This document discusses students with physical disabilities, health impairments, and severe disabilities. It provides vignettes of individuals who overcame disabilities, including Apolinario Mabini, Arturo Acosta Borjal, Stephen Hawking, and Christopher Reeve. It then describes types of physical disabilities such as cerebral palsy, neural tube defects, seizure disorders, traumatic brain injury, and degenerative diseases. It also lists various health impairments and concludes by mentioning different assistive technologies that can help students with disabilities.

1. CHAPTER 12
STUDENTS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES, HEALTH
IMPAIRMENTS AND SEVERE DISABILITIES

2. VIGNETTES OF PERSONS
WHO TRIUMPHED OVER
THEIR DISABILITIES

3. APOLINARIO MABINI
“Sublime Paralytic, HERO”
O A leader who has known for his authority,
one who has gained prestige because of
his intellectual capacity, his principles, and
his ability to influence persons and
situations and to analyze circumstances.
He was the epitome of a hero.

5. ARTURO ACOSTA BORJAL
“THE GOOD SAMARITAN”
A Legacy par excellence of a man with a heart

6. STEPHEN W. HAWKING
THE GREAT SCIENTIST OF THE 20TH
CENTURY
O Lucasian professor of Mathematics and
Theoretical Physics at the University of
Cambridge in England.
O Diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(since college). A degenerative disease of the
nervous system sometimes called Lou Gebrig’s
disease. Initial symptoms usually entail difficulty
in walking, clumsiness of the hands, slurred
speech, and inability to swallow normally.

8. CHRISTOPHER REEVE
Superhero In The Eyes Of The World’s
Disabled
“SUPERMAN”
OThe world’s most famous disabled
man and, now, an ambassador for
scientific research.
OThe actor was paralyzed from the
neck down in 1995 after a horse
riding accident.

10. TYPES OF PHYSICAL
DISABILITIES/
IMPAIRMENTS

11. O Neuromotor impairments. These are disabilitie
s resulting from damage to the central nervous s
ystem
that impairs the brain’s control of muscle movemen
t and the muscle receptors’ sensory feedback abou
t speed, direction of movement, and body position.
O Cerebral palsy. A number of disabilities are cau
sed by damage to the motor control centers of th
e brain. The damage affects muscle tone, which i
n turn interferes with voluntary movement and ful
l control of the muscles, and delays gross and fin
e motor development. CP includes four major cla
ssifications: spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, and mixe
d.

12. OSpastic cerebral palsy, muscle tone is ab
normally high (hypertonia) and increases d
uring activity. Muscles and joints are tight o
r stiff, and movements are limited in the aff
ected areas of the body.
O dyskinetic cerebral palsy, tonal abnorma
lities involve the whole body. The individual
’s muscle tone is changing constantly, often
rigid while he or she is awake and decreas
ed when asleep (Best et al., 2005).

13. O Ataxic cerebral palsy is a condition in which vo
luntary movement involving balance is abnormal
. Individuals with ataxic CP have difficulty control
ling their hands and arms, and their gait is unste
ady.
O A child with mixed cerebral palsy has a combi
nation of spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic CP. The
affected area can be (1) hemiplegic—just one si
de of the body (either left arm and left leg, or rig
ht arm and right leg); (2) diplegic—the whole bo
dy is involved, but the legs are more severely in
volved than the arms; and (3) quadriplegic—inv
olvement is equally distributed throughout the b
ody.

14. O Neural tube defects. This includes spina bifida (t
he separation of a portion of the backbone) and m
yelomeningocele (the protrusion from the spinal c
ord of a sac of fluids containing portions of the spi
nal cord).
O Seizure disorders/epilepsy. This disorder occurs
when the brain cells are not working properly. It ca
n be present in one hemisphere of the brain (parti
al seizure) or in both (generalized seizure).

15. O Traumatic brain injury. An acquired injury caused by
an external physical force, resulting in total or partial
functional disability and/or psychosocial impairment
that requires special educational services. TBI
accidents involve the head and may result in
cognitive, social, and language deficits. Loss of a
limb, broken bones, or paralysis may also result from
accidents.
O Degenerative diseases. These affect the muscles an
d their supporting framework, the skeleton.
O Muscular Dystrophy. This is an inherited condition i
n which the muscles weaken and deteriorate. The mo
st common form, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, occu
rs primarily but not exclusively in boys

19. HEALTH IMPAIRMENTS

20. O Asthma
O ADD/ADHD
O Cystic fibrosis
O HIV/AIDS
O Heart defects
O Cancer
O Diabetes
O Substance Abuse
• Hemophilia
• Lead poisoning
• Leukemia
• TORCH infections
• Rheumatic Fever
• Sickle cell anemia
• Meningitis/enceph
alitis
• Hepatitis B

27. ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY
O MOBILITY AIDS
O SEATING AND POSITIONING AIDS
O AIDS FOR DAILY LIVING
O COMMUNICATION AIDS
O SENSORY AIDS
O INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS