PHYSIOLOGY OF AQUEOUS HUMOUR & IOP REGULATION 3.pptxAkashChaurewar1
This ppt is made available for free to use and modification.
This is made for presentation for PG seminar activity during MS ophthalmology residency 1st year by Dr Akash Chaurewar under guidance of Dr. Shubha Ghonsikar with mentors - Dr. Archana Vare and other faculty.
The aqueous humour is a clear fluid produced in the cilliary body that flows through the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste. It is formed primarily via active secretion and diffusion, circulating through the trabecular meshwork and schlemm's canal before draining into episcleral veins. The rate and composition of aqueous humour production and drainage are tightly regulated to maintain intraocular pressure for proper eye function.
The document discusses aqueous humor dynamics and intraocular pressure (IOP). It states that aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-3 μL/min and drains through the trabecular and uveoscleral pathways. IOP is determined by the modified Goldmann equation which accounts for aqueous production, episcleral venous pressure, and outflow through the trabecular and uveoscleral pathways. While an IOP over 21 mmHg was considered abnormal, glaucoma can occur at any IOP level and most people with higher pressures do not have glaucoma.
The aqueous humour is a clear fluid produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-3 μl/min that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is drained from the eye through two pathways - the conventional trabecular meshwork pathway which accounts for 75-90% of outflow, and the unconventional uveoscleral pathway which accounts for 10-25% of outflow. The trabecular meshwork pathway involves drainage through Schlemm's canal and collector channels into episcleral veins, while the uveoscleral pathway involves drainage through the ciliary muscles, suprachoroidal space, and sclera. Factors like IOP, medications, and age can
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of aqueous humour formation, circulation, and drainage. It discusses how aqueous humour is formed primarily through active transport in the ciliary body, circulates from the posterior to anterior chamber, and drains out through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal into episcleral veins. The key structures involved are the ciliary body, anterior chamber angle, trabecular meshwork, and Schlemm's canal. Aqueous humour production and outflow are regulated by various factors and drugs.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the aqueous humor in the eye. It discusses how aqueous humor is formed by the ciliary body primarily through ultrafiltration, active transport, and diffusion. It is then drained from the anterior chamber through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal (conventional outflow) and the suprachoroidal space (unconventional outflow). Factors that influence aqueous humor formation and outflow are also described.
The aqueous humor is a clear fluid produced by the ciliary body that flows through the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It provides nutrients to the avascular structures of the eye and maintains intraocular pressure. Aqueous humor is produced primarily via active transport processes and exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal (conventional outflow) or through the uveoscleral pathway. Glaucoma results from impaired outflow of aqueous humor which increases intraocular pressure over time.
The anterior chamber is filled with aqueous humour and bounded by the cornea and iris. The angle of the anterior chamber plays an important role in aqueous drainage through structures like the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal. The posterior chamber lies behind the iris and lens and is also filled with aqueous humour secreted by the ciliary processes. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits through the trabecular meshwork or uveoscleral pathways to maintain intraocular pressure within normal limits.
PHYSIOLOGY OF AQUEOUS HUMOUR & IOP REGULATION 3.pptxAkashChaurewar1
This ppt is made available for free to use and modification.
This is made for presentation for PG seminar activity during MS ophthalmology residency 1st year by Dr Akash Chaurewar under guidance of Dr. Shubha Ghonsikar with mentors - Dr. Archana Vare and other faculty.
The aqueous humour is a clear fluid produced in the cilliary body that flows through the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste. It is formed primarily via active secretion and diffusion, circulating through the trabecular meshwork and schlemm's canal before draining into episcleral veins. The rate and composition of aqueous humour production and drainage are tightly regulated to maintain intraocular pressure for proper eye function.
The document discusses aqueous humor dynamics and intraocular pressure (IOP). It states that aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-3 μL/min and drains through the trabecular and uveoscleral pathways. IOP is determined by the modified Goldmann equation which accounts for aqueous production, episcleral venous pressure, and outflow through the trabecular and uveoscleral pathways. While an IOP over 21 mmHg was considered abnormal, glaucoma can occur at any IOP level and most people with higher pressures do not have glaucoma.
