This study proposes a multidimensional model of movement consisting of 6 dimensions to extend the Movement Continuum Theory. The dimensions include flexibility, strength, accuracy, speed, adaptability, and endurance. Data from 318 adults who completed a self-report measure supported the multidimensional model as a better fit than a unidimensional model of movement. Defining specific dimensions of movement may help strengthen the usefulness and applicability of the Movement Continuum Theory in clinical assessment and intervention.
The authors provide an invited commentary on Allen's work to further develop the Movement Continuum Theory (MCT). They acknowledge Allen's work as an important step towards making the MCT more applicable to clinical practice. However, they note some limitations, including that the 6 proposed dimensions of movement may not fully capture movement from the client's perspective. They suggest further qualitative work is needed to incorporate both physical therapy and client views of movement. Overall, the authors view Allen's work as exciting for expanding understanding of movement within the MCT and developing an assessment tool, but more work is still required.
This document proposes the Movement Continuum Theory as a broad theory of physical therapy to provide a theoretical framework for the profession. Currently, physical therapy only has narrow, middle-range theories focused on specific treatment approaches or body parts. The Movement Continuum Theory describes physical therapists' unique holistic approach to movement rehabilitation by incorporating knowledge of pathology with consideration of physical, social, and psychological influences on movement. It consists of eight principles of movement, three shared with other movement sciences and five specific to physical therapy. The theory aims to distinguish physical therapy from other fields and apply to education, research, and clinical practice.
The document proposes 6 dimensions - flexibility, strength, accuracy, speed, adaptability, and endurance - to provide specificity to the construct of movement in the Movement Continuum Theory. A study evaluated these dimensions by developing a self-report measure of movement ability and comparing how well uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional models fit respondent data. Analysis found the 6-dimensional model fit significantly better, with respondents showing large differences in scores across dimensions rather than uniform scores, supporting the proposed multi-dimensional model of movement.
Effects of Estrogen on Female Muscle and TendonLauren Jarmusz
BFR training may be beneficial to:
- Improve muscle mass/strength with lower loads
- Increase collagen synthesis
- Improve tendon stiffness
- Increase circulating IGF-1
BFR provides mechanical stimulus to muscles/tendons with lower %MVC loads which may be better tolerated by aging post-menopausal musculoskeletal tissues.
Using the Neuman's System Model to Decrease the Risk of Falls on a Medical-Su...PATRICK MAELO
Using the Neuman Systems Model, this study aims to design an intervention to decrease patient falls on a medical-surgical unit. NSM views the patient holistically and incorporates both personal and environmental factors. The study would assess risk factors like medications, environmental hazards, and medical conditions that compromise a patient's "lines of defense". Nurses could conduct primary prevention by reducing risk factors, secondary prevention by responding quickly to call lights, and tertiary prevention after a fall occurs. Tools like the Morse Fall Scale could help identify high-risk patients for targeted interventions like increased rounding frequencies or use of a patient sitter. The goal is to maintain patient stability and wellness by minimizing stressors that could lead to falls.
In 3 sentences:
Physical therapists Gretchen Leff and Lauren Jarmusz presented on the physical therapy approach to spine care. They discussed using a movement systems framework to assess for impairments in mobility, motor control, and functional movement patterns. Treatment focuses on addressing impairments through local mobility interventions to improve neural, joint and soft tissue mobility, followed by global stability training to develop proper muscle activation, coordination and application to functional skills.
Health professional master class low back pain may 2020Lauren Jarmusz
The document provides an overview of the physical therapy approach to treating low back pain. It discusses:
- The philosophy and vision of physical therapy focusing on optimizing function and minimizing disability.
- Physical therapy's role in assessing the movement system and creating individualized treatment plans using techniques like soft tissue mobilization, strength training, and motor control retraining.
- The importance of both local mobility work and training global stability of the spine muscles in treatment.
- The lack of one definitive classification system and focus on considering biomechanical, psychosocial and other factors in diagnosis.
The authors provide an invited commentary on Allen's work to further develop the Movement Continuum Theory (MCT). They acknowledge Allen's work as an important step towards making the MCT more applicable to clinical practice. However, they note some limitations, including that the 6 proposed dimensions of movement may not fully capture movement from the client's perspective. They suggest further qualitative work is needed to incorporate both physical therapy and client views of movement. Overall, the authors view Allen's work as exciting for expanding understanding of movement within the MCT and developing an assessment tool, but more work is still required.
This document proposes the Movement Continuum Theory as a broad theory of physical therapy to provide a theoretical framework for the profession. Currently, physical therapy only has narrow, middle-range theories focused on specific treatment approaches or body parts. The Movement Continuum Theory describes physical therapists' unique holistic approach to movement rehabilitation by incorporating knowledge of pathology with consideration of physical, social, and psychological influences on movement. It consists of eight principles of movement, three shared with other movement sciences and five specific to physical therapy. The theory aims to distinguish physical therapy from other fields and apply to education, research, and clinical practice.
The document proposes 6 dimensions - flexibility, strength, accuracy, speed, adaptability, and endurance - to provide specificity to the construct of movement in the Movement Continuum Theory. A study evaluated these dimensions by developing a self-report measure of movement ability and comparing how well uni-dimensional and multi-dimensional models fit respondent data. Analysis found the 6-dimensional model fit significantly better, with respondents showing large differences in scores across dimensions rather than uniform scores, supporting the proposed multi-dimensional model of movement.
Effects of Estrogen on Female Muscle and TendonLauren Jarmusz
BFR training may be beneficial to:
- Improve muscle mass/strength with lower loads
- Increase collagen synthesis
- Improve tendon stiffness
- Increase circulating IGF-1
BFR provides mechanical stimulus to muscles/tendons with lower %MVC loads which may be better tolerated by aging post-menopausal musculoskeletal tissues.
Using the Neuman's System Model to Decrease the Risk of Falls on a Medical-Su...PATRICK MAELO
Using the Neuman Systems Model, this study aims to design an intervention to decrease patient falls on a medical-surgical unit. NSM views the patient holistically and incorporates both personal and environmental factors. The study would assess risk factors like medications, environmental hazards, and medical conditions that compromise a patient's "lines of defense". Nurses could conduct primary prevention by reducing risk factors, secondary prevention by responding quickly to call lights, and tertiary prevention after a fall occurs. Tools like the Morse Fall Scale could help identify high-risk patients for targeted interventions like increased rounding frequencies or use of a patient sitter. The goal is to maintain patient stability and wellness by minimizing stressors that could lead to falls.
In 3 sentences:
Physical therapists Gretchen Leff and Lauren Jarmusz presented on the physical therapy approach to spine care. They discussed using a movement systems framework to assess for impairments in mobility, motor control, and functional movement patterns. Treatment focuses on addressing impairments through local mobility interventions to improve neural, joint and soft tissue mobility, followed by global stability training to develop proper muscle activation, coordination and application to functional skills.
Health professional master class low back pain may 2020Lauren Jarmusz
The document provides an overview of the physical therapy approach to treating low back pain. It discusses:
- The philosophy and vision of physical therapy focusing on optimizing function and minimizing disability.
- Physical therapy's role in assessing the movement system and creating individualized treatment plans using techniques like soft tissue mobilization, strength training, and motor control retraining.
- The importance of both local mobility work and training global stability of the spine muscles in treatment.
- The lack of one definitive classification system and focus on considering biomechanical, psychosocial and other factors in diagnosis.
Effect of core strength training and yogasana practices on selected health re...IJARIIT
The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of core strength training and yogasana practices on selected
physical fitness components among female athletes. To achieve the purpose of the study forty-five (N = 45) female athletes,
they were selected randomly in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged from 14 to 19 years.
They are divided into three equal groups consists of fifteen subjects each (n = 15) were named experimental group I underwent
core strength training and experimental group II underwent yogasana practices and group – III as a control. The period of
experimentations is limited to 15 weeks, 4 days a week and 45 to 60 minutes per day with proper warming-up and cooling down
regimen. The selected health related physical fitness components such as muscular strength and muscular endurance were
selected as criterion variables and tested. The core strength training and the yogic practices were selected as training protocol.
The core strength training will be given based on individuals 1 RM to set the load and the intensity will be set between 75% to
90%. The pre-test and post-test means of experimental groups I, II and control group will test for significance by applying the
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The level of confidence is fixed at 0.05, for significance. In addition to this, Scheffe's posthoc
test will be employed, when the F-ratio of the adjusted post-test means is significant, to find out the paired mean difference
if any among the groups for each variable, separately. Based on the result of the study there was a significant change on
health related physical fitness performance due to core strength training and yogic practice.
This study aimed to determine the intrarater reliability of manual muscle testing (MMT) and hand-held dynametric muscle testing (DMT) by having a physical therapist perform both types of tests on the same muscle groups for 11 patients on two separate occasions. The results found high correlation coefficients between tests for most muscle groups with both MMT and DMT, indicating that both methods demonstrate reliability under the conditions of this study. However, some limitations exist for each testing method.
Is Postexercise muscle soreness a valid indicator of muscular adaptations?Fernando Farias
DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORE- NESS (DOMS) IS A COMMON SIDE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PARTICULARLY OF A VIGOROUS NATURE. MANY EXERCISERS WHO REGULARLY PERFORM RESISTANCE TRAINING CONSIDER DOMS TO BE ONE OF THE BEST INDICATORS OF TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS, WITH SOME RELYING UPON THIS SOURCE AS A PRIMARY GAUGE. THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE RELEVANCE OF USING DOMS TO ASSESS WORKOUT QUALITY.
