This document defines plagiarism and discusses various types. Plagiarism is presenting another's work as one's own, whether intentionally or unintentionally, without fully acknowledging the original source. It covers all published and unpublished material. There are various types of plagiarism ranging from directly copying a work to paraphrasing from multiple sources without citation. Images, videos and music can also be plagiarized. The document stresses the importance of proper citation and attribution to avoid plagiarism.

1. PLAGIARISM
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Avinash Sharma
GGS Indraprastha University
Delhi (India)
2017
April 15, 2023 1

2. Plagiarism
 Turntin
http://turnitin.com/assets/en_us/media
/plagiarism-spectrum/
 Oxford University
https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academi
c/guidance/skills/plagiarism?wssl=1#
April 15, 2023 2

3. Definition
ˈpleɪdʒərɪz(ə)m (noun)
 the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off
as one's own.
 an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and
thoughts of another author without authorization and the representation
of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original
author: It is said that he plagiarized Thoreau's plagiarism of a line
written by Montaigne.
Plagiarize (and plagiarism) comes from the Latin plagiarius “kidnapper.”
This word, derived from the Latin plaga (“a net used by hunters to catch
game”), extended its meaning in Latin to include a person who stole the
words, rather than the children, of another. When plagiarius first entered
English in the form plagiary, it kept its original reference to kidnapping, a
sense that is now quite obsolete.
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4. Formal meaning to "plagiarize”
(Merriam-Webster online dictionary):
 to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as
one's own
 to use (another's production) without crediting the
source
 to commit literary theft
 to present as new and original an idea or product derived
from an existing source
 In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves
both stealing someone else's work and lying about it
afterward.
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5. But can words and ideas really be stolen?
 According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. The expression of
original ideas is considered intellectual property and is
protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions.
Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright
protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such
as a book or a computer file).
 One may think of plagiarism as copying another's work or
borrowing someone else's original ideas. But terms like
"copying" and "borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of
the offense:
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6. All of the following are considered
plagiarism:
 turning in someone else's work as your own
 copying words or ideas from someone else without giving
credit
 failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
 giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
 changing words but copying the sentence structure of a
source without giving credit
 copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes
up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or
not.
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7. What about images, videos, and music?
 Using an image, video or piece of music in a work one produces without receiving proper
permission or providing appropriate citation is plagiarism. The following activities are
very common in today’s society. Despite their popularity, these are counted as
plagiarism.
 Copying media (especially images) from other websites to paste them into own papers or
websites.
 Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using copyrighted music as part of
the soundtrack.
 Performing another person’s copyrighted music (i.e., playing a cover).
 Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition.
 Certainly, these media pose situations in which it can be challenging to determine
whether or not the copyrights of a work are being violated e.g.:
A photograph or scan of a copyrighted image (for example: using a photograph of a book cover
to represent that book on one’s website)
Recording audio or video in which copyrighted music or video is playing in the background.
 Re-creating a visual work in the same medium. (for example: shooting a photograph that
uses the same composition and subject matter as someone else’s photograph)
 Re-creating a visual work in a different medium (for example: making a painting that
closely resembles another person’s photograph).
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8.  Re-creating a visual work in the same medium. (for example: shooting a
photograph that uses the same composition and subject matter as
someone else’s photograph)
 Re-creating a visual work in a different medium (for example: making a
painting that closely resembles another person’s photograph).
 Re-mixing or altering copyrighted images, video or audio, even if done
so in an original way.
The legality of these situations, and others, would be dependent upon the
intent and context within which they are produced. The two safest
approaches to take in regards to these situations is: 1) Avoid them altogether
or 2) Confirm the works’ usage permissions and cite them properly.
April 15, 2023 8

9. So Plagiarism
is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own,
with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your
work without full acknowledgement. All published and
unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or
electronic form, is covered under this definition.
Plagiarism may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional.
Under the regulations for examinations, intentional or
reckless plagiarism is a disciplinary offence.
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10. Types of Plagiarism
#1 Clone
Submitting another's work, word-for-
word, as one's own
#2 CTRL+C
Contains significant portions of text
from a single source without
alterations
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11. #3 Find – Replace
Changing key words and phrases but
retaining the essential content of the
source
#4 Remix
Paraphrases from multiple sources,
made to fit together
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12. #5
Recycle
Borrows generously from the writer's previous work
without citation
#6
Hybrid
Combines perfectly cited sources with copied
passages without citation
#7
Mashup
Mixes copied material from multiple sources
#8
404 Error
Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate
information about sources
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13. #9
Aggregator
Includes proper citation to sources but the
paper contains almost no original work
#10
Re-Tweet
Includes proper citation, but relies too
closely on the text's original wording and/or
structure
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14. Unintentional plagiarism
Not all cases of plagiarism arise from a deliberate intention to cheat.
Sometimes one omits to take down citation details when taking notes, or
they may be genuinely ignorant of referencing conventions.
These excuses offer no sure protection against a charge of plagiarism.
Even in cases where the plagiarism is found to have been neither intentional nor reckless,
there may still be an academic penalty for poor practice.
It is one’s responsibility to find out the prevailing referencing conventions in
one’s discipline, to take adequate notes, and to avoid close paraphrasing.
Institutions may offer induction sessions on plagiarism and study skills.
Advisory subject handbook, may be help you learn how to avoid common
errors.
While undertaking a project or dissertation you should ensure that one must
have information on plagiarism and collusion. If ever in doubt about
referencing, paraphrasing or plagiarism, he/she has only to ask his/her tutor.
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15. Avoiding Plagiarism
Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided by citing sources.
Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed
and providing your audience with the information necessary to
find that source is usually enough to prevent plagiarism.
The best way of avoiding plagiarism is to learn and employ the
principles of good academic practice from the beginning of
one’s university career. Avoiding plagiarism is not simply a
matter of making sure your references are all correct, or
changing enough words so the examiner will not notice your
paraphrase; it is about deploying one’s academic skills to make
your work as good & credible as impossible.
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16. Thanks
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