Pink bollworm is a major pest of cotton that can cause significant yield losses. It has three stages - egg, larva, and pupa. The larva is the damaging stage, feeding within cotton flower buds, bolls, and developing seeds. Damage symptoms include rosette blooms, small exit holes, stained lint, and improperly opened bolls with damaged seeds. Pink bollworm thrives under moderate temperatures and cloudy, rainy conditions. Management strategies include maintaining a host-free period during the off-season, using refugia crops, terminating the cotton crop by December, rotating crops, using short-season varieties, and integrating pesticide applications with biological control agents like parasitoids.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Area, Production and Productivity
Year Area in lakh
hectares
Production
in lakh bales
Yield kgs. per
hectare
2007-08 94.14 307 554
2008-09 94.06 290 524
2009-10 103.1 305 503
2010-11 111.42 339.1 513
2011-12 121.78 367 512
2012-13 119.78 370 525
2013-14 119.6 398 566
2014-15 128.46 386 511
2015-16 118.77 338 484
2016-17 105 351 568
3. • Sucking pests
• Boll worms
• Defoliators
• Root / Stem feeders or Borer pests
• Non insect pests
Insect pests of cotton are classified as
4. COTTON BOLLWORMS
Most destructive group of insects found on cotton in all
cotton growing areas of the world.
There are three kinds of bollworms, viz., Spotted
bollworms, American bollworm and Pink bollworm.
Pink bollworm:
Scientific name: Pectinophora gossypiella
Family: Gelechiidae
Order: Lepidoptera
5. EXTENT Of DAMAGE
It has emerged as a major threat to cotton
cultivation in central and southern parts of India.
It is known to cause 2.8 to 61.90 per cent loss in
seed cotton yield.
2.1 to 47.10 per cent loss in oil content.
10.70 to 59.20 per cent loss in normal opening of
bolls.
55 percent of locule damage with reduction in
seed cotton yield in the range of 35 to 90 per cent.
6.
7. Pink boll worm
Description of insect stages
• Adult is a dark brown moth and measure 1 cm in length.
• Fore wings- are narrow, trapezoidal in shape
• Hind wings- are round to wards apica Both fore wings and hind
wings are fringedl margin
8. • Eggs : female moth lays small flat eggs singly on the
tender leaves, flowers, squares and developing bolls
• Each female lays 400 eggs.
• Eggs are laid in singly or in groups of 50 to 60.
• I.P – 4-25 days.
9. • Larva : There are 3 larval instars
• First instars and second instars larvae are green in
colour and later instars, smooth pinkish coloured
body with brown coloured head
• L.P – 8-41 days
EARLY INSTAR LARVA LATE INSTAR LARVA
10. • Pupa : the fully grown larvae pupates among
fallen leaves, debris, dropped bolls, under
clods of soil
• P.P- 10-15 days
PUPA
11. Nature of damage:
Larva in flower bud spins webbing that prevents proper flower opening
leading to “rosetted – bloom”.
Larva when attacks a bud of less than 10 days olds, shedding of bud occurs
and larva dies but if the bud is older larva can complete its development.
There can be cent per cent pink bollworm infestation on bolls but there
need not be any shedding.
Ten to twenty day old bolls are attacked from under bracteoles.
larvae feed on the developing seeds while in younger bolls entire content
may be destroyed.
Climate plays an important role in determining the abundance of the pest
Moderate temp.
Cloudy weather
Moderate rains
14. GREEN BOLL DAMAGE LARVA FEEDING ON SEEDS
IMPROPER OPENING OF BOLL
DAMAGE IN OPEN BOLLS
15. Rosetted flower (improper opening of petals) is typical of bollworm
attack.
Small exist holes are seen on developing green bolls.
Stained lint around feeding areas resulting in bad quality kapas is
seen in open bolls.
Improper boll opening with damaged seeds are abviou.
Small round holes are seen on the septa between locules of open
bolls.
Lint of pink bollworm attacked bolls is of inferior quality.
SYMPTOM S OF DAMAGE
16.
17. Maintenance of host free period off – season is a must to ensure a pink boll
worm free next season.
Refugia: Recommened planting of desi cotton/ conventional non-Bt Cotton
and late planted bhendi as refugia crops.
Timely termination of the crop latest by December and avoiding ratoon and
or extended crop.
Destruction of crop residues and cotton stalks immediately after harvest.
Crop rotation is strongly recommended to break the pest life cycle.
Short duration single pick varieties (150 days) provide high yields in high
density and escape the pink bollworm.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
18. installation of light traps and pheromone traps
mass trapping and mating disruption using pheromone traps.
Use of the parasitoid Trichogramma bactriae and Bracon lefroyi in Bt-
Cotton fields for pink bollworm management.
Spraying of Neem oil@ 5 ml /liter (1500 ppm, 3000 ppm) at flowering
stage.
Insecticides such as thiodicarb or quinalphos or emamectin benzoate or
profinophos may be used in early stages.
Strictly avoid spraying pyrethroids before November or any insecticide
mixtures at any time to prevent whitefly outbreaks.