The aqueous humour is a clear fluid produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-3 μl/min that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is drained from the eye through two pathways - the conventional trabecular meshwork pathway which accounts for 75-90% of outflow, and the unconventional uveoscleral pathway which accounts for 10-25% of outflow. The trabecular meshwork pathway involves drainage through Schlemm's canal and collector channels into episcleral veins, while the uveoscleral pathway involves drainage through the ciliary muscles, suprachoroidal space, and sclera. Factors like IOP, medications, and age can
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of aqueous humour formation, circulation, and drainage. It discusses how aqueous humour is formed primarily through active transport in the ciliary body, circulates from the posterior to anterior chamber, and drains out through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal into episcleral veins. The key structures involved are the ciliary body, anterior chamber angle, trabecular meshwork, and Schlemm's canal. Aqueous humour production and outflow are regulated by various factors and drugs.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the aqueous humor in the eye. It discusses how aqueous humor is formed by the ciliary body primarily through ultrafiltration, active transport, and diffusion. It is then drained from the anterior chamber through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal (conventional outflow) and the suprachoroidal space (unconventional outflow). Factors that influence aqueous humor formation and outflow are also described.
The aqueous humor is a clear fluid produced by the ciliary body that flows through the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It provides nutrients to the avascular structures of the eye and maintains intraocular pressure. Aqueous humor is produced primarily via active transport processes and exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal (conventional outflow) or through the uveoscleral pathway. Glaucoma results from impaired outflow of aqueous humor which increases intraocular pressure over time.
The anterior chamber is filled with aqueous humour and bounded by the cornea and iris. The angle of the anterior chamber plays an important role in aqueous drainage through structures like the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal. The posterior chamber lies behind the iris and lens and is also filled with aqueous humour secreted by the ciliary processes. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits through the trabecular meshwork or uveoscleral pathways to maintain intraocular pressure within normal limits.
The document discusses aqueous humour dynamics, which play an important role in glaucoma pathogenesis. Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2.0-2.5 μl/min through ultrafiltration, active secretion, and diffusion. It flows from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, providing nutrients and removing waste. Aqueous humour exits through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal via conventional outflow or through the iris and ciliary muscle via unconventional outflow. The balance of aqueous humour inflow and outflow regulates intraocular pressure.
The document discusses the angle of the anterior chamber and aqueous humor dynamics. It covers the anatomy and development of the angle, diagnostic methods for examining the angle like gonioscopy, and grading scales for the angle. It also discusses the production and drainage of aqueous humor, including the roles of the ciliary body and processes, trabecular meshwork, and collector channels. Key functions of the aqueous humor include maintaining eye pressure and providing nutrients to ocular tissues.
The cornea relies on metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to produce energy for maintaining transparency. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, yielding ATP. Under hypoxia, pyruvate is converted to lactate. The hexose monophosphate shunt produces pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis. Krebs cycle yields ATP. Corneal transparency results from the uniform arrangement of epithelial cells, avascularity, packed stromal lamellae, and relative dehydration maintained by metabolic pumping. Metabolic factors, barrier functions, and hydration levels are tightly regulated to prevent edema and maintain transparency.
The document discusses aqueous humour dynamics, which includes its anatomy, physiology, composition, and flow. Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-2.5 μl/min through ultrafiltration, diffusion and active transport mechanisms. It flows from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, providing nutrients to ocular structures. The trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal allow for conventional outflow, while unconventional outflow occurs through the uveoscleral pathway. Factors like age, medications and IOP can influence aqueous humour production and outflow.
physiology of aqueoushumor-140302140543-phpapp01 (1).pptxVidushRatan1
1. The document discusses the physiology of aqueous humor, which is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 1.5-4.5 μl/min and exits through the trabecular meshwork.
2. Aqueous humor is formed through diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active transport processes. Its composition is similar to plasma but with higher concentrations of ascorbic acid.
