1. Back injuries are caused by damage or trauma to the bones, muscles, or tissues of the back and include sprains, strains, herniated discs, and fractured vertebrae, with the lumbar spine being most susceptible. 2. Diagnosis involves physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests like x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs. 3. Treatment depends on the diagnosis and severity but may include rest, ice/heat therapy, medications, physical therapy, injections, and sometimes surgery.

2. Muhammad Tariq 17
Presented To:
Prof. Sajjad Ali Gill
Sports Sciences Dept PU New Campus Lahore

3. What are the Types of Sports Injuries.
Especially Back Injuries
and How We Can Rehabilitate with
Exercise Physiology

4. Injury is damage to the body
caused by external force. This
may be caused by accidents,
falls, hits, weapons, and other
causes.

5. The most common sports injuries are
strains and sprains.
Sprains are injuries to ligaments, the tough
bands connecting bones in a joint. Suddenly
stretching ligaments past their limits
deforms or tears them.
Strains are injuries to muscle fibers or
tendons, which anchor muscles to bones.

6.  Back injuries result from damage, wear,
or trauma to the bones, muscles, or
other tissues of the back. Common back
injuries include sprains and
strains, herniated discs, and fractured
vertebrae. The lumbar spine is often the
site of back pain. The area is susceptible
because of its flexibility and the amount
of body weight it regularly bears.

8. Causes
 Many back injuries share similar causes. Strains and
sprains to the back muscles can be caused by
improper movements while lifting heavy loads, over
use of a muscle, sudden forceful movements, or
direct trauma. Herniated discs are associated with
age-related degeneration, trauma such as a fall or
car accident, and bending or twisting while lifting
heavy weights. Common causes of vertebral
fractures include trauma from a direct blow, a
compression force resulting in improper or excessive
axial loading, and hyper-flexion or hyper-extension.

10.  Vertebral fractures
in children or elderly individuals can be
related to the development or health of their
spine. The most common vertebral fracture in
children is spondylolysis which can progress
to spondylolisthesis. The immature skeleton
contains growth plates which have not yet
completely ossified into stronger mature
bone. Vertebral fractures in elderly individuals
are exacerbated by weakening of the skeleton
associated with osteoporosis.

11.  Diagnosis of a back injury begins with
a physical examination and thorough medical
history by health-care personnel. Some
injuries, such as sprains and strains or
herniated discs, can be diagnosed in this
manner. To confirm these diagnoses, or to rule
out other injuries or pathology, imaging of the
injured region can be ordered. X-rays are often
used to visualize pathology of bones and can
be ordered when a vertebral fracture is
suspected.

12.  CT Scan
CT scans produce higher resolution images
when compared to x-rays and can be used to
view more subtle fractures which may
otherwise go undetected on x-ray. MRI is
commonly referred to as the gold standard for
visualizing soft tissue and can be used to
assist with diagnosing many back injuries,
including herniated discs and neurological
disorders, bleeding, and edema.

13.  Treatment for back injuries depends on the
diagnosis, level of pain, and whether there is
loss of function or quality of life.

14.  Cold therapy reduces inflammation, edema, pain,
and muscle spasms associated with acute back
injury.
 Heat therapy is used to reduce pain and alleviate
sore and stiff muscles. Heat therapy is proposed to
work by facilitating delivery of nutrients and oxygen
to the site of injury to accommodate healing.
 Medication: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) or acetaminophen can be taken to reduce
mild to moderate pain associated with back injuries.
NSAIDs are suggested to be more effective for
persistent pain than for acute pain.

15.  Therapy and alternative medicine:
 an active approach to recovery is recommended
over bed rest for most cases of back injury. Activity
promotes strength and functional rehabilitation and
counters atrophy associated with disuse. Physical
therapy can help reduce pain and regain strength
and function. The gentle movement of yoga and tai
chi are suggested to improve function and to counter
the negative psychosocial effects that can be
secondary to injury. Spinal manipulation, massage,
and acupuncture have been used to treat the pain
associated with various back injuries, but there is
little consensus on their degree of effectiveness.

16. Injections:
 Spinal nerve blocks and epidural injections are
options available to alleviate pain and
neurological symptoms. Injections
of anesthetics alleviate pain while steroid
injections can be used to reduce the
inflammation and swelling surrounding spinal
nerves.

17.  Surgery
 is considered when symptoms persist after
attempting conservative treatment. It is estimated 10-
20 percent of individuals with low back pain fail to
improve with conservative measures.
 A discectomy is a common procedure used to
alleviate the radiating pain and neurological
symptoms associated with a herniated disc. There
are multiple variations of a discectomy with differing
approaches to access the herniated disc, but the
goal of the procedure is to remove the portion of the
intervertebral disc that is protruding into the vertebral
foramen.

