3. Professional Preparation in India
Pre Independence perspective
Post Independence perspective
Comparative analysis of professional
preparation program in U.S., Europe and
China
5. The briefs of Physical Education today rest on the
history of this field of endeavor. It is the source of
Physical education’s identity. Many of today’s
activities have their fore-runners in history. For
instance, the first Olympic dates back to 776 B.C in
Ancient Greek, yoga and Karate, activities with much
recent interest, dates back to ancient oriental
societies. Many more facts that will help the physical
educators to understand the present better can be
achieved by studying the past.
6. DIVISIONOF ANCIENT PERIODWITH PHYSICAL EDUCATION EVIDENCES
Indus-Valley
Civilization
Period
(3250B.C-
2500B.C)
Medieval Period
(1000A.D-
1757A.D.)
British Period
(Till 1947)
Early Hindu
Period (600B.C-
320A.D)
The Vedic Period
(2500B.C-
600B.C)
Later Hindu
Period (320A.D-
1000A.D)
7. 1. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION PERIOD
(3250 B.C-2500B.C):
There is no record of any physical art or craft during
this period. But an idea of physical education can be
carefully studied by studding the war, weapons, tools
and implements, seals sculpture found at Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro. During this age the objective of
physical education was achieved through a daily
routine of work, game, sports and amusements.
Marbles, balls and dice were used for games. Boxing
was also in practice as evident from a seal found.
8. 2. VEDIC PERIOD (2500B.C-600B.C):
In this period the origin of Suryanamaskara was evidenced and
it was performed as a religious duty, in today's time it’s a
physical exercise. Now, it has developed into a popular
exercise.The practice of pranayama was another important
development that occurs in this period. InVedic period military
training was developed and practiced. Along with military
training martial skills, hand wrestling, use of bows and arrows,
dagger fight, sword fight, mace fight, hurling the discus, horse
riding, chariot racing, hunting, elephant riding, boxing were
evidenced. In this period ball games were played by both man
and women. Practice of yoga was for the development of
spiritual development.
9. 3. EARLY HINDU PERIOD (600B.C-
320A.D):
Ramayana and Mahabharata make great deals of
reference of physical training. Hunting was very much
popular which was considered as a royal game. Dicing
and chess were very popular games. Animal combat
fight, wrestling, male fighting, chariot driving, archery
and water sports were evidenced in this period.The
practice of fighting with animals was prevalent and
was considered to be important features of this age.
10. 4. LATER HINDU PERIOD (320A.D-1000A.D):
In later Hindu period great universities like-Taksila and Nalanda
were developed.Through these universities the idea of
physical, intellectual and aesthetic training was the centre of
learning. Wrestling, archery and mountain climbing were given
special attention. At Nalanda University swimming, breathing
exercise and yoga were the essential part of students learning.
In this period, Gupta rulers give emphasis on importance of
physical education. Hunting was very much popular and cock
fight was very much popular. Elephant and buffalo fighting
were popular. But in Nalanda university swimming hour were
there for every student. Great emphasis were given on sound
health and physical fitness along with habits, regulate diet,
long walking, physical labour etc.
11. 5. MEDIEVAL PERIOD (1000A.D-1757A.D):
In the 12th century A.D our physical education system was
promoted in the gurukulas by our ancient teachers in the
gymnasium. During 1200 to 1525A.D kings paid more attention
towards the military training which results in practiced of handling
different kinds of weapons for self defence.The famous religious
prophet like Shree Samarth Ramadas Swamee felt the importance
of physical education and he started practicing 1200 times
Suryanamaskara every day. He started inspiring people to develop
gymnasium with a temple of God Hanuman. Due to him only
hundreds of gymnasiums were build in the country.That’s why he
is known as the father of Indian Gymnasium Movement. He
introduced some physical activities inside the gymnasium such as-
Suryanamaskara, Dands, Heavy Club Swinging, Malkhams,
Wrestling, Swords fighting etc.
12. 6. BRITISH PERIOD (TILL 1946):
Before independence the evidence of physical education is nowhere, but
some where it was evidenced.
Before independence physical education was the part of our society but not
the part of school curriculum. In 1870 it is evidenced that British Govt. has
started including physical education in the school curriculum in their
different regions.
In 1882 Indian education commissioner has stated that physical education
has its importance in each and every youth’s life. In the year 1882 in each
and every schools and institutions sorts, physical training, gymnastic, drill
were in the school curriculum.
In 1885 when congress party came into power they give emphasis on
physical education to make the youth generation strong to fight against the
British rule.This idea helps the youth generation to promote physical
activities such as- wand fight, swords fighting, wrestling, dand-bethak
(push ups) etc. In the year Akharas were established, yoga centers etc.
13. In 1894 a proposal was send to include physical education in school
curriculum but it was rejected. In the beginning of 1894 British introduced
Swedish gymnastic in India in all schools but it was not allowed for the poor
peoples.
In 1903 in all school along with Swedish gymnastic, Indian sports started such
as- football, kho-kho, Kabaddi, hockey etc. In 1903 British Govt. has stated
promoting physical education in different parts of India. British Govt. has
started physical education which is a commendable. In Saint Joseph School
Swedish Gymnastic and other Indian sports are included in school
curriculum.