3. Aqueous humor exits the eye through two pathways - the conventional trabecular route through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal, and the unconventional uveoscleral route through the iris root
The document summarizes aqueous humour dynamics. Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-3 μL/min through ultrafiltration, active secretion and diffusion. It flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber. It then drains through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and collector channels and episcleral veins. Glaucoma results from obstruction of this outflow pathway. Drugs like pilocarpine work by contracting the ciliary muscle to pull the iris away from trabecular meshwork and increase outflow.
The document summarizes key aspects of biochemistry in the eye and visual system. It discusses the layers, chemical composition, and functions of the tear film. It also describes the metabolism and nutrient sources of the cornea, biochemical composition of the lens and role in cataract formation, and the photopigments and visual cycle in the retina. The visual transduction process and color vision are also summarized.
The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-2.5 microliters per minute and circulates through the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste before draining out of the eye. The aqueous humor is composed primarily of water but also contains proteins, amino acids, and other constituents. It is produced via diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active secretion across the blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary processes. Sodium secretion is a key driver of aqueous production, with sodium then facilitating water movement into the posterior chamber. The aqueous humor drains from the eye through both uveoscleral and trabec
Anatomy and Physiology of Aqueous Humor Sumit Singh Maharjan
2. Anatomy
3. Angle of anterior chamber
4. Angle of the Anterior chamber
5. Gonioscopic grading of Angle
6. Aqueous Outflow system
7. Trabecular meshwork
8. Functions of Aqueous Humor • Maintenance of Intraocular pressure • Metabolic role cornea lens vitreous and retina • Optical function • Clearing function
9. Physicochemical properties • volume: 0.31ml (0.25ml in Ant. Chamber and 0.06 in post chamber) • Refractive index: 1.336 • Density: slightly greater than water, its viscocity is 1.025-1.040 • Osmotic pressure: slightly hyperosmotic to plasma by 3-5mosm/l • PH: 7.2 • Rate of formation: 2-2.5microliter/min
10. Biochemical composition • Water: 99.9% • Proteins: 5-16mg/100ml • Amino acids: aqueous/plasma concentration varies from 0.08-3.14 • Non colloidal constituents: conc. of ascorbate, pyruvate, lactate in higher am
The document summarizes the physiology of aqueous humor and factors that influence intraocular pressure (IOP). It describes how aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body and exits through two outflow pathways - the trabecular and uveoscleral routes. Aqueous humor formation involves diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active transport processes. IOP is influenced by both long-term factors like genetics, age, gender and refractive error as well as short-term factors such as diurnal variation, exertion, eye movements, and systemic health conditions. Maintaining the balance between aqueous humor production and outflow is important for normal IOP levels.
Let's learn about the relevant anatomy & physiology associated with glaucoma- the angle of the anterior chamber, physiology of aqueous humor circulation, and many more. Happy Learning!
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor in the eye. It describes how aqueous humor is continuously produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2.6-2.8 μl/min and circulates from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber before draining out of the eye. Aqueous humor is formed primarily via active transport processes across the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, establishing an osmotic gradient that allows fluid movement. It then drains from the anterior chamber through both the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and the uveoscleral pathway. The facility of aqueous outflow is represented by the C-value which is used to evaluate aqueous drainage and diagnose
The aqueous humour is a transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium, a structure supporting the lens
The document summarizes the formation and circulation of aqueous humour in the eye. It describes how aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes through diffusion, ultrafiltration and active transport. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits the eye through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork (70-95% of outflow) and the uveoscleral pathway (5-30% of outflow). The trabecular meshwork consists of the inner uveal meshwork, corneoscleral meshwork and juxtacanalicular tissue, and facilitates outflow into Schlemm's canal.
