat • Cities- destroy natural habitat-anti-thesis to bio-diversity • Cities- known as creator of best/ worst living conditions- • Cities- home to large migrants • Cities- home to slums • Cities- remain in crisis- natural and manmade • Crisis-- of population, poverty, pollution • Cities – ever evolving ,devolving, never static, never finite • Cities – to remain dominant in future • Cities- to be drivers of nation’s future • Cities - need rationalization • Cities – need to be made more-- humane, livable, bio- diverse; productive, effective, efficient, inclusive, safe, Resilient ,sustainable and Healthy place to live /work
- 4. •Global & Local UrbanContext- Population& Cities-1
- 5. Global Context ofCities Global Context of Cities
- 8. • Indian contextof Population, Cities & Urbanisation
- 9. Indian Urbanization Indian Urbanization •250 million in 1919 • 1210 million in 2011 • 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50% in Urban India. • Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)- 68(2031) • 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051) • During last 100 years, India witnessed— - -Urbanization level going up by 3 times - --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times - --Total Population multiplying 5 times - -Urban population increasing 15 times and - -Rural population increasing 3.5 times - India emerged most populated country on this planet-2023- 1.46. billion- 2.4% land & 4% global water
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- 12. • India Urbanization •-Importance, •-Challenges& • -issues-2
- 13. Indian Urbanization Indian Urbanization •Urban area important because ; Areas of concentration of population, Providers of large employment. Areas of large investment. Housing major infrastructure & services. Hub around which entire economy gravitates. Promoters of higher order of productivity • Major contributors to the national wealth/GDP 1950-51 - 29% (level of urbanization - 17.29%) 1970-71- 37% (level of urbanization - 19.91%) 1990-91- 50% (level of urbanization - 25.72%) 2001-02- 60% (level of urbanization - 27.78%) 2011- 12- 65% (level of urbanization - 31.1%) 10 Largest cities - 8%pop -- produce 15%GDP 53 Metro cities - 13 %pop --produce 33%GDP 100 Largest cities -16%pop -produce 43%GDP
- 14. Greatest Challenges inIndia- Land & Water Greatest Challenges in India- Land & Water • Land ; • India- = 3,287,263 kms; Land Area=2,973,193 km 2(1.996 %) - Ranked 7th in area. • Global = 148,940,000 km 2(29.8%) • Population of India --1,463,288,551 (17.78 %) • – most populated nation in world • Population/ land; 17.78% p = 1.996% A • Water • – 4% Global water • Animal population= 550 million • 17.78% p= 4% Global water • 35 million people lack access to safe water and • 678 million people lack access to a safe toilet
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- 27. Approach to Planning for SustainableCities-3 --Regional Planning-i;
- 28. Approach to Planningfor Approach to Planning for Sustainable Cities Sustainable Cities • 1 Opting for Regional Planning • 2. Following mandate of SDGs • 3. Implementing Smart City Mission • 4. Planning Cities with nature • 5. Making Cities Compact • 6. Opting for Circular Economy • 7. Opting for Green Transportation • 8. Making Buildings Green • 9. Greening Cities • 1o. Using Technologies • 11. Promoting Quality Leadership
- 29. Opting for RegionalPlanning Opting for Regional Planning
- 30. Regional Planning- Rural-Urban Regional Planning- Rural- Urban • Most advanced counties opted for Regional Planning- for rational development • Regional Planning helps in • - Bringing urban/ rural settlements on same platform • - Promoting co-operation, collaboration • - Integrating Development of Urban & Rural Planning • - Promoting balanced development- Reducing conflicts • -Synergizing strength of rural & urban areas • - Minimizing duplication of development • - defining operational domain of rural/urban settlements • - minimizing urban –rural migration • - overcoming major urban problems • - helping Equitable distribution of population/ economic activities
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- 32. SDG 11- Makecities and human settlements SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable
- 34. -3 -3 •Smart City Mission inIndia- iii
- 35. Smart City Missionin India Smart City Mission in India • Smart Cities Mission ; Launched by Government of India -- in June 2015.[ • to develop 100 cities • making them • citizen friendly, • people centric • promoting sustainable and inclusive development • providing basic amenities • Providing assured quality of life • Through application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. • To create a replicable model for other aspiring cities. • Involving Green Field / • -Brown field development • -- Pan city approach
- 36. Smart City Missionin India Smart City Mission in India
- 37. Smart City Missionin India Smart City Mission in India • Core infrastructure elements in a smart city include: • i. Assuring adequate water supply, • ii. Assured electricity supply, • iii. Promote Sanitation, including solid waste management, • iv. Promote efficient urban mobility and public transport, • v. Create affordable housing, especially for poor, • vi. Ensure robust IT connectivity and digitalization, • vii. Positioning good governance-- e-Governance &citizen participation, • viii. Promoting sustainable environment, • ix. Promoting safety & security of citizens, --particularly women, children ; elderly, • x. Promoting health & education. .