Does static stretching reduce maximal muscle performance?Fernando Farias
Kay and Blazevich systemati-
cally examined research that showed
the effects of static stretching on mus-
cle strength and other performance
measures by separating the studies into
total stretch durations of ,30 seconds,
30 to 45 seconds, 1 to 2 minutes, or
.2 minutes. Some practical and tech-
nical considerations may be helpful in
considering their conclusion that static
stretching only impairs muscle function
with longer stretches.
Is self myofascial release an effective preexercise and recovery strategy?Fernando Farias
Sports participation in youth is on the rise (35). In addi-
tion, paradigms in preventive health care are shifting focus
to the benefits of exercise in the aging population, leading
to exercise prescriptions for a previously sedentary group
(14,23,36). As more individuals become active, the number
of exercise-related injuries and conditions such as delayed-
onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is likely increasing (10).
DOMS can limit physical activity or result in pain that de-
ters individuals from continuing their exercise regimen (10).
Whether the athlete is young or old, novice or elite, regular
and/or strenuous exercise can result in DOMS and forma-
tion of fibrous tissue adhesions, leading to decreased range
of motion (ROM) (4,10,15).
Cervical and thoracic spinal manipulation was found to immediately increase levels of neurotensin, oxytocin, and cortisol in asymptomatic subjects. Neurotensin and oxytocin levels increased significantly with both cervical and thoracic manipulation. Cortisol levels only increased with cervical manipulation. No changes were seen in orexin A levels or 2 hours after the interventions. The study suggests spinal manipulation triggers a biochemical response involving pain modulation markers, though the long term effects are unknown.
The study investigated the effects of a 4-week Pilates-based exercise program on chronic low back pain (LBP) compared to usual care. 39 physically active adults with LBP were randomly assigned to either the Pilates group, which did specialized exercises 3 times per week, or a control group with usual care. Pain and disability were significantly lower post-treatment for the Pilates group compared to controls. Improvements were maintained up to 12 months for the Pilates group. The study provides evidence that a Pilates-based program can effectively reduce LBP and disability more than usual care.
To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Program Ve...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Low back pain has been a matter of concern, affecting up to 90% of population at some point in
their lifetime, up to 50% have more than one episode. People of all age group can be affected by this menace
irrespective to their gender and quality of life. It has become one of the leading causes for the visit to physician
thus also puts a heavy burden on the currency of the country. Physiotherapy is the most widely used form of
treatment adopted for gaining relief from low back pain. The exercises include stretching, strengthening, range
of motion exercises, McKenzie therapy and core stability exercises other techniques like Proprioceptive
neuromuscular facilitation program etc. It has been concluded in various studies core stability exercises and
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation are beneficial in low back pain patients but comparison of their effect
needs to be established to provide early and better relief from the disability. Therefore objective of the study was
to compare the effect of Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program and Core stabilization exercises on
low back pain patients. 40 subjects aged 30 – 50 years with low back pain for more than 4 weeks were made
part of the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were then divided into two groups named A, B.
Group A received Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and group B received Core stabilization exercises
and hot pack given initially for 10-15 minutes to the lower back. The exercise program was given for 4 weeks
with a total of 24 sessions and progression of the activity was made within the tolerance of the patient. Pre and
post treatment readings were taken of pain, Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test.
Results were analyzed using paired, unpaired t- test. Results showed that there is significant effect on pain,
Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test in the two groups but group A was clinically
more significant than groups B. The study concluded that patients with low back pain are benefitted more by
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program. So, Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program
should be practiced more.
Keywords: Low Back Pain, Core Stabilization Exercises, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation.
1. Neal Miller's research in the 1960s challenged the prevailing view that autonomic nervous system responses could not be conditioned through operant conditioning. His experiments demonstrated that autonomic responses like heart rate could be conditioned in animals. (2) However, whether autonomic operant conditioning occurs in humans remains an open question that biofeedback clinicians still grapple with today. (3) The authors propose a new model of "dyadic biofeedback" that recognizes the regulatory capacity of interpersonal interactions and allows for real-time training of these interactions using dual physiological screens.
Cervical and thoracic spinal manipulation was found to immediately increase levels of neurotensin, oxytocin, and cortisol in asymptomatic subjects. Neurotensin and oxytocin levels increased significantly with both cervical and thoracic manipulation. Cortisol levels only increased with cervical manipulation. No changes were seen in orexin A levels or 2 hours after the interventions. The study suggests spinal manipulation triggers a biochemical response involving pain modulation markers, though the exact mechanisms are still unknown.
Physiotherapy involves physical therapists assessing patients' movement abilities and creating goals in collaboration with other health professionals using skills unique to physical therapy. The field has its origins in ancient practices like massage and hydrotherapy and was institutionalized in the late 19th century. Today, physiotherapists work in hospitals, clinics, and private offices using techniques like soft tissue mobilization, strengthening exercises, and electrical stimulation to treat patients across various specialties like orthopedics, neurology, and oncology.
این ارائه توسط دکتر محمد خیاط زاده، عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه جندی شاپور در کارگاه بررسی رویکرد جدید بوبت در درمان بیماران مبتلا به فلج مغزی تدریس شده است.
برای مشاهده دیگر مباحث مربوط به فلج مغزی، به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید.
www.farvardin-group.com
STRETCHING IS A COMMONLY
PRESCRIBED EXERCISE ACTIVITY
THAT HAS BEEN APPLIED TO
WARM-UP, INCREASING RANGE OF
MOTION (ROM), AND RECOVERY
FROM TRAINING. THE PRACTI-
TIONER SHOULD UNDERSTAND
THE EFFECTS OF STRETCHING
EXERCISE AND THE INHERENT DIF-
FERENCES BETWEEN TYPES OF
STRETCHING EXERCISES AND
ACTIVITIES DESIGNED TO
ENHANCE "LOOSENESS" AND
FREEDOM OF MOTION. STRETCH-
ING TO ENHANCE ROM MAY BE
CONTRAINDICATED WHEN
APPLIED TO RECOVERY ACTIVITIES.
STRETCHING FOR RECOVERY
SHOULD BE PAIN-FREE MOTION
WITHIN THE CONSTRAINTS OF
MAXIMUM ROM OF A JOINT.
Effect of yogic practices on Static & Dynamic flexibility of College StudentIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of a 6-week yoga practice on the static and dynamic flexibility of 38 college students. Flexibility tests were administered before and after the yoga intervention to measure flexibility of the hips, shoulders, and overall dynamic flexibility. The results found no statistically significant improvements in flexibility as measured by the side split test, shoulder elevation test, or dynamic flexibility test. However, some minor non-significant improvements were seen, suggesting yoga may help enhance flexibility over longer periods of time. The study concluded that while immediate flexibility gains were not observed, yoga practices may still aid in flexibility development.
This study examined the relationship between personality traits, pain tolerance, and exercise frequency in 97 undergraduate college students. Participants completed questionnaires on personality and exercise habits and a cold pressor task to measure pain tolerance. The study found no significant correlations between pain tolerance and personality traits like extraversion or neuroticism. There were also no significant correlations found between exercise frequency and pain tolerance or personality traits. The lack of significant findings may be due to limited variability in exercise habits and a lack of competitive athletes in the study population. Future research with a wider range of athletic abilities is needed to better understand connections between personality, pain tolerance, and athleticism.
Efeito do Alongamento Estático Agudo no Máximo Desempenho MuscularFernando Farias
This systematic review examined 106 studies on the effect of acute static stretching on maximal muscle performance. The main findings were:
1) Stretch durations of 30 seconds or less had no detrimental effect on performance, with a pooled estimate of a 1.1% reduction.
2) Stretch durations of 30-45 seconds also showed no significant performance effects, with a pooled estimate of a 1.9% reduction.
3) There was strong evidence that stretch durations of 60 seconds or more were likely to significantly reduce performance, in a sigmoidal dose-response relationship between stretch duration and performance decrements.
4) Performance task, contraction mode, or muscle group did not influence the dose-response relationship between
This chapter provides an introduction to the field of kinesiology. Kinesiology is defined as the scientific study of human physical activity. It draws knowledge from three main sources: experience through participation or observation of physical activity, scholarly study through research and analysis, and professional practice in physical activity careers. The chapter discusses key aspects of physical activity, the subdisciplines of kinesiology, and emphasizes the holistic nature of studying physical activity from cognitive, emotional, and spiritual perspectives in addition to the physical. It prompts readers to reflect on their preparation for a career in kinesiology.
This study investigated the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES)-induced cycling training compared to placebo cycling training in 35 patients with hemiparesis in the post-acute phase after stroke or traumatic brain injury. The FES group showed significantly greater improvements than the placebo group in motor function, trunk control, gait speed, and pedaling symmetry after 20 sessions of training. These improvements were maintained at 3-5 month follow up, suggesting FES cycling training can promote motor recovery and improved locomotion in the post-acute phase after neurological injury.
Este documento presenta información sobre teorías restrictivas y teorías en terapia física. Define las teorías restrictivas como aquellas que describen características específicas pero no explican los fenómenos. Luego clasifica las teorías en terapia física como grandes teorías de alcance general como la teoría adaptativa y la patokinesiología, y teorías de rango medio más específicas como las teorías sobre fortalecimiento muscular mediante estimulación eléctrica y un modelo sobre la inestabilidad crón
1) The University of Southern California Department of Physical Therapy has been conducting research in pathokinesiology to develop methods of quantifying human performance, establish normative data, and collect data on patient groups.
2) Over 120 studies have been completed involving the energy costs of activities, gait analysis, studies on hemiplegic patients, and more. Findings have contributed to treatment goals and understanding disability.
3) Research has been accomplished through student and faculty projects, with involvement of a local rehabilitation center. Constraints include space, funding, and personnel, but the exposure of students to research is a strength.
Effect of core strength training and yogasana practices on selected health re...IJARIIT
The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of core strength training and yogasana practices on selected
physical fitness components among female athletes. To achieve the purpose of the study forty-five (N = 45) female athletes,
they were selected randomly in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged from 14 to 19 years.
They are divided into three equal groups consists of fifteen subjects each (n = 15) were named experimental group I underwent
core strength training and experimental group II underwent yogasana practices and group – III as a control. The period of
experimentations is limited to 15 weeks, 4 days a week and 45 to 60 minutes per day with proper warming-up and cooling down
regimen. The selected health related physical fitness components such as muscular strength and muscular endurance were
selected as criterion variables and tested. The core strength training and the yogic practices were selected as training protocol.
The core strength training will be given based on individuals 1 RM to set the load and the intensity will be set between 75% to
90%. The pre-test and post-test means of experimental groups I, II and control group will test for significance by applying the
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The level of confidence is fixed at 0.05, for significance. In addition to this, Scheffe's posthoc
test will be employed, when the F-ratio of the adjusted post-test means is significant, to find out the paired mean difference
if any among the groups for each variable, separately. Based on the result of the study there was a significant change on
health related physical fitness performance due to core strength training and yogic practice.
This study aimed to determine the intrarater reliability of manual muscle testing (MMT) and hand-held dynametric muscle testing (DMT) by having a physical therapist perform both types of tests on the same muscle groups for 11 patients on two separate occasions. The results found high correlation coefficients between tests for most muscle groups with both MMT and DMT, indicating that both methods demonstrate reliability under the conditions of this study. However, some limitations exist for each testing method.
Is Postexercise muscle soreness a valid indicator of muscular adaptations?Fernando Farias
DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORE- NESS (DOMS) IS A COMMON SIDE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PARTICULARLY OF A VIGOROUS NATURE. MANY EXERCISERS WHO REGULARLY PERFORM RESISTANCE TRAINING CONSIDER DOMS TO BE ONE OF THE BEST INDICATORS OF TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS, WITH SOME RELYING UPON THIS SOURCE AS A PRIMARY GAUGE. THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE RELEVANCE OF USING DOMS TO ASSESS WORKOUT QUALITY.
Does static stretching reduce maximal muscle performance?Fernando Farias
Kay and Blazevich systemati-
cally examined research that showed
the effects of static stretching on mus-
cle strength and other performance
measures by separating the studies into
total stretch durations of ,30 seconds,
30 to 45 seconds, 1 to 2 minutes, or
.2 minutes. Some practical and tech-
nical considerations may be helpful in
considering their conclusion that static
stretching only impairs muscle function
with longer stretches.
Is self myofascial release an effective preexercise and recovery strategy?Fernando Farias
Sports participation in youth is on the rise (35). In addi-
tion, paradigms in preventive health care are shifting focus
to the benefits of exercise in the aging population, leading
to exercise prescriptions for a previously sedentary group
(14,23,36). As more individuals become active, the number
of exercise-related injuries and conditions such as delayed-
onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is likely increasing (10).
DOMS can limit physical activity or result in pain that de-
ters individuals from continuing their exercise regimen (10).
Whether the athlete is young or old, novice or elite, regular
and/or strenuous exercise can result in DOMS and forma-
tion of fibrous tissue adhesions, leading to decreased range
of motion (ROM) (4,10,15).
Cervical and thoracic spinal manipulation was found to immediately increase levels of neurotensin, oxytocin, and cortisol in asymptomatic subjects. Neurotensin and oxytocin levels increased significantly with both cervical and thoracic manipulation. Cortisol levels only increased with cervical manipulation. No changes were seen in orexin A levels or 2 hours after the interventions. The study suggests spinal manipulation triggers a biochemical response involving pain modulation markers, though the long term effects are unknown.
The study investigated the effects of a 4-week Pilates-based exercise program on chronic low back pain (LBP) compared to usual care. 39 physically active adults with LBP were randomly assigned to either the Pilates group, which did specialized exercises 3 times per week, or a control group with usual care. Pain and disability were significantly lower post-treatment for the Pilates group compared to controls. Improvements were maintained up to 12 months for the Pilates group. The study provides evidence that a Pilates-based program can effectively reduce LBP and disability more than usual care.
To Compare The Effect Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Program Ve...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Low back pain has been a matter of concern, affecting up to 90% of population at some point in
their lifetime, up to 50% have more than one episode. People of all age group can be affected by this menace
irrespective to their gender and quality of life. It has become one of the leading causes for the visit to physician
thus also puts a heavy burden on the currency of the country. Physiotherapy is the most widely used form of
treatment adopted for gaining relief from low back pain. The exercises include stretching, strengthening, range
of motion exercises, McKenzie therapy and core stability exercises other techniques like Proprioceptive
neuromuscular facilitation program etc. It has been concluded in various studies core stability exercises and
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation are beneficial in low back pain patients but comparison of their effect
needs to be established to provide early and better relief from the disability. Therefore objective of the study was
to compare the effect of Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program and Core stabilization exercises on
low back pain patients. 40 subjects aged 30 – 50 years with low back pain for more than 4 weeks were made
part of the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were then divided into two groups named A, B.
Group A received Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and group B received Core stabilization exercises
and hot pack given initially for 10-15 minutes to the lower back. The exercise program was given for 4 weeks
with a total of 24 sessions and progression of the activity was made within the tolerance of the patient. Pre and
post treatment readings were taken of pain, Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test.
Results were analyzed using paired, unpaired t- test. Results showed that there is significant effect on pain,
Oswestry Disability Questionnaire and Functional Reach Test in the two groups but group A was clinically
more significant than groups B. The study concluded that patients with low back pain are benefitted more by
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program. So, Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation program
should be practiced more.
Keywords: Low Back Pain, Core Stabilization Exercises, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation.
1. Neal Miller's research in the 1960s challenged the prevailing view that autonomic nervous system responses could not be conditioned through operant conditioning. His experiments demonstrated that autonomic responses like heart rate could be conditioned in animals. (2) However, whether autonomic operant conditioning occurs in humans remains an open question that biofeedback clinicians still grapple with today. (3) The authors propose a new model of "dyadic biofeedback" that recognizes the regulatory capacity of interpersonal interactions and allows for real-time training of these interactions using dual physiological screens.
Cervical and thoracic spinal manipulation was found to immediately increase levels of neurotensin, oxytocin, and cortisol in asymptomatic subjects. Neurotensin and oxytocin levels increased significantly with both cervical and thoracic manipulation. Cortisol levels only increased with cervical manipulation. No changes were seen in orexin A levels or 2 hours after the interventions. The study suggests spinal manipulation triggers a biochemical response involving pain modulation markers, though the exact mechanisms are still unknown.
Physiotherapy involves physical therapists assessing patients' movement abilities and creating goals in collaboration with other health professionals using skills unique to physical therapy. The field has its origins in ancient practices like massage and hydrotherapy and was institutionalized in the late 19th century. Today, physiotherapists work in hospitals, clinics, and private offices using techniques like soft tissue mobilization, strengthening exercises, and electrical stimulation to treat patients across various specialties like orthopedics, neurology, and oncology.
این ارائه توسط دکتر محمد خیاط زاده، عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه جندی شاپور در کارگاه بررسی رویکرد جدید بوبت در درمان بیماران مبتلا به فلج مغزی تدریس شده است.
برای مشاهده دیگر مباحث مربوط به فلج مغزی، به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید.
www.farvardin-group.com
STRETCHING IS A COMMONLY
PRESCRIBED EXERCISE ACTIVITY
THAT HAS BEEN APPLIED TO
WARM-UP, INCREASING RANGE OF
MOTION (ROM), AND RECOVERY
FROM TRAINING. THE PRACTI-
TIONER SHOULD UNDERSTAND
THE EFFECTS OF STRETCHING
EXERCISE AND THE INHERENT DIF-
FERENCES BETWEEN TYPES OF
STRETCHING EXERCISES AND
ACTIVITIES DESIGNED TO
ENHANCE "LOOSENESS" AND
FREEDOM OF MOTION. STRETCH-
ING TO ENHANCE ROM MAY BE
CONTRAINDICATED WHEN
APPLIED TO RECOVERY ACTIVITIES.
STRETCHING FOR RECOVERY
SHOULD BE PAIN-FREE MOTION
WITHIN THE CONSTRAINTS OF
MAXIMUM ROM OF A JOINT.
Effect of yogic practices on Static & Dynamic flexibility of College StudentIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of a 6-week yoga practice on the static and dynamic flexibility of 38 college students. Flexibility tests were administered before and after the yoga intervention to measure flexibility of the hips, shoulders, and overall dynamic flexibility. The results found no statistically significant improvements in flexibility as measured by the side split test, shoulder elevation test, or dynamic flexibility test. However, some minor non-significant improvements were seen, suggesting yoga may help enhance flexibility over longer periods of time. The study concluded that while immediate flexibility gains were not observed, yoga practices may still aid in flexibility development.
This study examined the relationship between personality traits, pain tolerance, and exercise frequency in 97 undergraduate college students. Participants completed questionnaires on personality and exercise habits and a cold pressor task to measure pain tolerance. The study found no significant correlations between pain tolerance and personality traits like extraversion or neuroticism. There were also no significant correlations found between exercise frequency and pain tolerance or personality traits. The lack of significant findings may be due to limited variability in exercise habits and a lack of competitive athletes in the study population. Future research with a wider range of athletic abilities is needed to better understand connections between personality, pain tolerance, and athleticism.
Efeito do Alongamento Estático Agudo no Máximo Desempenho MuscularFernando Farias
This systematic review examined 106 studies on the effect of acute static stretching on maximal muscle performance. The main findings were:
1) Stretch durations of 30 seconds or less had no detrimental effect on performance, with a pooled estimate of a 1.1% reduction.