The document summarizes key aspects of aqueous humour, including its functions, physicochemical properties, factors affecting its composition and outflow, and role in maintaining intraocular pressure. Aqueous humour is a clear fluid continuously circulated in the eye that maintains intraocular pressure and shape. It is produced by the ciliary epithelium and exits through trabecular and uveoscleral outflow pathways. The blood-aqueous barrier prevents plasma proteins from entering the aqueous, and its breakdown allows plasma contents to pass into the aqueous.
Dr. reema thomas aqueous dynamics 18 1-17ophthalmgmcri
The document summarizes key aspects of aqueous humour, including its functions, physicochemical properties, factors affecting its composition and outflow, and role in maintaining intraocular pressure. Aqueous humour is a clear fluid continuously circulated in the eye that maintains intraocular pressure and shape. It is produced by the ciliary epithelium and exits through trabecular and uveoscleral outflow pathways. The blood-aqueous barrier prevents plasma proteins from entering the aqueous, and its breakdown allows plasma contents to pass into the aqueous.
Fluid and electrolyte balance is a dynamic process that is crucial for life.
Plays important role in homeostasis.
Imbalance may result from many factors, associates with illness
Water comprises 60% (40L) of the body weight of an average adult.
Water is the solvent of life. water is more important than any other single compound to life. lt is involved in several body functions.
The document discusses aqueous humour dynamics, which play an important role in glaucoma pathogenesis. Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2.0-2.5 μl/min through ultrafiltration, active secretion, and diffusion. It flows from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, providing nutrients and removing waste. Aqueous humour exits through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal via conventional outflow or through the iris and ciliary muscle via unconventional outflow. The balance of aqueous humour inflow and outflow regulates intraocular pressure.
The document discusses the angle of the anterior chamber and aqueous humor dynamics. It covers the anatomy and development of the angle, diagnostic methods for examining the angle like gonioscopy, and grading scales for the angle. It also discusses the production and drainage of aqueous humor, including the roles of the ciliary body and processes, trabecular meshwork, and collector channels. Key functions of the aqueous humor include maintaining eye pressure and providing nutrients to ocular tissues.
The cornea relies on metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to produce energy for maintaining transparency. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, yielding ATP. Under hypoxia, pyruvate is converted to lactate. The hexose monophosphate shunt produces pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis. Krebs cycle yields ATP. Corneal transparency results from the uniform arrangement of epithelial cells, avascularity, packed stromal lamellae, and relative dehydration maintained by metabolic pumping. Metabolic factors, barrier functions, and hydration levels are tightly regulated to prevent edema and maintain transparency.
The document discusses aqueous humour dynamics, which includes its anatomy, physiology, composition, and flow. Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-2.5 μl/min through ultrafiltration, diffusion and active transport mechanisms. It flows from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber, providing nutrients to ocular structures. The trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal allow for conventional outflow, while unconventional outflow occurs through the uveoscleral pathway. Factors like age, medications and IOP can influence aqueous humour production and outflow.
physiology of aqueoushumor-140302140543-phpapp01 (1).pptxVidushRatan1
1. The document discusses the physiology of aqueous humor, which is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 1.5-4.5 μl/min and exits through the trabecular meshwork.
2. Aqueous humor is formed through diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active transport processes. Its composition is similar to plasma but with higher concentrations of ascorbic acid.
3. Aqueous humor exits the eye through two pathways - the conventional trabecular route through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal, and the unconventional uveoscleral route through the iris root
The document summarizes aqueous humour dynamics. Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-3 μL/min through ultrafiltration, active secretion and diffusion. It flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber. It then drains through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and collector channels and episcleral veins. Glaucoma results from obstruction of this outflow pathway. Drugs like pilocarpine work by contracting the ciliary muscle to pull the iris away from trabecular meshwork and increase outflow.
The document summarizes key aspects of biochemistry in the eye and visual system. It discusses the layers, chemical composition, and functions of the tear film. It also describes the metabolism and nutrient sources of the cornea, biochemical composition of the lens and role in cataract formation, and the photopigments and visual cycle in the retina. The visual transduction process and color vision are also summarized.
