→ A sequence of DB operations treated as a single logical unit (read, write, commit...). What are the ACID properties? → Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability — essential for correct transaction execution. Explain the transaction states. → New → Active → Partially Committed → Committed / Failed → Rolled Back → Terminated. What is a schedule? → A sequence of operations from multiple transactions interleaved during concurrent execution. What is a serial and serializable schedule? → Serial: no interleaving. Serializable: interleaved but equivalent to some serial schedule. What is conflict serializability? → A schedule is conflict-serializable if it is conflict-equivalent to some serial schedule. How do you check for conflict serializability? → Build a precedence graph. If there's a cycle → Not serializable.

1. Pipeline and Vector Processing
23R11A6714 - DS_A
This presentation explores parallel processing techniques that enhance computer performance through pipelining and
vector operations.

2. Parallel Processing Classifications
SISD
Single instruction stream, single data stream
SIMD
Single instruction stream, multiple data stream
MISD
Multiple instruction stream, single data stream
MIMD
Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream

3. Pipelining Fundamentals
Input
R1 Ai, R2 Bi
← ←
Multiply
R3 R1 * R2, R4 Ci
← ←
Add
R5 R3 + R4
←

4. Arithmetic Pipeline
Compare Exponents
First step in floating-point operations
Align Mantissas
Adjust decimal positions for proper calculation
Add/Subtract Mantissas
Perform the arithmetic operation
Normalize Result
Adjust to standard form

5. Instruction Pipeline
Fetch Instruction
Retrieve instruction from memory
Decode
Interpret instruction and calculate address
Fetch Operands
Get data needed for execution
Execute
Perform the operation

6. Pipeline Conflicts
Resource Conflicts
Multiple instructions need the
same hardware component
simultaneously.
Data Dependency
An instruction needs results from a
previous instruction that hasn't
completed.
Branch Difficulties
Pipeline must be flushed when
program flow changes
unexpectedly.

7. Vector Processing Applications
Weather
Forecasting
Long-range climate
predictions
Petroleum
Exploration
Geological data
analysis
Medical Diagnosis
Complex biological
data processing
Space Simulations
Aerodynamics and
flight modeling

8. Array Processors
Attached Array Processor
Specialized hardware attached to a host computer.
Performs vector operations independently.
SIMD Array Processor
Multiple processing elements executing the same
instruction on different data simultaneously.