2) Stretch durations of 30-45 seconds also showed no significant performance effects, with a pooled estimate of a 1.9% reduction.
3) There was strong evidence that stretch durations of 60 seconds or more were likely to significantly reduce performance, in a sigmoidal dose-response relationship between stretch duration and performance decrements.
4) Performance task, contraction mode, or muscle group did not influence the dose-response relationship between
This chapter provides an introduction to the field of kinesiology. Kinesiology is defined as the scientific study of human physical activity. It draws knowledge from three main sources: experience through participation or observation of physical activity, scholarly study through research and analysis, and professional practice in physical activity careers. The chapter discusses key aspects of physical activity, the subdisciplines of kinesiology, and emphasizes the holistic nature of studying physical activity from cognitive, emotional, and spiritual perspectives in addition to the physical. It prompts readers to reflect on their preparation for a career in kinesiology.
This study investigated the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES)-induced cycling training compared to placebo cycling training in 35 patients with hemiparesis in the post-acute phase after stroke or traumatic brain injury. The FES group showed significantly greater improvements than the placebo group in motor function, trunk control, gait speed, and pedaling symmetry after 20 sessions of training. These improvements were maintained at 3-5 month follow up, suggesting FES cycling training can promote motor recovery and improved locomotion in the post-acute phase after neurological injury.
Este documento presenta información sobre teorías restrictivas y teorías en terapia física. Define las teorías restrictivas como aquellas que describen características específicas pero no explican los fenómenos. Luego clasifica las teorías en terapia física como grandes teorías de alcance general como la teoría adaptativa y la patokinesiología, y teorías de rango medio más específicas como las teorías sobre fortalecimiento muscular mediante estimulación eléctrica y un modelo sobre la inestabilidad crón
1) The University of Southern California Department of Physical Therapy has been conducting research in pathokinesiology to develop methods of quantifying human performance, establish normative data, and collect data on patient groups.
2) Over 120 studies have been completed involving the energy costs of activities, gait analysis, studies on hemiplegic patients, and more. Findings have contributed to treatment goals and understanding disability.
3) Research has been accomplished through student and faculty projects, with involvement of a local rehabilitation center. Constraints include space, funding, and personnel, but the exposure of students to research is a strength.
This document provides a retrospective analysis of the concept of pathokinesiology in physical therapy from its introduction 10 years prior. It examines how the concept was originally described and questions whether it remains a valid and useful concept for the profession. The document analyzes whether the concept is valid based on authoritative declaration, transformation from an existing concept, deduction, or scientific induction. It ultimately argues the profession must critically examine the concept to ensure it has a scientific basis and helps establish the identity and goals of physical therapy.
Este documento presenta una jerarquía de los sistemas del cuerpo humano, desde la familia hasta las células. Explica que la fisioterapia estudia la anatomía y fisiología, y aplica el ejercicio para la salud y enfermedad. Además, señala que el movimiento es fundamental para la comunicación y desarrollo social, y que cada nivel de la jerarquía se corresponde con una ciencia biológica.
La teoría del movimiento complejo fue creada en Colombia en 2002 y comprende el cuerpo y el movimiento de manera integral, analizando elementos objetivos y subjetivos. El movimiento se entiende como la transformación de la materia en energía y punto central de la vida, mientras que el cuerpo es donde se articula el mundo de la vida. La teoría busca integrar los componentes biológicos, psicológicos, históricos, sociales y culturales que determinan la capacidad, actividad y comportamiento motores.
El documento trata sobre la epistemología en fisioterapia. Explora las diferentes concepciones del cuerpo y el movimiento, desde una visión mecanicista fragmentada hasta una visión holística. También analiza teorías como el movimiento continuo y el enfoque ecológico que integran factores físicos, sociales y psicológicos para entender la motricidad humana. El objetivo es adoptar un enfoque complejo que conciba al ser humano de manera integral.
El documento describe los principios fundamentales de la fisioterapia. Define el movimiento como un continuo que abarca los niveles microscópico e individual en el contexto social. Explica que la fisioterapia busca minimizar las diferencias entre el potencial de movimiento y el movimiento actual de un individuo mediante técnicas de movimiento terapéutico y modificaciones ambientales.
This document provides a protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of two different walking rehabilitation programs for adults within one year of stroke:
1) The Motor Learning Walking Program (MLWP), which involves varied overground walking tasks consistent with motor learning principles. A single physiotherapist will supervise and provide feedback and guidance.
2) Body-weight supported treadmill training (BWSTT), which emphasizes repetition of normal gait cycles on a treadmill assisted by up to three physiotherapists.
The primary outcome is comfortable gait speed after the 15-session intervention. Secondary outcomes include fast gait speed, walking endurance, balance self-efficacy, participation, quality of life
This document provides an overview of several assigned readings related to nursing leadership, management, organizational change, and systems theory. It discusses key concepts from chapters in a nursing textbook on strategic planning, planned change, and organizational structure. It also summarizes articles on systems-based practice in healthcare, developing shared purpose to deliver patient-centered care, and examining nursing services delivery through an open systems approach. The document instructs the reader to identify an issue in their organization, analyze it from a closed systems perspective, and suggest how viewing it through an open systems lens could help address the problem and improve outcomes.
Using programme theory for evaluation of complex health interventions at dist...Prashanth N S
In this presentation, we explain the process through which a realist evaluation could be conducted on complex interventions through the building and refining of programme theories of these interventions.
Dear students we many times problems with Advance research theory application so i am just explain by my PPT slides to help the students and application of theories.
This document is a research project investigating the effectiveness of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) at predicting exercise behaviour. It utilized a mixed methods design with 40 participants aged 18-30. Quantitative questions measured TPB constructs and their relationship to different types of exercise behavior. Qualitative questions explored motivations for exercise. It was hypothesized that TPB constructs would positively correlate with exercise behavior. Only normative importance significantly correlated with walking. Qualitatively, themes of 'Health' supported attitude and 'Acceptance' supported subjective norm. The researcher concluded quantitative methods were invalid and qualitative data suggested expanding the TPB to include additional variables.
Advanced Regression Methods For Single-Case Designs Studying Propranolol In ...Stephen Faucher
This document discusses a study that used advanced regression methods to analyze data from a single-case design clinical trial of propranolol for treating agitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. The study was a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of 13 patients (9 men and 4 women) with traumatic brain injury. Logistic regression models found that propranolol was not associated with less agitation for most participants, though 4 participants did show a significant response. The study demonstrates how single-case design data can be analyzed using regression methods to obtain clinically and statistically significant information about psychological and medical treatments.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks for research. It provides information on several theories that could be used as the basis for a study, including organizational theory, performance theory, and theories on governance, collective action, and service delivery. It emphasizes that the theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that explains the research problem and will guide hypotheses, variable selection, and data analysis. The theoretical framework strengthens a study by allowing critical evaluation, connecting to existing knowledge, explaining phenomena, and identifying limits of generalizations.
An Introspective Component-Based Approach For Meta-LevelLaurie Smith
This document presents an introspective component-based architecture for clinical decision support systems. The architecture allows integrating rule-based, case-based, and probabilistic reasoning. It is being developed and tested in the domain of palliative cancer care to identify and utilize clinical guidelines. The architecture uses a meta-level reasoner to modify and combine different reasoning components to improve the system's performance over time based on its experiences.
Here is a research tip We write the theory into a separate sectioSusanaFurman449
Here is a research tip: We write the theory into a separate section in a research proposal so that readers can clearly identify the theory from other components. Such a separate passage provides a complete explication of the theory section, its use, and how it relates to the study.
Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective
Using these ideas, the following presents a model for writing a quantitative theoretical perspective section into a research plan. Assume that the task is to identify a theory that explains the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Look in the discipline-based literature for a theory. If the unit of analysis for variables is an individual, look in the psychology literature; to study groups or organizations, look in the sociological literature. If the project examines individuals and groups, consider the social psychology literature. Of course, theories from other disciplines may be useful, too (e.g., to study an economic issue, the theory may be found in economics).
Examine also prior studies that address the topic or a closely related topic. What theories did the authors use? Limit the number of theories and try to identify one overarching theory that explains the central hypothesis or major research question.
As mentioned earlier, ask the rainbow question that bridges the independent and dependent variables: What explains why the independent variable(s) would influence the dependent variables?
Script out the theory section. Follow these lead sentences: “The theory that I will use is _____ (name the theory). It was developed by _____ (identify the origin, source, or developer of the theory), and it was used to study _____ (identify the topics where one finds the theory being applied). This theory indicates that _____ (identify the propositions or hypotheses in the theory). As applied to my study, this theory holds that I would expect my independent variable(s) _____ (state independent variables) to influence or explain the dependent variable(s) _____ (state dependent variables) because _____ (provide a rationale based on the logic of the theory).”
Thus, the topics to include in a quantitative theory discussion are the theory to be used, its central hypotheses or propositions, information about past use of the theory and its application, and statements that reflect how it relates to a proposed study. Example 3.1, which contains a passage by Crutchfield (1986) from her dissertation, illustrates the use of this model.
Theory
at a
Glance
A Guide For Health Promotion Practice
(Second Edition)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
National Institutes of Health
Foreword
A
decade ago, the first edition of Theory at a Glance was published. The guide was
a welcome resource for public health practitioners seeking a single, concise
summary of health behavior theories that was neither overwhelming nor superficial.
As a government publication in the public domain, it also prov ...
The document discusses childhood obesity and overweight, examining factors that contribute to this issue using the Six-Cs Model. The Six-Cs Model focuses on six categories - cell, child, clan, community, country, and culture - to understand influences on childhood weight from a young age to adolescence. It extends previous ecological models by identifying environmental, hereditary and psychosocial influences that can be addressed at different levels to help address childhood obesity.
Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems Week 4.docxwrite4
(1) The document discusses transitioning from a closed to an open systems perspective when addressing problems in healthcare organizations. (2) It provides an example of identifying an issue in one's organization and explaining it from a closed systems view that only considers internal factors. (3) An open systems view is then described which takes into account external influences and how collaboration could help address the problem and improve patient outcomes.
Translating Theory Into PracticeWhen water is in a solid state.docxdepoerossie
Translating Theory Into Practice
When water is in a solid state, particles are packed in a rigid pattern, conforming to the shape of its container. As the water turns into a liquid, the particles regain their fluidity, moving as the other particles around them begin to shift. Kurt Lewin’s change theory is much like the changing state of water. Applying this theory, Lewin describes workplaces as being frozen in their procedures. In this state, it is impossible for change to occur successfully because people are “frozen.” Informaticists must recognize this rigid culture and begin to implement strategies that will unfreeze the opinions and procedures of the setting. According to Lewin, only then will staff begin to accept new processes over old ones.
This process of moving from “freezing” to “unfreezing” can be a turbulent one. In fact, many nurses have equated this to “working in slush.” By applying theories and frameworks developed by Lewin and others, nurse informaticists can better facilitate informatics implementations. In this Discussion, you explore how theories and conceptual frameworks can be applied to informatics implementations
.
To prepare
:
Review this week’s media presentation,
Theories and Conceptual Frameworks,
and consider how a nurse informaticist can use theories to guide informatics initiatives. What are the benefits of using theories?
Review the article “Organization-Wide Adoption of Computerized Provider Order Entry Systems: A Study Based on Diffusion of Innovations Theory” in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how Roger’s diffusion of innovation theory impacted the adoption of the informatics system.
Conduct research in the Walden Library to locate a peer-reviewed article that (1) focuses on implementing a new informatics project or procedure and (2) discusses how a theory was used to guide this implementation.
Consider alternative theories that might also be applicable to that specific implementation.
Post by tomorrow Tuesday 06/14/2016 550 words in APA format with a minimum of 4 references
1)
The APA citation for your article and a brief summary that includes the setting of the implementation, what was being implemented, the need for the implementation, and the titles of the staff who spearheaded the project (if provided).
2)
Identify the theory that drove the implementation, and explain how this theory was translated into practice by the planning team.
3)
Finally, suggest alternative theories that could have been used and support your response with references to the research literature.
Required Resources
Readings
Adams, R., Tranfield, D., & Denyer, D. (2011). How can toast be radical? Perceptions of innovations in healthcare.
International Journal of Clinical Leadership
,
17
(1), 37–48.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This article examines four case studies that present successful innovations in the NHS. The authors propose a descriptive framework of innovation attribute.
Multivariate Approaches in Nursing Research Assignment.pdfbkbk37
The document discusses multivariate approaches used in nursing research. It discusses key variables, validity and reliability, threats to internal validity, and strengths and limitations of models used in the selected article. The document also provides an overview of different multivariate techniques including multiple regression analysis, logistic regression analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, factor analysis, and discriminant function analysis. It discusses when each technique is appropriate and how to choose the right method to solve practical problems.
An illustrated guide to the methods of meta analysirsd kol abundjani
This document provides an overview of meta-analysis methods. It begins by defining meta-analysis and its importance in health care evaluation. It then describes the basic principles of meta-analysis using an example on hospital readmission rates. Next, it discusses threats to meta-analysis validity and methods to address them. Finally, it outlines developing meta-analysis methods and directions for the future. The overall aim is to illustrate meta-analysis methods and highlight areas for further development.
This document discusses the importance of assessing fundamental movements as part of screening athletes before and after injury. It introduces the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) which evaluates 7 fundamental movement patterns. Part 1 describes 3 patterns - the Deep Squat, Hurdle Step, and In-Line Lunge. Part 2 will describe the remaining 4 patterns and discuss using functional movement screening to determine an athlete's ability to participate in sports. Screening fundamental movements can help identify weaknesses, guide rehabilitation programs, and improve injury prevention compared to only assessing isolated muscles or sports skills.
The document reviews studies that examined the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) on gait parameters in children with cerebral palsy, finding that while PRT improved muscle strength and increased gait velocity slightly compared to control groups, more research is needed to determine how to best address muscle weaknesses and compensation patterns through resistance training to maximize its effects on gait.
A Framework for Statistical Simulation of Physiological Responses (SSPR).Waqas Tariq
The problem of variable selection from a large number of variables to predict certain important dependent variables has been of interest to both applied statisticians and other researchers in applied physiology. For this purpose, various statistical techniques have been developed. This framework embedded various statistical techniques of sampling and resampling and help in Statistical Simulation for Physiological Responses under different Environmental condition. The population generation and other statistical calculations are based on the inputs provided by the user as mean vector and covariance matrix and the data. This framework is developed in a way that it can work for the original data as well as for simulated data generated by the software. Approach: The mean vector and covariance matrix are sufficient statistics when the underlying distribution is multivariate normal. This framework uses these two inputs and is able to generate simulated multivariate normal population for any number of variables. The software changes the manual operation into a computer-based system to automate the study, provide efficiency, accuracy, timelessness, and economy. Result: A complete framework that can statistically simulate any type and any number of responses or variables. If the simulated data is analyzed using statistical techniques; the results of such analysis will be the same as that using the original data. If the data is missing for some of the variables, in that case the system will also help. Conclusion: The proposed system makes it possible to carry out the physiological studies and statistical calculations even if the actual data is not present.
Physical activity prediction using fitness data: Challenges and issuesjournalBEEI
In the new healthcare transformations, individuals are encourage to maintain healthy life based on their food diet and physical activity routine to avoid risk of serious disease. One of the recent healthcare technologies to support self health monitoring is wearable device that allow individual play active role on their own healthcare. However, there is still questions in terms of the accuracy of wearable data for recommending physical activity due to enormous fitness data generated by wearable devices. In this study, we conducted a literature review on machine learning techniques to predict suitable physical activities based on personal context and fitness data. We categorize and structure the research evidence that has been publish in the area of machine learning techniques for predicting physical activities using fitness data. We found 10 different models in behavior change technique (BCT) and we selected two suitable models which are fogg behavior model (FBM) and trans-theoretical behavior model (TTM) for predicting physical activity using fitness data. We proposed a conceptual framework which consists of personal fitness data, combination of TTM and FBM to predict the suitable physical activity based on personal context. This study will provide new insights in software development of healthcare technologies to support personalization of individuals in managing their own health.
This dissertation addresses theoretical and applied research problems in human running biomechanics. It aims to quantify leg muscle forces and powers that accelerate and power running motion at increasing speeds, as no prior work has fully achieved this. Developing detailed musculoskeletal models requires understanding anatomy, physiology, and mechanics via Newton's laws of motion to simulate dynamics. Improved models may help athletes enhance sprinting and prevent injuries, informing training strategies with implications for medical acceptance of computational research.
Este documento describe las principales fuentes de información en epidemiología, incluyendo información basada en la población como censos y encuestas, información de los servicios de salud como sistemas de vigilancia de enfermedades, y registros de centros de salud. También cubre la necesidad de información para promover la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia, el manejo de conocimientos y la transparencia. Finalmente, discute la información relacionada con la seguridad y salud en el trabajo como registros de accidentes laborales y exposición a
La fisioterapia en Colombia se desarrolló a partir de la epidemia de polio en los años 1940, cuando las enfermeras comenzaron a aplicar técnicas de cinesiterapia y calor a los pacientes. La fisioterapia se institucionalizó formalmente en 1952 con la apertura de la primera escuela de fisioterapia. Aunque la investigación es una función importante de la educación superior, la fisioterapia en Colombia se ha centrado más en la experiencia clínica que en la investigación básica. Sin embargo, las investigaciones
Este documento presenta un banco de preguntas dividido en cuatro nucleos problemáticos relacionados con la promoción de la salud y la educación para la salud. El primer nucleo cubre conceptos como la definición de salud de la OMS, determinantes sociales de la salud, y niveles de prevención. El segundo nucleo trata teorías del comportamiento en salud como el modelo de creencias en salud y la teoría de acción razonada. El tercer nucleo aborda temas de comunicación para la salud como mercadeo social y educ
La piel está formada por dos capas principales: la epidermis externa y la dermis interna. La epidermis contiene queratinocitos, melanocitos y otras células, y está organizada en varias capas. La dermis está compuesta de tejido conjuntivo con fibras de colágeno y elásticas, y contiene vasos sanguíneos, nervios y glándulas. La piel realiza funciones como protección, termorregulación y sensación.
Este documento describe los pasos para preparar un proyecto de educación para la salud. 1) Se debe definir el objetivo general del proyecto, el objetivo específico del componente de educación para la salud, y los indicadores para medir los resultados. 2) Se debe identificar la población destinataria y considerar factores como la adaptación cultural. 3) Se deben seleccionar los métodos de educación para la salud más adecuados según el contexto.
La planificación de programas educativos en salud requiere identificar las principales necesidades y problemas de salud de una comunidad. Esto permite establecer objetivos generales y específicos, definir el contenido de las actividades educativas, y determinar las estrategias metodológicas, recursos y evaluación requeridos. Al planificar, es importante considerar factores como la capacitación del personal de salud, la adaptación de los materiales a la población, y que el programa se ajuste a las necesidades locales identificadas.
Este documento describe la anatomía del movimiento humano. Explica los tres planos principales del cuerpo (sagital, frontal y transversal), así como los ejes de movimiento asociados. También describe los tipos de contracción muscular, las funciones de los músculos y las palancas del cuerpo como el brazo, la pierna y el cuello. Finalmente, resume los tres tipos de palancas mecánicas y proporciona ejemplos de cómo se aplican en el cuerpo.