The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2-2.5 microliters per minute and circulates through the eye, providing nutrients and removing waste before draining out of the eye. The aqueous humor is composed primarily of water but also contains proteins, amino acids, and other constituents. It is produced via diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active secretion across the blood-aqueous barrier in the ciliary processes. Sodium secretion is a key driver of aqueous production, with sodium then facilitating water movement into the posterior chamber. The aqueous humor drains from the eye through both uveoscleral and trabec
Anatomy and Physiology of Aqueous Humor Sumit Singh Maharjan
2. Anatomy
3. Angle of anterior chamber
4. Angle of the Anterior chamber
5. Gonioscopic grading of Angle
6. Aqueous Outflow system
7. Trabecular meshwork
8. Functions of Aqueous Humor • Maintenance of Intraocular pressure • Metabolic role cornea lens vitreous and retina • Optical function • Clearing function
9. Physicochemical properties • volume: 0.31ml (0.25ml in Ant. Chamber and 0.06 in post chamber) • Refractive index: 1.336 • Density: slightly greater than water, its viscocity is 1.025-1.040 • Osmotic pressure: slightly hyperosmotic to plasma by 3-5mosm/l • PH: 7.2 • Rate of formation: 2-2.5microliter/min
10. Biochemical composition • Water: 99.9% • Proteins: 5-16mg/100ml • Amino acids: aqueous/plasma concentration varies from 0.08-3.14 • Non colloidal constituents: conc. of ascorbate, pyruvate, lactate in higher am
The document summarizes the physiology of aqueous humor and factors that influence intraocular pressure (IOP). It describes how aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body and exits through two outflow pathways - the trabecular and uveoscleral routes. Aqueous humor formation involves diffusion, ultrafiltration, and active transport processes. IOP is influenced by both long-term factors like genetics, age, gender and refractive error as well as short-term factors such as diurnal variation, exertion, eye movements, and systemic health conditions. Maintaining the balance between aqueous humor production and outflow is important for normal IOP levels.
Let's learn about the relevant anatomy & physiology associated with glaucoma- the angle of the anterior chamber, physiology of aqueous humor circulation, and many more. Happy Learning!
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of aqueous humor in the eye. It describes how aqueous humor is continuously produced by the ciliary processes at a rate of 2.6-2.8 μl/min and circulates from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber before draining out of the eye. Aqueous humor is formed primarily via active transport processes across the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, establishing an osmotic gradient that allows fluid movement. It then drains from the anterior chamber through both the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and the uveoscleral pathway. The facility of aqueous outflow is represented by the C-value which is used to evaluate aqueous drainage and diagnose
The aqueous humour is a transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium, a structure supporting the lens
The document summarizes the formation and circulation of aqueous humour in the eye. It describes how aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes through diffusion, ultrafiltration and active transport. Aqueous humour flows from the posterior to anterior chamber and exits the eye through two pathways - the trabecular meshwork (70-95% of outflow) and the uveoscleral pathway (5-30% of outflow). The trabecular meshwork consists of the inner uveal meshwork, corneoscleral meshwork and juxtacanalicular tissue, and facilitates outflow into Schlemm's canal.
The document summarizes key aspects of aqueous humour, including its functions, physicochemical properties, factors affecting its composition and outflow, and role in maintaining intraocular pressure. Aqueous humour is a clear fluid continuously circulated in the eye that maintains intraocular pressure and shape. It is produced by the ciliary epithelium and exits through trabecular and uveoscleral outflow pathways. The blood-aqueous barrier prevents plasma proteins from entering the aqueous, and its breakdown allows plasma contents to pass into the aqueous.
Dr. reema thomas aqueous dynamics 18 1-17ophthalmgmcri
The document summarizes key aspects of aqueous humour, including its functions, physicochemical properties, factors affecting its composition and outflow, and role in maintaining intraocular pressure. Aqueous humour is a clear fluid continuously circulated in the eye that maintains intraocular pressure and shape. It is produced by the ciliary epithelium and exits through trabecular and uveoscleral outflow pathways. The blood-aqueous barrier prevents plasma proteins from entering the aqueous, and its breakdown allows plasma contents to pass into the aqueous.