- 39. CO BS WO RKING LIVING CIRCULATIO N • The RadiantCity •An organism capable of housing works of man of machine-age society. • placed under masterful government of natural conditions: •Sun •Space •Greenery •And its mission is service of mankind: •To live •To work •To cultivate body and spirit •To travel about (in this order and obeying this hierarchy)
- 40. Chandigarh Master Plan-Le Corbusier Chandigarh Master Plan- Le Corbusier
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- 42. Curitiba's BRT corridorsrun along high- run along high- density developed area density developed area
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- 45. Cities based onCircular Economy-v Cities based on Circular Economy-v
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- 50. Amazing Green City–Musdar AmazingGreen City–Musdar -Abu -Abu Dhabi Dhabi Zero Carbon --Zero Waste -Zero Car city Zero Carbon --Zero Waste -Zero Car city
- 51. Amazing Future SustainableCity of Amazing Future Sustainable City of World –Musdar –Abu Dhabi-UAE- vi World –Musdar –Abu Dhabi-UAE- vi A city of 50,000population City of no cars , no waste Planned to make use of cool sea winds Using solar energy on rooftop Narrow streets shading houses Total recycling of waste/water working/ living area-- not farther than200 mts from transportation nodes. Electric powered light rail on elevated track -- for easy transport between Musdar and Abu Dhabi. •for Intra-city travel-- people use personal rapid transit pods (PRT) run on magnetic tracks using electric power. •Aim is to create: Zero Carbon Zero Waste Zero Car city
- 52. TIANJIN-Green City -vii TIANJIN-Green City - vii .. 1. Land-use Planning –Making city compact, mix land uses and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) 2. Transport Planning -Green transport .—Large trips via public transport ; bicycles and walking 3. Green and Blue Network Planning---extensive green (vegetation) and blue (water) networks – for quality living /working environment. 4. Water bodies --linked for circulation – enhancing ecology , environment , recreational activities. 5. A wastewater pond -rehabilitated /transformed into a clean/beautiful lake.
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- 55. • MAJOR ISSUES MAJORISSUES: : •Heterogeneous Traffic Heterogeneous Traffic •increasing individual vehicle ownership; increasing individual vehicle ownership; •low road capacity; low road capacity; •poor road geometry; poor road geometry; •large obsolete vehicular population; large obsolete vehicular population; • inefficient and inadequate public inefficient and inadequate public transportation; transportation; • high environmental pollution; high environmental pollution; • low priority for traffic planning; ; low priority for traffic planning; ; •Low priority to bicycles and pedestrians Low priority to bicycles and pedestrians • poor traffic management; poor traffic management; • mismatch between vehicle density and road mismatch between vehicle density and road capacity; capacity; •multiplicity of agencies involved multiplicity of agencies involved • absence of unified traffic regulatory authority; absence of unified traffic regulatory authority; • acute problems of parking; acute problems of parking; •high rates of accidents etc.- Accidents reported- high rates of accidents etc.- Accidents reported- every 55 seconds every 55 seconds TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA
- 56. CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN&MACHINE CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN& MACHINE
- 57. Defining Sustainable Transport DefiningSustainable Transport • Sustainable Transport -- • -- sometimes known as Green Transport • -- form of transport that does not use / rely on dwindling natural resources. • -- relies on renewable /regenerated energy • -- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life expectancy
- 58. •Promoting Bicycle-- aspreferred Promoting Bicycle-- as preferred mode of travel for intra- city travel : mode of travel for intra- city travel : Most inexpensive Most inexpensive Most flexible Most flexible Environment friendly Environment friendly Zero pollution Zero pollution Minimizing road tragedies Minimizing road tragedies Zero Energy Vehicle Zero Energy Vehicle Occupying minimum road space Occupying minimum road space Requiring minimum Parking Space Requiring minimum Parking Space Promoting National Economy Promoting National Economy Promoting Human Health Promoting Human Health Reducing depletion of Non- Reducing depletion of Non- renewable resources renewable resources Best option for travelling over short Best option for travelling over short distance distance. . SMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING SMART TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING
- 60. PROMOTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROMOTINGPUBLIC TRANSPORT Public transport key to rationalizing urban transportation and making cities Smart -- • Delhi metro -8.1 million people on August 9, 2025L25ocal Trains: The backbone of Mumbai's public transport, carrying around 7.5 . • Mumbai Mass transportation - 10.5 people • - Local trains- 7.5 million ;; Buses: 2.5 million passengers & Mumbai Metro around 500,000 passengers daily • Promoting Public Transport would require: • Promoting development along transport network • improved passenger information system • intelligent monitoring and control; • affordable ticket pricing; e-ticketing; • single ticket for all modes of travel • Comfortable buses • involving Communities, • Creating dedicated bus lanes