Métodos y medios auxiliares en educación para la saludProfe Lucy Pereira
Este documento describe los métodos y medios auxiliares utilizados en la educación para la salud según la OMS. Se clasifican en métodos bidireccionales o directos que implican contacto entre el educador y el educando, y métodos indirectos que utilizan medios de comunicación de masas. Los métodos directos incluyen el diálogo, la clase, la charla y la discusión en grupo. Los métodos indirectos incluyen carteles, folletos, radio y televisión, pero son menos efectivos que los directos al no permitir interacción.
Este documento presenta cuatro técnicas de investigación en grupos, técnicas expositivas, técnicas de análisis y técnicas de desarrollo de habilidades. Describe cada técnica, su utilidad y limitaciones. Las técnicas de investigación en grupos incluyen lluvia de ideas, Phillips 66, rejilla y fotopalabra. Las técnicas expositivas son charla-coloquio, lectura con discusión y video con discusión. Las técnicas de análisis son caso, discusión, aná
Este documento describe los tres tipos de tejido muscular y sus características. Explica que el músculo liso forma las paredes de órganos huecos y tubos, el músculo cardiaco controla el ritmo cardíaco de forma automática, y el músculo esquelético se controla voluntariamente y permite el movimiento. Además, detalla la estructura y propiedades del músculo esquelético a nivel micro y macroscópico, incluyendo sus partes, clasificaciones, y el proceso de contracción muscular
Este documento describe los conceptos básicos del sistema articular, incluyendo las definiciones de articulación, elementos articulares como cartílagos y ligamentos, y las clasificaciones de articulaciones. Existen tres tipos principales de articulaciones - sinartrosis, anfiartrosis y diartrosis - siendo estas últimas las más móviles. Las diartrosis se subdividen según la forma de las superficies óseas en contacto, como enartrosis esféricas, condileas elípticas, trocleares y trocoideas, determinando los movimientos permit
El esqueleto humano está formado por 206 huesos, la mitad de los cuales se encuentran en las manos y pies. El esqueleto se divide en esqueleto axial, que incluye el cráneo, cuello y tronco, y esqueleto apendicular, que incluye los huesos de las extremidades. Los huesos varían en forma pero la mayoría tienen una estructura interna de tejido compacto que protege al tejido esponjoso interior.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
1. Proposing 6 Dimensions Within the Construct of
Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
Diane D Allen
PHYS THER. 2007; 87:888-898.
Originally published online May 15, 2007
doi: 10.2522/ptj.20060182
The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, can be
found online at: http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/87/7/888
Collections This article, along with others on similar topics, appears
in the following collection(s):
Kinesiology/Biomechanics
Motor Control and Motor Learning
e-Letters To submit an e-Letter on this article, click here or click on
"Submit a response" in the right-hand menu under
"Responses" in the online version of this article.
E-mail alerts Sign up here to receive free e-mail alerts
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
3. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
T
he Movement Continuum The- identify appropriate interventions. level on the continuum) and for iden-
ory (MCT),1 first published in The purposes of this study were to tifying physical, psychological, so-
1995, establishes links among propose a multidimensional model cial, and environmental factors that
movement sciences, the movement of movement as an extension of the influence the movement,1 these as-
capability of individuals, and the role MCT and to perform an initial evalu- pects of observable behavior do not
of movement specialists in maximiz- ation of this new model of require redundant description. Only
ing people’s movement capability. movement. the movement itself requires further
The MCT1 presents movement as the specification.
central unifying construct for the as- Literature Review
sessment and management of move- The MCT presents 3 general and 6 The specification of multiple subdi-
ment and movement disorders in- physical therapy principles that link visions or dimensions of movement
stead of the common clinical movement science with movement has support in the movement sci-
practice of focusing on function or capability and clinical practice.1 In ence and clinical literature. Clinical4
disability.2 Its authors proposed it as essence, movement, defined as an and motor control5 sources present
a possible grand theory of physical actual change in position, occurs at strength, flexibility, proprioception,
therapy,1 but the MCT and its prin- multiple interacting levels along a and coordination as candidates for
ciples can enhance the understand- continuum from microscopic to the intervention following orthopedic or
ing of movement and potential inter- level of a person acting in society. neurologic pathology. Some of these
ventions by other professions as Each level is influenced by physical, sensorimotor aspects overlap with
well. social, psychological, and environ- the list that Hedman et al6 compiled
mental factors. Physical agents and as the “components of movement”
Despite broad relevance and a need therapeutic exercise generally have or that Majsak7 identified as con-
for theoretical foundations for clini- entry points at the tissue level or straints delineating the “range of
cal practice,1,3 the MCT has inspired higher, but because the levels inter- movement behaviors.” Additional
little empirical research since its in- act, these interventions can affect overlap and alternative ways of spec-
troduction. In a search of CINAHL molecular and cellular movement as ifying aspects of movement appear
and MEDLINE databases as of August well as body part and person move- in Craik’s discussion of issues for de-
2005, none of the 24 articles refer- ment. The MCT specifies that each fining normal motor behavior8 and
ring to the MCT since its publication person has maximum, current, and the classification that Scheets et al9
contained accounts of prospective preferred movement capabilities. If a formulated for diagnosing impair-
testing of the MCT or any hypothe- movement specialist successfully ad- ment of the movement system. Each
ses stemming from it. dresses movement problems with a of the movement aspects and com-
patient or client, then current move- ponents mentioned in these sources
This study initiates testing of the ment capability will increase and the could contribute to a multidimen-
MCT in a direction that could ease gap between current and preferred sional model of movement.
the application of this theory to em- movement capabilities will narrow.1
pirical research. In this study, the Phases of Study
construct of movement is subdivided Testing the principles presented by This article describes 3 phases of a
into multiple components or dimen- the MCT requires an assessment of multimethod study. The purposes
sions that may prove more readily people’s current and preferred were to formulate and evaluate a
measurable than the singular generic movement capabilities and the effect multidimensional model of move-
movement construct presented in of intervention on them. The con- ment to extend the MCT. In the iden-
the MCT. A multidimensional model struct of movement as presented in tification phase, components of
such as the model proposed here the MCT, however, is too generic for movement from the literature were
may stimulate both the generation of clinical assessment. Specifying subdi- evaluated on the basis of a set of
testable hypotheses and the associa- visions or dimensions of movement criteria for inclusion into an econom-
tion of current evidence of effective- may assist in identifying clinically ical model. In the operation phase,
ness with a unified theory. A multi- measurable constructs that have a the set of dimensions and the MCT
dimensional model of movement definitive relationship to the move- formed the basis of a new measure
also may promote the characteriza- ment capabilities presented in the constructed to incorporate both ge-
tion of people’s different movement MCT. Because the MCT already pre- neric and multidimensional con-
abilities, enhancing the specificity sents a framework for identifying structs of movement. In the test
with which clients and movement what part of the person moves (eg, phase, data were collected with the
specialists can pinpoint deficits and at the tissue, body part, or person new measure. The proposed multi-
July 2007 Volume 87 Number 7 Physical Therapy f 889
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
4. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
dimensional model then was com- A comparison of possible movement Operation Phase:
pared with a unidimensional model dimensions with the criteria led to Method and Results
of movement and with a multidimen- the addition, modification, or elimi- The next step in determining the
sional model with randomly attrib- nation of candidates. Tables 1 and 2 usefulness of this set of dimensions
uted dimensions. Because the phases show comparisons of the first 4 cri- was to construct or locate measures
necessarily occurred sequentially, teria with the proposed (Tab. 1) and for assessing movement. If the same
the results follow the method for some of the rejected (Tab. 2) candi- measure could evaluate both generic
each phase in sequence. dates for movement dimensions. The and multidimensional movements,
fifth criterion implies that people then it would facilitate the direct
Identification Phase: can differentiate among and use the comparison of a generic or overall
Method and Results various dimensions in their observa- idea of movement with the dimen-
Generating the set of potential move- tions and descriptions of movement. sions of movement proposed in the
ment dimensions consisted of setting Testing this implication or otherwise model. In addition, because the MCT
evaluative criteria, identifying from providing evidence of understanding and the proposed model apply to a
literature sources common features of any of the movement dimensions broad range of ability levels and to
of movement to propose as candi- will require empirical data. the movements of people with or
dates, and comparing those candi- without pathologic conditions, the
dates with the criteria to ensure The resulting set of dimensions in- ideal measure for comparing generic
alignment. The criteria for potential cludes flexibility, strength (force ex- and multidimensional constructs
dimensions of movement to extend erted), accuracy, speed, adaptability, would apply to a similar range. Many
the MCT included the following: and endurance. These 6 dimensions measures of movement exist for test-
describe observed movement com- ing individual dimensions, specific
(1) Descriptive: The complete set of prehensively and efficiently (criteria diagnostic groups, or particular body
dimensions, with an added refer- 1 and 2). The proposed dimensions parts exist, but few existing mea-
ence to the body parts or sub- of flexibility, strength, and speed ap- sures assess generic movement abil-
stances doing the moving, ply to all human movement; accu- ity or apply to multiple groups or
should fully describe normal hu- racy applies specifically to purpose- across the proposed dimensions.
man movement, a series of ful movement; and adaptability and
movements, or actively holding endurance apply to movement when Generation of the self-report Move-
a position against a force. encountering unexpected obstacles ment Ability Measure (MAM) opera-
or when approaching the limits of a tionalized the MCT and the proposed
(2) Efficient: The set of dimensions person’s capacity. All of these dimen- model and facilitated direct compar-
should describe movement effi- sions have direct relationships with ison of unidimensional and multi-
ciently, subsuming related con- but remain distinct from the physi- dimensional models of movement.