18.  A total disc replacement can also be
performed to address a herniated disc. Rather
than removing only the portion of the disc that
has prolapsed as in a discectomy, this
procedure involves removing the
entire vertebral disc and replacing it with an
artificial one.
 Surgical remedies for vertebral fractures are
found to be more effective than conservative
treatment. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are
considered minimally invasive surgical
procedures and are proposed to relieve pain
and restore function of fractured vertebrae

19. Suggestions for preventing various back injuries
primarily address the causes of those injuries.
The risk for back sprains and strains may be
reduced with lifestyle choices,
including smoking cessation, limiting alcohol,
maintaining a healthy weight, and keeping
bones and muscles strong with
adequate exercise and a healthy diet. The risk
for disc herniations can be reduced by using
proper techniques when lifting heavy loads,
smoking cessation, and weight loss to reduce
the load placed on the spine.

20.  Vertebral fractures may be difficult to prevent
since common causes are related to accidents
or age-related degeneration associated with
osteoporosis. Treating osteoporosis
with pharmacotherapy, enrolling in a fall
prevention program, strengthening muscles
and bones with a weight-bearing exercise
program, and adopting a nutritional program
that promotes bone health are all options to
reduce the risk of vertebral fractures
associated with osteoporosis.

21. Bone healing, or fracture healing,
is a proliferative physiological process in
which the body facilitates the repair of
a bone fracture. While immobilization and
surgery may facilitate healing, a fracture
ultimately heals through physiological
processes.

22.  Inflammation
 Soft callus formation
 Hard callus formation
 Remodeling

23.  Healing
is a systematic process, traditionally explained
in terms of 4 overlapping classic phases:
homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and
maturation. While platelets play a crucial role
in clot formation during homeostasis,
inflammatory cells derided injured tissue
during the inflammatory phase.

24.  Treatment of a ligament injury varies
depending on it's location and severity.
Grade I sprains usually heal within a few
weeks. Maximal ligament strength will
occur after six weeks when the collagen
fibers have matured. Resting from painful
activity, icing the injury, and some anti-
inflammatory medications are useful.

25.  During this period, the repair tissue
changes to fibrous tissue, this again
changes to scar like tendon tissue after
10 weeks. TGF-beta is active during the
inflammatory and repair phases
of tendon healing. TGF-beta plays a
major role in the repair of
injured tendons.

26.  After 8-12 months, the fistula is usually
strong enough that things like sleeping
with your pierced cartilage against your
pillow won't make you wake up with a
throbbing ear. Helix piercings take
patience and perseverance to heal, and
both types of ear piercings require
vigilant after care.

28.  Top Foods to Heal Broken Bones.
High calcium foods The major mineral in
bones is calcium, so try to include foods
high in this important mineral such as sea
vegetables, green leafy
vegetables, salmon, sardines with bones,
and
unsweetened cultured dairy like yogurt, k
efir, and amasses.

29.  Eat a variety of food every day. A variety of
food is necessary to supply the many nutrients
required for good health. One should choose
foods from the basic food groups.
 Meat or meat substitute groups.
 Milk and milk products.
 Bread and cereals.
 Fruit and vegetables.
 Fats.

30.  Prevent and control obesity.
 Eat less fats.
 Eat less refined sugars.
 Eat more complex carbohydrates and
dietary fiber.
 Limit alcohol intake.
 Reduce salt intake.
 Drink more water.

31.  5 nutritional steps to accelerate fracture
healing.
 Provide the body with adequate energy.
 Check your protein intake.
 Increase anti-inflammatory nutrients.
 Boost your mineral intake.
 Enhance vitamin intake.

32.  Your bones consist of a complex network
of proteins, such as collagen, and
minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Certain key nutrients such as vitamin D
play a part in bone health. But a variety
of vitamins and minerals in your diet help
encourage bone growth, density and
development.

33.  We Can See Some Exercises with Their
Names Who are Helpful in Rehabilitation
of Back Injuries or Back Pain

50. Take these steps to prevent injuries so
you can stay in the game.
 Wear protective gear, such as helmets,
protective pads, and other gear.
 Warm up and cool down.
 Know the rules of the game.
 Watch out for others.
 Don't play when you're injured.

57. Especially Thanks to Prof. Sajjad Ali Gill
(Sports Sciences Dept PU Lahore)
And Thanks All of You
Books.
Sports First Aid (a coach's guide to the care and
prevention of athletic injuries)
Written by
Melinda J.Flegel

58. Sports Injuries Basics Principles Prevent
and Care
Written by:
P.A.F.H Renstrom
Library of Congress Cataloging in
publication Data
Main Library of PU new campus
library of sports sciences & physical
education dept PU Lahore

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