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- 67. Benefits of greenspace in cities Benefits of green space in cities • WHO--physical inactivity -- a major public health risk. • --people using public open spaces • --three times more physical active ---better health, ---reduced stress levels, - Network of parks / open spaces helps in • -- increased physical activity • -- improved mental health • --reduced healthcare / other costs. --- Improved environmental benefits. • -- Providing healthy habitats-- for humans-- wildlife / plants in densely built places-- preserves regional ecosystems
- 68. Benefits- Open Spaces Benefits-Open Spaces Three Benefits - urban open spaces provide to -- recreation, • --ecology, -- aesthetic value. • Recreational • -- active recreation --organized sports / individual exercise) • -- passive recreation-- being in open space. • -- offers a reprieve from urban environment. • Ecological • -- Conservation of nature in urban environment . • - Creates ecological awareness". • -- serves as islands of nature, • -- promote biodiversity • -- provides home for natural species in urban environment • Aesthetic__ --People enjoy viewing nature. -- "substituting gray infrastructure. -- makes neighbourhoods attractive -- create positive attitudes -- increase walking
- 69. Global- Tree Count Global-Tree Count
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- 71. Trees- Man Ratio Trees-Man Ratio A human breathes about 9.5 tonnes of air /year -- oxygen only makes up about 23 % of air by mass -- One third of oxygen from each breath-- 740kg of oxygen / year.-- -- roughly, seven / eight trees’ worth.
- 72. Hyde Park London-253 Hectare Hyde Park London- 253 Hectare
- 73. Sabarmati River Front-Ahmadabad Sabarmati River Front- Ahmadabad
- 74. Planning Gardens formaking value addition/ Planning Gardens for making value addition/ Recreation of people-Moghul Garden PINJORE Recreation of people-Moghul Garden PINJORE
- 75. Chandigarh Master Plan-Le Corbusier Chandigarh Master Plan- Le Corbusier
- 76. Singapore, seven 50-storyhousing towers connected by 1,600-foot-recreational “sky garden.” -- high-density development in compact city-state.
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- 78. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERSOF RESOURCES BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES •Built environment impact environment / consumption of Built environment impact environment / consumption of resources: resources: 16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal. 25% of wood harvested. 30% of consumption of raw material. 50% of global energy consumption. 35% of world's CO2 emission 40% of Municipal Solid Waste. 50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use. 30% of residents having sick building syndrome – ( Roodman and Lenssen, 1995) •70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation 70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation •Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation. Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation. •Considering annual addition of- 700-900msqmts- Considering annual addition of- 700-900msqmts- •-- energy/ environment implications will be critical. -- energy/ environment implications will be critical. •Buildings need to be; Buildings need to be; •- designed /constructed / operated /maintained - designed /constructed / operated /maintained •--with utmost care /considerations for --with utmost care /considerations for •-- energy/ sustainability/resources -- energy/ sustainability/resources
- 79. Designing Built Environment DesigningBuilt Environment •
- 80. Defining- Green Buildings Defining-Green Buildings
- 81. Advantages of GreenBuildings Advantages of Green Buildings
- 82. Daylighting Local materials Indian Wayof approaching design Indian Way of approaching design • Rediscovery of the Indian ethos – We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas) Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites Jal (Water) Water Efficiency Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality Akash (Sky) Daylight Views Water body
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- 84. Smart Technologies • --smart traffic management-- to monitor traffic flows / optimise traffic lights to reduce congestion/ride- sharing services / digital bus stops- bus schedule -Managing Traffic/parking --Minimizing travel • Promoting Energy conservation / environmental efficiencies- dimming streetlights when roads are empty– • -- improving operations /maintenance / planning of power supplies. • -- Combat climate change / air pollution • -- Promoting safety measures-- monitoring areas of high crime-- using sensors for early warning for floods, landslides, hurricanes or droughts. • -- Smart buildings --structural health monitoring -- feedback to determine when repairs are necessary.