cepts, with the fewest number cal, psychological, social, and envi- For addressing a generic or uni-
of separate dimensions while ronmental factors that influence dimensional construct of movement,
completely describing movement. movement (criterion 3). Each candi- all items in the MAM were given a
date dimension can be measured similar item construction and stan-
(3) Distinct: The dimensions should clinically (criterion 4). Although fur- dard levels of item responses. If peo-
identify observable features of ther research may justify modifica- ple marked every item with the same
movement distinct from the part tion of this set, these 6 dimensions level of response, then a generic
of the body doing the moving or provide a starting point for charac- movement construct could specify
different physical, psychologi- terizing movements readily observed their movement ability quite ade-
cal, social, or environmental fac- by movement specialists and their quately. For addressing a multi-
tors that influence movement. patients or clients (toward criterion dimensional construct of movement,
5). In addition, these 6 dimensions variations in the wording of items in
(4) Measurable: The dimensions present interesting possibilities for the MAM referred specifically to the
should be measurable. categorizing movement abilities 6 proposed dimensions of move-
maximized by athletes or performing ment. If people marked items associ-
(5) Understandable: The dimensions artists or diminished in people with ated with one dimension quite differ-
should make sense to both a particular pathologic condition ently from items associated with
movement specialists and their (Tab. 3). other dimensions, then specification
patients or clients. of their ability on that dimension
890 f Physical Therapy Volume 87 Number 7 July 2007
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
5. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
Table 1.
Proposed Movement Dimensions Aligned With 4 Criteria
Dimension Descriptive (eg, Efficient (Summarizes Distinct (Requires, But Measurable (Can Be
Ascending and Subsumes These Is Distinct From, Each of Assessed With These
Stairs) Related Concepts) These Physical Factors) Clinical Measures,
Among Others)
Flexibility4 Extent and ease of Extent of linear or angular Appropriate muscle stiffness, Range of motion (goniometer
movement at displacement, range of muscle tone,6,7 and or electrical potentiometer)
joints to reach motion,8,9 amplitude, muscle length7; joint and and extent of movement
next step ease of movement, and ligament integrity; and (video or optoelectric
mobility6 skin and connective tissue systems)
integrity
Strength4 Force to propel or Force behind Appropriate number, size, Myometry, manual muscle
withstand displacement, force and type of muscle fibers; testing, force transducer,
against forces to generation,6,8 and muscle integrity and and electromyographic
lift mass tension generation recruitment7; and neural amplitude (relative to
integrity maximum)
Accuracy Attainment of Direction and timing of Cerebellar integrity and Distance between result of
target position displacement, neuromuscular integrity movement and target; error
on each coordination,6,7,9 timing scores; distance or number
subsequent step and sequencing,7,9 of deviations from target
fractionating or trajectory; and synchrony
isolating movement,9 with a timing target,
and selective capacity6 cadence, and
electromyographic timing
Speed6,8,9 Velocity of ascent Speed of displacement Neuromuscular integrity and Distance divided by time and
of steps and velocity biomechanical integrity cinematography
Adaptability Change when Adjustment during Sensory integrity, reflexes,7 Sensory integration tests and
unexpected displacement, and integrity of reaction times following
step height or adaptation to sensorimotor cortical areas encounter of unexpected
texture is environmental and pathways stimuli
encountered changes,5 adaptive
capacity,6 and
sensorimotor
interaction7
Endurance6–8 Persistence of Continuation through Cardiopulmonary health and Duration plus extent of
ascent up all completion of vascular integrity movement, perceived
steps without displacement, exertion, and change in
flagging persistence, and cardiopulmonary measures
perseverance or vital signs
could enhance the description of The MAM was developed and tested would like to be able to move. Three
their movement ability. for reliability and for content and sample items and instructions are
construct validity with procedures shown in Figure 1. The MAM in-
The self-report format allowed sub- recommended by Wilson10; evi- cluded 4 items for each of the 6 di-
jects to interpret movement as a dence of reliability and validity is pre- mensions, for a total of 24 items. The
whole or differentiate movement di- sented elsewhere (see the article by same instructions applied to all
mensions within the context of their Allen on the validity and reliability of items. Consistency of responses
own lives. The MAM placed minimal the Movement Ability Measure in across items was high, with person
constraints on subject interpreta- this Special Series).11 Each item in separation reliability ranging from
tion. In avoiding the specification of the MAM consisted of 6 statements .92 to .96 for the 6 dimensions and
tasks that may have limited relevance indicating levels of movement abil- equaling .98 for the whole measure.
across groups, the MAM also applied ity. Respondents were instructed to
to a broad range of subjects across choose the statement that most Test Phase: Method
movement ability levels and with or closely matched how they thought For the test phase, a heterogeneous
without pathologic conditions. they moved now and how they sample of people completed the
July 2007 Volume 87 Number 7 Physical Therapy f 891
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
6. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
Table 2.
Representative Movement Features Not Aligned With Criteria
Feature of Movement Unmet Criteria
Posture6,7 Efficient and distinct: posture, when active, as during holding of a
position against a force such as gravity, can be described
adequately with a combination of other dimensions; when
passive, it influences but does not describe subsequent
movement
Balance6 Efficient: balance is a complex set of sensorimotor activities that
can be described with a combination of the proposed
dimensions, such as adaptability, strength, and flexibility
Cognitive capacity,6 psychological capacity,6 ability to learn,9 Distinct and descriptive: these psychological factors influence
and motivation and alertness7 movement and the intention behind movement but do not
describe movement itself
Pain6 Distinct and descriptive: pain, perhaps a physical or psychological
factor influencing movement, does not describe movement
itself
Alignment, center of mass, and base of support7 Distinct and descriptive: these physical (biomechanical) factors
influence movement but do not describe movement itself
Proprioception,4 sensory modalities,9 perception of vertical,9 Distinct and descriptive: sensation and perception are physical
perception of motion,9 and sensory information6 and psychological factors that influence the ability to learn
movement or to adapt to an environment but do not describe
movement itself
MAM. The expectation was that multidimensional model would fit tain a heterogeneous representation
most people who move normally the data better than a unidimensional of movement abilities. Adults volun-
might perceive themselves to have model. The proposed multidimen- teered from religious and commu-
about the same level of movement sional model was compared with a nity groups, personal contacts, a col-
ability on all 6 dimensions; therefore, unidimensional model and with a lege sports team, physical therapy
a unidimensional model would fit multidimensional model in which outpatient clinics, and a senior day
the data very well. If people perceive items were randomly assigned to activity event. In addition to the
differences in the effects of different dimensions. MAM, respondents completed a
dimensions on their movement abil- cover sheet of information about
ity, then they might respond quite Recruitment of volunteers to re- health status and any movement
differently to items associated with spond to the MAM targeted a broad problems. Respondents were in-
those dimensions. In this situation, a spectrum of groups in order to ob- formed that completing and return-
ing the questionnaire constituted
consent for their (anonymous) re-
Table 3. sponses to be included in the study.
Proposed Dimensions and Sample Activities or Pathologies Relevant to Each
Dimension Sport or Activity Pathology The data were analyzed with item
Flexibility Gymnastics, ballet Arthritis, Parkinson disease response theory (IRT) methods12
and ConQuest13,* software, and only
Strength Weight lifting, moving furniture Muscular dystrophy, stroke, peripheral
nerve injury
the “now” responses to items were
analyzed. Two models were com-
Accuracy Archery, tap dancing Cerebellar disease
pared. One model assigned all items
Speed Sprinting, piano playing Parkinson disease, other diseases of to 1 dimension in a unidimensional
the basal ganglia, loss of fast-twitch construct; the other assigned items
muscle fibers
to the 6 dimensions in a multidimen-
Adaptability Skiing, tennis, juggling, reactive Sensory or perceptual loss from sional construct. Fit was analyzed on
balance auditory, visual, vestibular, or
the basis of the differences in the
somatosensory systems
Endurance Running a marathon, singing an Cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases
* Australian Council for Educational Research,
opera
Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
892 f Physical Therapy Volume 87 Number 7 July 2007
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
7. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
deviances and the numbers of pa-
rameters (obtained from ConQuest)
by use of the G2 likelihood ratio sta-
tistic. For a more complex (multidi-
mensional) model to fit better than
a simpler nested (unidimensional)
model, it must result in a lower de-
viance (a measure of lack of fit of the
data to the model) than can be ac-
counted for simply by the greater
number of parameters estimated.
The difference between the devi-
ances for the 2 models functions like
a chi-square distribution with the dif-
ference in the number of parameters
as the degrees of freedom. Correla-
tions also were obtained for each pair
of dimensions in the multidimensional
model.
