Use of large half-duplex PIT tag antennas to evaluate entrainment

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Expanding from Creek to Hydroelectric Diversion Facilities – Construction and in situ evaluation of large half-duplex PIT tag antennas to evaluate fish entrainment at high velocity water diversions

Science Business Technology

What is PIT Technology
Uses and Advantages
Unique individual code
Long life, no battery
Small size
Cost effective
Minimal biological impacts
Full Duplex
Monitor greater density of
tags at one time
Half Duplex
Lower cost
Greater read range
More resilient to interference
12 mm

PIT System Components
Antenna
Power Supply
Control Unit
Data Logger
Oregon RFID
Thermoelectric Generator Control Unit & Data Logger
Antenna

Typical PIT Field Research Antenna Deployments
Small Scale
Low Flow
Constrained Flow to Meet Small Detection Area

Typical PIT Field Research Antenna Deployments

Study Objectives
Monitor O. mykiss entrainment at hydroelectric diversion
facilities for over one year
All trout ≥ 60 mm tagged (O. mykiss n=536, S. trutta n=2)
60-129 mm fish (36%) = 12 mm tag
130 mm and larger (64%) = 23 mm tag
Estimate entrainment based on known number of potentially
vulnerable fish with PIT tags

Study Area
Small tributaries in Northern Sierra Nevada Mountains
Large seasonal fluctuations in flow

Study Area (cont’d)
Large diversion
tunnels
4.6 m x 3.7 m
4.4 m x 4.4 m
High flows
≤ 24.4 cms
(≤ 845 cfs)
≤ 31.1 cms
(≤ 1072cfs)
High Velocity
Measured max
= 1.5 m/s
Calculated max
= 3.7 m/s

Fabrication
Three antenna stacked array
Hydrodynamic “wing” design
Rigid, strong, and durable
Multiple layers of woven fiberglass mat
Over 1400 hours spent fabricating both arrays ($125,000 USD)
PIT detection wire embedded in fiberglass during fabrication

Antenna Fabrication
Layers of Fiberglass Wiring Added
Sanding Between LayersFiberglass Shell
Fabrication (cont’d)

Operation
99% of all diverted flows
monitored for entrained
fish
Antennas and electronics
highly reliable
Minimal required
maintenance
Manually re-tune
antennas
Easily removable -
allowing built up debris to
wash through system

Operation
Efficiency tests for 23 mm tag
were 100% at both diversions
12 mm tag efficiency above
target of 80%

Flow in Oregon Creek Diversion Tunnel
Maximum discharge in Oregon Creek Diversion Tunnel was
31.1 metersᶾ/sec (1072 cfs)
Average flow was 4.1 metersᶾ/sec (144.2 cfs) over entire study period
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Metersᶾ/second

Entrainment Results
A total of 220 detection events representing 58 unique
fish observations
Many fish were detected multiple times, indicative of
milling behavior
Few individual fish detected at both diversion tunnels
Entrainment rate relatively low

Fabrication Results
Innovative and successful design, application, and
deployment of half-duplex antenna technology
Large half-duplex fiberglass antennas can be
constructed to withstand high flows/velocities at
large water diversions
Detection efficiencies (average greater than 90%)
and reliability high enough to effectively evaluate
entrainment

Thank You
Contact:
dougdemko@fishbio.com
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