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- 86. Jaimy Learner- MayorCuritiba Jaimy Learner- Mayor Curitiba
- 87. •QUALITY LEADERSHIP QUALITY LEADERSHIP •Smart/Sustainable cities would require: Smart/Sustainable cities would require: • well defined city ownership-ULBs well defined city ownership-ULBs •Well defined city Leadership- Mayor Well defined city Leadership- Mayor •Building a High- performance team Building a High- performance team •Adopting professional / Management Adopting professional / Management Approach Approach •Promoting Training and Development Promoting Training and Development •Investing in Learning Investing in Learning •Creating Culture of Accountability Creating Culture of Accountability •Securing Stakeholders Consensus Securing Stakeholders Consensus •Launching Pilot Programs in cities Launching Pilot Programs in cities •Prioritizing/defining Agenda for City Growth Prioritizing/defining Agenda for City Growth •Each City to have a starting Point Each City to have a starting Point •Mayors of Curitiba, New York, Washington, Mayors of Curitiba, New York, Washington, Rio-de Janerio,, Bogota, Toledo ,London----, Rio-de Janerio,, Bogota, Toledo ,London----, created highest degree of urban created highest degree of urban Leadership/Governance to make cities Smart Leadership/Governance to make cities Smart
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- 89. •Bengaluru Smart Citykey initiative;- •IoT-enabled water supply systems. •Smart street lighting to save energy. •Citizen apps for efficient public service delivery.
- 90. •Bhubaneshwar Smart Citykey initiative;- •. Smart kiosks offering government services. •Intelligent traffic management systems. •Public bike-sharing initiatives promoting eco-friendly mobility. •
- 91. •Indore Smart Citykey initiative;- •. India’s cleanest city, :Solar-powered smart poles for street lighting. Smart public toilets with integrated facilities. •Robust public transport solutions like e-buses.
- 92. •Chennai Smart Citykey initiative;- •.. Smart stormwater drainage systems to mitigate flooding. •Digitized public transportation with real-time tracking. •Sustainable solid waste management practices •
- 93. •Bhopal Smart Citykey initiative;- •India’s first cloud-based Integrated Control-Command Center. •Smart parks with Wi-Fi connectivity &app-based monitoring. •Solar energy projects powering urban infrastructure •
- 94. • Chandigarh SmartCity key initiative;- • Increasing sustainable mobility- through Cycle tracks •Solar energy projects powering urban infrastructure •Scada for efficient water management- Integrated Command Centre •
- 95. 3 Mantras for 3Mantras for Making Cities Making Cities Sustainable- Sustainable- 10 10 •
- 96. • Three Mantra forSustainable/Smart cities •1. Achieve smart growth •-- finding best options to do things sustainably •-- for promoting economic growth of people – •-- making them earn good livelihood •-- make them enjoy a good quality of life. •2. Do more with less– •-- cities need money-- to accomplish all wants . •--Cities to collect, manage/spend resources effectively/ efficiently •3. Win support for change- •- City leaders need to;-- deliver fast, positive, /visible results, •- build support for changes.-- Involving high-performing civil servants •-- making them accountable for their work—Singapore model
- 98. Creating Smart/Sustainable CitiesPose Creating Smart/Sustainable Cities Pose Greatest Challenge To Planners/ Professionals/ Greatest Challenge To Planners/ Professionals/ Policy Makers/ Governments/ communities Policy Makers/ Governments/ communities