1. Copper tubing or 316 stainless steel tubing or pipe are suitable materials for an oxygen system operating at or below 200°F and 200 psig. Above these conditions, only copper tubing is acceptable.
2. Tubing must be purchased pre-cleaned and cleaned again after installation to remove any particles. Joints should be brazed copper, compression fittings, butt-welded, or flanged to minimize places for particles to hide.
3. Valves must not be quick opening quarter-turn valves to prevent ignition. The tubing system should be designed to minimize joints and recessed areas to simplify cleaning.
Heat treatment 2 by
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
Presentation on Carburizing (Heat Treatment Process).
Presented To,
Engr. Ubaid-ur-Rehman Ghouri, Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, UET Lahore (RCET Campus).
Presented By,
Muhammad Zeeshan
Zahid Mehmood
Ali Iqbal
Muhammad Waqas
Copper Strip Corrosion Test for Different Fluid SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Current research work is done in order to determine the corrosiveness test using different fluid samples in state of Telengana (India). The puropse of this experiment is to determine the the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test. By using the copper strip experiment we can find the corrosive propertyof the fuel and hence the efficiency of fluid samples collected. This project covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different fluid samples collected.
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Heat treatment 2 by
P.SENTHAMARAI KANNAN,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR ,
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
KAMARAJ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
VIRUDHUNAGAR, TAMILNADU.
INDIA.
Presentation on Carburizing (Heat Treatment Process).
Presented To,
Engr. Ubaid-ur-Rehman Ghouri, Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, UET Lahore (RCET Campus).
Presented By,
Muhammad Zeeshan
Zahid Mehmood
Ali Iqbal
Muhammad Waqas
Copper Strip Corrosion Test for Different Fluid SamplesIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- Current research work is done in order to determine the corrosiveness test using different fluid samples in state of Telengana (India). The puropse of this experiment is to determine the the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test. By using the copper strip experiment we can find the corrosive propertyof the fuel and hence the efficiency of fluid samples collected. This project covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different fluid samples collected.
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
This research work takes in to account of corrosiveness test on various aviation fuels in the state of Telengana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the corrosiveness test of fuels. This determination will be accomplished by using copper strip corrosion test by using the copper strip experiment we can determine the corrosive property of the fuel and hence the efficiency of fuel. The research covers the importance of knowing the corrosive property of different petroleum fuels including aviation turbine fuel.
Influence of Different Parameters on Heat Pipe PerformanceIJERA Editor
In electrical and electronic industry due to miniaturization of electronic components heat density increases
which, in turns increases the heat flux inside it. Scientist and many researchers are doing lot of work in this field
for thermal management of devices. Heat pipe is a device that is used in electronic circuit (micro and power
electronics), spacecraft & electrical components for cooling purpose. It is based on the principle of evaporation
and condensation of working fluid. Heat pipe made up of three main parts are evaporator, adiabatic and
condenser sections. In this working fluid vaporise at evaporator and transfers heat to condenser by adiabatic
section where heat release to surrounding. Vapour flows possible from evaporator to condenser section due to
vapour pressure difference exist between them. Use of heat pipe material, type of working fluid & its property,
wick structure, orientation, filled ratio, operating condition, dimensions of pipe has a prominent effect on heat
pipe performance. Variation of these parameters for minimum thermal resistance gives better performance.
Increase the wear resistance of stainless steel through nitriding solutions. The thin film plasma nitriding equipment use vacuum process for modification of surfaces.
Optimization of Skin Condenser Using Bundy Tube In Place Of Copper TubeIJMER
The condenser is an important device used in the high pressure side of a refrigeration
system. Its function is to remove heat of the hot vapour refrigerant discharged from the compressor. The
main objective of this work is to carryout experimental investigation on Bundy Condenser coil used in
Skin Condenser for a Deep Freezer of 425 liters capacity; it is proposed to optimize the length of the
condenser coil. R – 134A will be used as refrigerant for the proposed investigation.
Influence of Different Parameters on Heat Pipe PerformanceIJERA Editor
In electrical and electronic industry due to miniaturization of electronic components heat density increases
which, in turns increases the heat flux inside it. Scientist and many researchers are doing lot of work in this field
for thermal management of devices. Heat pipe is a device that is used in electronic circuit (micro and power
electronics), spacecraft & electrical components for cooling purpose. It is based on the principle of evaporation
and condensation of working fluid. Heat pipe made up of three main parts are evaporator, adiabatic and
condenser sections. In this working fluid vaporise at evaporator and transfers heat to condenser by adiabatic
section where heat release to surrounding. Vapour flows possible from evaporator to condenser section due to
vapour pressure difference exist between them. Use of heat pipe material, type of working fluid & its property,
wick structure, orientation, filled ratio, operating condition, dimensions of pipe has a prominent effect on heat
pipe performance. Variation of these parameters for minimum thermal resistance gives better performance.