Fluid and electrolyte balance is a dynamic process that is crucial for life.
Plays important role in homeostasis.
Imbalance may result from many factors, associates with illness
Water comprises 60% (40L) of the body weight of an average adult.
Water is the solvent of life. water is more important than any other single compound to life. lt is involved in several body functions.
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4. INTRODUCTION TO AQUEOUS
• Aqueous is Clear , Colorless fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of eye.
• Volume = 0.31ml
• Anterior Chamber 0.25ml
• Posterior Chamber 0.06ml
• Refractive Index = 1.333
• PH = 7.2
• Hyperosmotic
• Rate of Formation = 2-3 microL/min
5. INTRODUCTION TO AQUEOUS…
• Previously thought to be stagnant until 1921 that Siedel proved aqueous indeed
circulating.
• Thermal current in Aqueous humour- due to warmer Iris and cooler Cornea,
rises near Iris and Descends near cornea.
(Clinical Imp.- Keratic Precipitates and Kruckenberg Spindles)
8. COMPOSITION OF AQUEOUS
• Difficult to obtain aqueous humour sample, particularly posterior
chamber sample.
• Accordingly, most of our knowledge about composition is based on
animal studies.
10. Proteins
• Non-pigmented ciliary epithelium and
capillaries of iris are not permeable to
proteins
• Concentration of protein in aqueous humour
is 0.02% whereas in plasma 7 %
• Smaller proteins(albumin) are present in
higher concentration than larger proteins
(IgM,IgA,IgD)
11. Glucose
• Concentration is relatively Low.
• Most of it is lost to vitreous or taken up by
Lens and Cornea.
12. ELECTROLYTES
• Most of the sodium enters the eye by active
transport and aqueous sodium
concentration is not closely linked to plasma
sodium concentration.
• Chloride is actively transported and depends
on pH and concentration of sodium.
• Bicarbonates are actively transported either
primarily or linked with sodium.
13. ASCORBIC
ACID
• Actively transported into the eye against the
large concentration gradient.
• Protects the eye from oxidative damage
from ultraviolet induced free radicles.
14. LACTATE &
PYRUVATE
• Concentration of both are relatively high.
• Presumably due to glycolytic activity by
avascular tissue such as Lens and Cornea.
16. FUNCTIONS OF AQUEOUS
• Nutrition to cells of Cornea, Lens and Iris (Oxygen, Glucose, Amino Acids).
• Removes toxic metabolic product(Lactate, CO2) from Cornea, Lens and Iris.
• Provides optically clear media for vision.
• Inflates the globe and maintains the Intra-Ocular Pressure and shape of eyeball.
• Protects against Ultraviolet-induced oxidative damage (High Ascorbic Acid levels).
• Facilitates Cellular and Humoral responses of eye to inflammation and infection.
27. ULTRAFILTRATION…
• Blood flows through ciliary process = 150ml/min
• 4% of plasma filtered out from fenestration through capillary wall into interstitial
space.
• Rate of protein leakage is relatively low. However ciliary epithelium is even less
permeable to colloids into posterior chamber.
• Interstitial space colloid concentration 75% of plasma which favors the movement
of water into stroma but retards the movement into posterior chamber
28. ULTRAFILTRATION…
• Few studies postulates that ultrafiltration is main process for formation of
majority of aqueous humour
But
1. It is unlikely that hydrostatic pressure difference between ciliary capillaries and
posterior chamber can overcome the large oncotic pressure differential.
2. Does not explain why active ion transport inhibitors such as ouabain capable of
reducing aqueous humour formation by 70 to 80%.
3. Ultrafiltration moves fluid from capillaries to ciliary stroma but alone is
insufficient to account for volume of fluid moved to posterior chamber.
29. DIFFUSION
• Diffusion is movement of a substance
across a membrane along its
concentration gradient.