In 1920 govt. schools and Institutions has stated including physical education
curriculum along with their school curriculum. At that there was a shortage
of well qualified teacher’s and to full fill up that Govt. has started establishing
Colleges and Universities in whichY.M.C.A Institute of Physical education
was commendable, Hyderabad Physical Education College, West Bengal
Banipur Physical Education College, Lucknow Christian Physical Education
14. College, in Bombay KandivalliTraining Institute of Physical Education, and in
Amravati Sri HanumanVyam Prasarak Mandal were established.
In 1923 Indian Olympic Committee was established.
In 1925 Indian Hockey Federation was established.
In 1926 Indian Cricket Control Board was established.
In 1927 Indian OlympicAssociation was established. From 1934 RanjiTrophy started.
In 1940 Indian BilliardsAssociation was established. In 1940 Indian Swimming
Federation was established.
In 1944 IndianAmateur Athletic FederationWas established.
In 1946 Amravati Sri HanumanVyam Prasarak Mandal andAkhil Maharashtra
Physical Education Mandal combinely organised a Physical Education Open
conference.
In this open physical education conference Indian recognized associations were
involved because these associations were responsible for the development of
Physical education in India during that time. Due to this Physical education clubs,
Gym, Akharas were developed and Physical education movement was started by
aiming to make the India free from British rule.
16. • In the year 1946 development of Physical Education was
evidence in compare to the developed countries. But in this
year 1946 the aims and objectives of Physical Education
were just written only no action was done on those aims
and objectives.
• In 1948 Central Govt. Of India established a committee
of Physical Education which was named asTarachad
committee. From 1948 Govt. Physical education colleges
has been established in each and every states of India for
fulfillment of required teachers. One year diploma course
has been started.
17. • In 1953 coaching scheme has been started which was
initiated by Rajkumari Amrit Kaur.The coaching scheme
was named after Rajkumari Kaur and the name of the
coaching scheme was Rajkumari Coaching Scheme.
• In 1954 Indian Govt. established a curriculum advisory
board whose function was to help the Indian Govt in
making a physical education curriculum. In 1954 Indian
Sports Council was made. Its function was to
communicate with the central Govt in favour of sports
federations and associations. Under this council each and
every state and district sports council was made and
they have to function according to it.
18. • In 1954 under the guidance of J. K. Bhosle National
Defence Scheme was constructed, its aim was to
control the overcrowded refugee’s after the
participation happens. In this year Indian School
Games Federation was established in Kolkata to
conduct Inter-state competition among the school
students. In 1954 Indian Cricket Council was established.
• In 1956 emphasis were laid upon Physical education
curriculum and after that physical education curriculum
was made.
19. • In 1957 on the name queen Jhansi, Laxmibai National
Institute of Physical Education was established. Under
this institute first time 3 years physical education
course was started.
• For physical education development, sports
development and for motivating youth generation
toward physical fitness and activities Indian Govt has
opened a different section of Education departments in
1958. In 1958 Central Govt. along with different physical
education committees has started discussing on the
possible ways of including physical education in every
schools and colleges.
20. • In 1959 Indian Govt. has created Ad Hoc committee whose
function is to visit different schools and institutions and
to advise to include more sports and physical activities
• In 1961 NIS (National Institute of Sports) was established,
under this institution specialization in one specific game
has started to make the sports person well equipped
knowledgeable in one particular game. Later, NIS
Centre was established in Delhi, Kolkata, and
Bengaluru. In 1962 Indian Govt. Has educational
handbook
21. • In 1963 Kalyani University, Punjab University in
Chandigarh, Banaras Hindu University in Uttar Pradesh
has started Physical Education Curriculum along with
Physical Education courses.
• In 1964 University Grant Commission (UGC) has
published committee report, in this report it is
mentioned that overall development of human beings
and education, importance should be given to physical
education in college and university level. In between
1964-66 Kothari Commission was established and
through Kothari Commission a proposal was
submitted to include Physical Education in school level
22. • In 1974 West Bengal started physical education as a part of
school curriculum and also as a subject upto secondary
level.
• In 1975-95 in demand of physical education specially
West Bengal has started establishing Teachers’ training
institutes’ such as- In 1975 State Institute of Physical
Education for Womens’ were established in Kolkata; In
1975 Jadavpur University Department of Physical
Education were established.In 1975 Union Christian
Training College and Baharampur Department of
Physical Education were established; In 1978 Nikhil
Banga Teachers’Training College Bishnupur.
23. • In 1982 B.P.Ed course started in Kalyani UniversityWest
Bengal.
• In 1983 Government College of Physical Education for
Womens’ Hugli were established.
• From 1995 B.P.Ed course in physical education started
in Department of Physical Education Kapgari Seva
Bharati Vidyalaya, Panskura Banamali College, Garhbeta
College, and Mugberia Gangadhar College. From 1995
physical education became the part of education system as
an elective subject in colleges and universities.
• From 1999 three (3) years degree course in physical
education were started inVisva-Bharati University