Increase the wear resistance of stainless steel through nitriding solutions. The thin film plasma nitriding equipment use vacuum process for modification of surfaces.
Optimization of Skin Condenser Using Bundy Tube In Place Of Copper TubeIJMER
The condenser is an important device used in the high pressure side of a refrigeration
system. Its function is to remove heat of the hot vapour refrigerant discharged from the compressor. The
main objective of this work is to carryout experimental investigation on Bundy Condenser coil used in
Skin Condenser for a Deep Freezer of 425 liters capacity; it is proposed to optimize the length of the
condenser coil. R – 134A will be used as refrigerant for the proposed investigation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Remaining life assessment of refinery furnace tubes using finite element methodBarhm Mohamad
Crude oil heater 9Cre-1Mo steel tubes from a refinery plant were studied, after 5 years of service at nominally 650 Cº and 3 bar, to predict their remnant lives. The investigation included dimensional, hardness and tensile measurements in addition to accelerated stress rupture tests between 650 Cº and 700 Cº and microstructural examination. Tube specimens were taken from two sections, the overheated side and the side which only saw the nominal operating temperature. The method employed involved the prediction of the increase in temperature with increasing sediment deposition during the operating life times using an FEM model. In addition the predicted temperatures are used to derive appropriate creep properties at relevant temperatures in a 3D pipe FEM creep analysis to predict the pipe deformation rate. All compare well with the actual service exposed pipe measurements and layer deposition. The overheated side revealed a small loss of creep strength in a stress rupture test. A layer of sediment (appr. 10 mm thickness) consisting basically of sintered carbon (coke) spread over the inside of the tube was acting as a thermal barrier causing the temperature to rise above 650 Cº. Analysis for the overheated side predicted an upper bound temperature of 800 Cº and a life of about 50 h suggesting that failure by creep rupture could occur rapidly in the sediment region.
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
With the largest chrome inventory in the world, Sunny Steel carries a wide range of ASTM A335 / ASME SA335 chrome moly alloy pipe in a variety of lengths, ODs, IDs and wall thicknesses to meet your project’s needs—including pipe in hard-to-find sizes.
If you are working in refining or petrochemical industry, you need to learn about fired heaters. This paper talks about basic specifications of fired heaters. You can benefit by using good specifications to purchase fired heaters for your next project.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
Pipe material for_oxygen
1. P O B o x 3 11 5 4 S t . L o u i s, M O 6 3 1 3 1 - 0 1 5 4
P h o n e : ( 3 1 4 ) 9 6 6 - 8 9 1 9 ~ E – m a i l : w m h u i t t @ a o l . c o m
1
Material Selection for Gaseous Oxygen Service
by William M. Huitt
(From a letter dated March 7, 2001 in response to a project’s need to select tubing material for Oxygen service.)
In selecting a pipe or tubing material for gaseous oxygen service there are four basic criteria: % oxygen in
the gas, pressure, temperature and velocity. As you can see by Fig. 1, if the system operates below 200 psig
at 200°F then carbon steel or stainless steel would be suitable material at almost any velocity. However,
above those markers velocity becomes an issue and the material selection narrows.
Figure 1 Maximum velocity versus internal pressure for steel pipelines (99.5 mole% or higher oxygen)
(Griffith and Wallis, Journal of Heat Transfer, August 1961)
If a system is operating in a range above the curve in Fig. 1 copper tubing should be selected. This applies
also in flow through valves, where velocity could be an issue, and also where oxygen gas impinges directly
on ferrous piping. Where velocity of flow through a valve may approach sonic velocity copper based
materials will be required. Where direct impingement on ferrous piping occurs, velocity should be reduced
to one-half the values of Fig. 1 or the impingement surface must be a copper based alloy.
One major factor when selecting material for oxygen service is the material's Melting Point Burn Ratio
(BRmp). This is defined in ASTM G94 as follows:
Numerous metals burn essentially in the molten state. Therefore, combustion of the metal
must be able to produce melting of the metal itself. The BRmp is a ratio of the heat
released during combustion of a metal to the heat required to both warm the metal to its
melting point and provide the latent heat of fusion. It is further defined by:
BRmp = Hcombustion/(Hrt-mp + Hfusion)
Where:
H = heat of combustion
Hrt-mp = heat required to warm the metal from room temperature (rt) to the melting
point (mp)
Hfusion = latent heat of fusion
200 400 600 800 1000
200
150
100
50
0
Internal Pressure, PSIG
MaximumAllowableVelocity
Ft/Sec(atlineconditions)
Carbon steel, stainless
steel pipeline system at
200°F gas temperature
(Max.)