30. DIFFUSION
• During passage from Posterior Chamber to Schelmm’s canal , aqueous is in
contact with iris , lens , cornea where diffusion takes place
• As a result , Anterior chamber aqueous resembles plasma more closely than
posterior chamber .
• Aqueous provides oxygen and nutrient with surrounding tissues and removes
metabolic waste by diffusion.
31. ACTIVE SECRETION
• Energy dependent process that selectively moves substance against its
concentration gradient across cell membrane.
• It is postulated that majority of aqueous humour formation depends on ions
being actively secreted into intercellular clefts of non-pigmented ciliary
epithelium beyond tight junctions.
• Performed by Non-pigmented epithelial cells which secretes aqueous 1/3rd of its
Intracellular volume per min.
32. Uptake of NaCl
from Stroma
Passage from
PCE to NPCE via
Gap Junctions
Into post.
Chamber via
NaK-ATPase & Cl-
Channel
33. Blood Aqueous Barrier
• Barrier to movement of substance from plasma to aqueous humour
in posterior chamber
• However tight junctions connecting apical portion of adjacent non-
pigmented epithelium often implicated as actual site of barrier.
34.
35. FACTORS AFFECTING AQUEOUS HUMOUR
FORMATION
• Aueous humour formation averages 2-3 microL/min during daytime in
normal humans.
• Rate of formation is not static but varies and affected by many factors
36. FACTORS AFFECTING AQUEOUS HUMOUR
FORMATION…
1. Diurnal Variations
• Maximum pressure in morning hours and minimum in late nights
• During sleep, rate of formation is approx. ½ the rate upon first
awakening.
• Reduction is result of decreased stimulation of ciliary epithelium
by circulating catecholamines
37. FACTORS AFFECTING AQUEOUS HUMOUR
FORMATION…
2. AGE/SEX
• Male=Female
• Reduction in formation of aqueous after age 60years, decline =
3.2%per decade and overall, 25% in lifetime
• Decrease could be due to ageing of ciliary epithelium.
38. FACTORS AFFECTING AQUEOUS HUMOUR
FORMATION…
3. BLOOD FLOW TO CILIARY BODY
• Modest reduction in ciliary body blood flow , doesn’t have much
effect.
• Only transient effect is seen.
• However profound vasoconstriction does diminish rate of aqueous
flow.
39. FACTORS AFFECTING AQUEOUS HUMOUR
FORMATION…
4. NEURAL CONTROL
• CNS mechanism do influence aqueous secretory rates, but mechanism
is unclear.
• Stimulation of cervical sympathetic chain decreases aqueous
production.
• Sympathetic system may be involved in circadian rhythm of aqueous
production.
• However, U/L Horner’s syndrome does not affect aqueous formation
rate.
40. FACTORS AFFECTING AQUEOUS HUMOUR
FORMATION…
5. HORMONAL EFFECT
• Circulating corticosteroids have significant effect.
• Increased ADH ---- Increase active secretion of Na+ across ciliary
epithelium --- Increased Aqueous production.
• Brubaker and co-workers –
melatonin/progesterone/desmopressin-No effect
41. FACTORS AFFECTING AQUEOUS HUMOUR
FORMATION…
6. Intracellular regulators
• cAMP plays important role in intracellular secretory process
of ciliary body
• cGMP is second messenger for regulation of aqueous
secretion
47. TRABECULAR MESHWORK OUTFLOW
UVEAL
• Adjacent to AC
• From root of iris to
Schwalbe’s line
• 70microM in diameter
• Randomly oriented
interconnecting bands
• Only few layers thick
48. TRABECULAR MESHWORK OUTFLOW
CORNEO
SCLERAL
• From Schwalbe’s line to
Scleral spur
• 8-14 flattened
perforated parallel
sheets
• 35microM in diameter
• Longitudinal muscle
fibres inserts on
posterior portion
50. Schlemm’s Canal
• Circumferential vascular channel in perilimbal area
• Total circumference = 36mm
• Surrounded by sclera, TM and scleral spur
• Lumen is 50 microM at posterior base and 5-10 microM
at apex But it changes with IOP. Large at low IOP and
small at high IOP
51.
