This document discusses physical and chemical methods for microbial control, including sanitization, disinfection, and sterilization. Sanitization reduces bacteria, while disinfection destroys pathogens. Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms. Physical sterilization methods include moist heat (e.g. autoclaving) and dry heat. Chemical methods use bleach, alcohol, and phenol to kill microbes. Moist heat uses water vapor and high heat, while dry heat solely uses high temperatures. Bleach, alcohol, and phenol are effective disinfectants against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.