2. 2
Clearly, a metal that does not contain sufficient heat to melt itself (that is, one that has a
BRmp <1) is severely impeded from burning in the molten state.
Table 1 Calculated Melting-Point Burn RatiosA
Material BRmp
Silver 0.40
Copper 2.00
90-10 copper-nickelB
2.39
CDA 938 tin bronzeB
2.83
CDA 314 leaded commercial bronzeB
2.57
Monel 400B
3.02
Cobalt 3.50
Monel K500B
3.64
Nickel 3.70
CDA 828 beryllium copperB
4.49
AISI 4140 low alloy steelB
5.10
Ductile iron 5.10
Cast iron 5.10
AISI 1025 carbon steelB
5.10
Iron 5.10
17-4 PHB
5.32
410 SSB
5.39
CA 15 stainless steelB
(see A296) 5.39
304 stainless steelB
5.39
Titanium 13.1
Lead 18.6
Zinc 19.3
Lead babbitB
20.6
Magnesium 22.4
Aluminum 29.0
Tin BabbitB
42.6
Tin 44.8
A
From Monroe, Bates & Pears, Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials
in Oxygen
B
Presented for comparison only. Alloys may exhibit flammability vastly
inconsistent with the BRmp ranking.
I provided table 1 so you can see the hierarchy of metals as it pertains to their Burn Ratios. As you can see,
the carbon steels, stainless steels and coppers have the lower, more acceptable Burn Ratios, with copper
being the lowest of those three. In the event flame propagation does occur, due to some ignition
mechanism, those metals will tend to impede combustion of the metals themselves.
The same results is indicated in ASTM G94, Table X1.1 – Promoted Combustion Test results, where
combustion tests were carried out in 99.5 mole% oxygen. Copper had a Non-Propagation rate at 1000, 5000
& 8000 psig. 316 stainless steel had a Non-Propagation rate at 500 psig and various declared burn rates
from 1000 to 10000 psig. Ductile iron (closest example of carbon steel) had a burn rate of 0.14 in/sec at
500 psig (the lowest pressure these tests were performed at).
Cleaning
The tubing, as you know, requires cleaning per ASTM G93 and G127 in order to ensure removal of any
foreign surface matter that could auto-ignite, or could ignite from impact during normal operation. This can
be accomplished both on an individual random length basis by the manufacturer, and at the job site on a
final installed system basis. Whether or not the pipe or tubing is suitably cleaned by the manufacturer, it
should be capped prior to shipment and remain so until fabricated. Fabrication should be done in a
controlled environment, capping or concealing all openings when not being worked. After fabrication, all
openings should remain capped. Finished fabricated pieces should be stored in a clean dry area away from
construction pathways and activities.
3. 3
Summary
In operating conditions at or below 200°F and 200 psig Type K copper tubing, or 316 SS tubing or pipe
would be acceptable. Above those operating conditions Type K copper would be acceptable. Tubing should
be purchased in a pre-cleaned condition with a final cleaning performed after installation. Joints can be
brazed copper, compression fittings, buttweld or flanged. In an effort to minimize recessed areas that may
be difficult to clean, and provide areas for foreign particles to hide, minimize the number of joints in a
system. Use flange joints only when required at equipment. When compression fittings are used, make
certain the tube is fully bottomed out in the fitting body before pull-up. Quarter-turn, quick opening valves
are not recommended.
Reference Codes
Codes and guidelines pertaining to Oxygen and Oxygen Systems:
ASTM:
G63 – Standard Guide for Evaluating non-metallics for Oxygen Service
G72 – Autogenous Ignition Temperature of Liquids and Solids in High-Pressure Oxygen Enriched
Environment
G74 – Ignition Sensitivity of Materials to Gaseous Fluid Impact
G86 – Ignition Sensitivity of Materials to Mechanical Impact in Pressurized Oxygen
G88 – Standard Guide for Designing Systems for Oxygen Service
G93 – Cleaning Methods for Materials & Equipment Used in Oxygen Enriched Environment
G94 – Evaluating Metals for Oxygen Service
G126 – Standard Terminology Relating to the Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in
Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
G127 – Standard Guide for the Selection of Cleaning Agents for Oxygen Systems
D2863 – Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle Like Combustion of
Plastics/Oxygen Index
F1792 – Standard Specification for Special Requirements for Valves Used in Gaseous Oxygen
Service
CGA:
AV-8 – Characteristics and Safe Handling of Cryogenics Liquid and Gaseous Oxygen
G-4 – Oxygen
G-4.1 – Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen Service
G-4.4 – Industrial Practices for Gaseous Oxygen Transmission & Distribution Piping Systems
O2-DIR – 2000 Directory of Cleaning Agents for Oxygen Service
NFPA:
53M – Fire Hazards in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
END OF LETTER