52. Biomechanical Pump
Model
• Powered by transient
increase in IOP caused
by
As pressure increases ,
fluid is forced into one
way collector valves.
Cardiac Cycle
blinking and eye
movements
62. IOP REGULATION
• Too high intra ocular pressure is universally accepted as one of the
most important risk factor for optic nerve damage
• Therefore, study of those elements that contribute to intra-ocular
pressure maintenance becomes necessary to understand
pathophysiology of disease.
63. Contributors to IOP
1. Aqueous formation(F)
2. Facility of outflow(C)
3. Episcleral venous pressure(Pv)
These are related to each other by Goldmann Equation:
Po= F/C + Pv
65. FACTORS EXERTING LONG TERM INFLUENCE ON
IOP
1. AGE
• IOP increases with age
• Children have lower pressure than normal population
2. GENDER
• Between 20-40 years IOP is equal in Males and Females
• In older age group IOP is more in women
66. FACTORS EXERTING LONG TERM INFLUENCE ON
IOP
3. RACE
• Blacks have higher IOP than Whites.
4. Genetics
• Some induvial may be genetically predisposed to higher IOPs.
• Higher in individuals who have relatives with open angle
glaucoma.
67. FACTORS EXERTING SHORT TERM INFLUENCE
ON IOP
1. DIURNAL
• IOP shows cyclic fluctuations throughout the day
• Ranges from 3-6 mm Of Mercury
• Higher IOP associated with greater fluctuations and diurnal
fluctuation of greater than 10mm Of Mercury is suggestive of
glaucoma
68. FACTORS EXERTING SHORT TERM INFLUENCE
ON IOP…
2. Postural
• IOP increases when changing posture-- Sitting < Supine < Prone
• Posture has greater influence on eyes with glaucoma.
• Patients with systemic hypertension have greater IOP increase
after 15min in supine.
69. FACTORS EXERTING SHORT TERM INFLUENCE
ON IOP…
3. Exercise
• Depends on nature of exercise performed.
• Running / Bicycling – Lowers IOP
• Straining as associated with Valsalva, playing wind instrument—
Elevates the IOP
70. FACTORS EXERTING SHORT TERM INFLUENCE
ON IOP…
4. Ocular Conditions
• Blinking raises IOP by 10 mm Of Mercury, while hard squeezing up
to 90 mm Of Mercury
• Myopes have higher IOP (IOP corelates with axial length)
• Inflammation decreases IOP unless aqueous humor outflow
affected more than inflow
• Surgery decreases IOP unless aqueous humor outflow affected
more than inflow
71. FACTORS EXERTING SHORT TERM INFLUENCE
ON IOP…
5. Systemic Conditions
• Systemic Hypertension – Increases IOP
• Obesity– Increases IOP
• Hyperthyroidism – Decreases IOP
• Hypothyroidism – Increases IOP
• Diabetic patients have higher IOP
72. FACTORS EXERTING SHORT TERM INFLUENCE
ON IOP…
6. Environmental Conditions
• Higher IOP in winter months
(attributed to change in number of hours of light and alteration of
atmospheric pressure)
• Reduced gravity causes sudden marked increase in IOP.
77. Mentors
• Dr. Archana Vare
Professor & HOD
Dept. Of Ophthalmology
GMC Aurangabad
• Dr. Shubha Ghonsikar
Professor(Academic)
Department Of Ophthalmology
GMC Aurangabad.
Special Thanks to all other faculty, Senior Residents , Colleagues who help in in understanding
the topic in simple way.
78. Request
• This ppt is made available for
free use and modification.
• Kindly modify and improve it
and again make freely
available for others to learn.
• Let's create something for
which the future generation
will proud of.
Editor's Notes
Schlemm’s canal drained by 20-30 collector channels
Schlemm’s canal drained by 20-30 collector channels
PG analogues acts by increasing primarily through uveoscleral outflow(blue)