To assess whether any multidimen-
sional model would fit better than
the unidimensional model for these
data, a random multidimensional
model was generated, with items as-
signed randomly, but without repli-
cation, to generic dimensions. That
is, no more than one item from any
proposed dimension was allowed
per generic dimension. This random
multidimensional model also was
compared with the unidimensional
Figure 1.
model with the G2 likelihood ratio Example of 3 Movement Ability Measure items directed toward the dimensions of
statistic as described previously. flexibility, speed, and strength. Respondents were instructed to choose the one state-
ment within each box that most closely described their usual ability to move now, this
In addition to the comparisons of week, and the one statement that most closely described the ability that they would like
models with the G2 statistic, the pat- to have even if they had to work hard for it. They were instructed to mark one number
on the left (Now) and one number on the right (Would Like) for each set of 6
terns of responses of individual re-
statements.
spondents were examined. Examin-
ing uniform or uneven patterns of
responses across dimensions might
provide insight into the constructs in dimensions (d) for each person p, as movement ability on at least one of
the proposed model. A sum of follows: the dimensions to be quite different
squares indicator, DI, was calculated from the average of the rest. Repre-
sentative respondents with low and
͓͑ Ϫ ͒ ͔
to indicate the sizes of the differ- 6
ences in responses across dimen- DI p ϭ d
2 high DI values were selected; move-
sions.14 For this calculation, move- dϭ1 ment ability plots (MAPs) depicted
ment levels and respondent abilities the asymmetry of dimensions for
() were examined in logits, the log If the sum of the squared deviations these selected respondents with low
of the odds of choosing the state- from an average estimate is low, then and high DI values. Designation of
ment indicating a given level of that person perceives his or her low and high DI values within any
movement ability within each item. movement to be about the same particular study is arbitrary.15 For
The DI sums differences from move- across all 6 dimensions. If DIp is this study, the lowest and highest
ment ability estimates across the 6 high, then that person perceives average logits for any dimension
July 2007 Volume 87 Number 7 Physical Therapy f 893
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
8. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
side of their respective 98% confi-
dence intervals (standard errors for
average dimension estimates were
about 1 logit), and the spread signi-
fied at least 0.5 and up to 1.25 move-
ment ability level differences be-
tween the dimensions. At a DI value
of 5.3, 165 (52%) of the respondents
showed differences between the di-
-6 mensions of movement rather than a
uniform average across dimensions.
-11 Movement ability plots of sample
cases (Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) cho-
sen to represent low and high DI
values depict dimensional abilities in
logits along 6 respective axes in a
hexagon (range for all axesϭϪ11 to
ϩ9 logits). Greater asymmetry indi-
cates larger differences between di-
mensions. Demographic information
is provided when known from re-
sponses and comments on com-
pleted questionnaires.
Figure 2.
Respondent 201 reported low movement ability (low logit values) on all dimensions. Discussion and Conclusion
This respondent was an 86-year-old woman who reported that she was “clumsy” and The 3 phases of this study resulted in
had low back problems. The sum of the squared deviations from an average dimen- a proposed set of dimensions to ex-
sional logit value, DI201ϭ0.47 logit2.
tend the construct of movement
within the MCT. The proposed di-
mensions included aspects of move-
were inspected for each respondent; tidimensional model fit significantly ment that were described in the lit-
the DI cutoff was assigned to the better than the unidimensional erature and that were aligned with
value above which all respondents model (225ϭ280.9, PϽ.0001), even evaluative criteria. Testing the pro-
had differences from their lowest to with high internal consistency across posed dimensions required the con-
their highest dimensions that were all items (Cronbach ␣ϭ.94) and high struction of a new measure targeting
large enough to be outside of a 98% correlations between pairs of dimen- these movement constructs along
confidence interval. tions (rϭ.87–.99). In contrast, when with a generic movement construct.
items were randomly assigned to 6 Model comparisons carried out with
Test Phase: Results generic dimensions, the multidimen- data obtained with the new measure
A total of 318 adults completed the sional model fit no differently than showed that the proposed multidi-
MAM. Respondent ages ranged from the unidimensional model (225ϭ mensional model fit better than a
18 to 101 years, with modes (10 23.3, Pϭ.56). unidimensional model.
each) at ages 49 and 76. Women con-
stituted 206 (65%) of the respon- When response patterns were exam- Despite the dimension-specific
dents; 178 (56%) acknowledged at ined with the DI statistic (meanϭ wording of the MAM, many respon-
least a little movement difficulty in 9.25 logits2, standard deviationϭ dents provided no discernible indica-
the previous week. Forty-six respon- 11.62), 5.3 logits2 was designated as tion that their movement was differ-
dents (14%) indicated that they were the cutoff between low and high. No ent across dimensions. For them,
starting or undergoing physical ther- person who had a DI value above responses across the dimensions in-
apy at the time of responding to the this cutoff had less than 2.5 logits dicated about the same level of
MAM. between the lowest and the highest movement ability, although that
average dimension estimates. At 2.5 movement ability might have been
With items specifically assigned to 6 logits, the lowest and highest aver- low or high, as shown in Figures 2
corresponding dimensions, the mul- age dimension estimates were out- and 3. The associated demographic
894 f Physical Therapy Volume 87 Number 7 July 2007
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
9. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
data indicated that symmetry in re-
sponses across dimensions might
have been associated with debilita-
tion or physical capability in general. 4
For more than half of the respon-
-1
dents in this study, MAM responses
were different across dimensions.
Some respondents showed excep-
-6
tionally low levels of ability on some
dimensions (Figs. 5 and 7), and
others showed exceptionally high -11
levels of ability on 1 or 2 dimensions
(Fig. 6). These responses imply suf-
ficient understanding of the dimen-
sions in the MAM to reflect con-
sistent differences (with person
separation reliability ranging from
.92 to .96) across designated groups
of items. This is initial evidence that
this set of dimensions may meet cri-
terion 5. Determining whether such
differences across dimensions have
clinical meaning depends on future Figure 3.
research. Comparing the demo- Respondent 244 reported high movement ability on all dimensions. This respondent
graphic data to the MAPs suggested a was a 72-year-old man who was healthy. The sum of the squared deviations from an
link between responses and respon- average dimensional logit value, DI244ϭ3.15 logits2.
dent characteristics rather than ei-
ther uniform or random responses to
items.
4
Although these results provide some
initial evidence supporting the sub-
-1
division of the movement construct
of the MCT into the 6 proposed di-
mensions, validation of the proposed -6
model requires further research. For
example, the MAM deliberately al-
-11
lowed respondents to interpret
items without specifying standard
tasks; this property increased its ap-
plicability across individuals with dif-
ferent experiences of functional ac-
tivities but restricted the absolute
comparison of one individual with
another or of MAM responses with
instrumented measures. To deter-
mine whether differences in per-
ceived movement ability correlate
with measurable differences in di-
Figure 4.
mensions, future research might ex-
Respondent 39 reported higher movement ability on flexibility, strength, and endur-
amine the association between MAM ance and lower movement ability on accuracy, speed, and adaptability. This respondent
responses and performance-based was a 65-year-old man. The sum of the squared deviations from an average dimensional
measures or clinicians’ judgments of logit value, DI39ϭ28.22 logits2.
July 2007 Volume 87 Number 7 Physical Therapy f 895
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
10. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
movement ability. To determine
whether the magnitude of perceived
movement ability has meaning, fu-
ture research might examine group
data for each dimension and com-
pare healthy control subjects with
subjects who have identified defi-
ciencies. To explore the possible
clinical meaning of the proposed di-
mensionality, future research might
examine people before and after
-11
therapy to determine whether those
who respond well to therapy started
with a generic lack of movement
ability across all dimensions or a spe-
cific and predictable lack of move-
ment ability in one dimension or a
few dimensions. Further research
also might indicate that MAPs reveal
identifiable patterns of asymmetry
for certain clinical groups.
Asymmetry across different dimen- Figure 5.
sions should follow predictable pat- Respondent 186 reported moderate movement ability on adaptability and much lower
terns according to the proposed mul- movement ability on the other dimensions, especially flexibility. This respondent was a
76-year-old woman who had had a stroke. The sum of the squared deviations from an
tidimensional model of movement. average dimensional logit value, DI186ϭ68.34 logits2.
For example, athletes should test
higher in predictable subsets of
these dimensions, depending on the
requirements of their specific sport-
ing events, as proposed in Table 3.
Likewise, patients should test lower
in predictable ways if they have di-
agnoses affecting 1 or several desig- -1
nated dimensions. Furthermore, if
these dimensions extend the MCT, -6
then patients should improve in af-
fected dimensions upon successful
completion of a clinical intervention. -11
If research confirms predictable pat-
terns among the dimensions related
to athletic ability or pathology-
related disability, then characteriza-
tion of movement ability along the
dimensions may prove useful in de-
termining prognosis and planning
for client intervention.
A common alternative statistical
method for determining dimension-
Figure 6.
ality, factor analysis, proved unhelp-
Respondent 316 reported higher movement ability on endurance and moderate move-
ful in this study. Exploratory or con- ment ability on the other dimensions. This respondent was a 25-year-old woman who
firmatory factor analysis of an was a long-distance runner. The sum of the squared deviations from an average
instrument relies on a lack of corre- dimensional logit value, DI316ϭ29.35 logits2.
896 f Physical Therapy Volume 87 Number 7 July 2007
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
11. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
lation between groups of items or
dimensions to determine whether
different factors are represented. For
perceived movement ability as as-
sessed with the MAM, the dimen-
sions had an extremely high pair-
wise correlation that negated
confirmation of factors with factor
analysis. Choosing IRT methods to
test dimensionality proved more use-
ful in this study because these meth- -11
ods estimate item and respondent lo-
cations on the same (logit) scale on
the basis of all of the recorded re-
sponses to all of the items. Thus, IRT
methods retain the distinctions be-
tween items and groups of items
made by individual respondents
rather than subsuming all of those
differences in pooled correlation
data across a sample.
Although the MCT describes move- Figure 7.
ment at all levels, from the molecular Respondent 309 reported low movement ability on flexibility and strength and mod-
and cellular levels to the level of a erate movement ability on the other dimensions. This respondent was a 40-year-old
person acting in society, the MAM man with limited neck and arm function because of impingement. The sum of the
squared deviations from an average dimensional logit value, DI309ϭ123.02 logits2.
incorporates the 6 dimensions of
readily perceivable movement only.
Further research is needed to deter-
mine whether these 6 dimensions study will promote discussion of potheses, however, the MCT will
apply to the molecular and cellular movement and all of its possible fail to provide a foundation for as-
levels of the continuum described by dimensions. sessment and intervention. The pro-
the MCT or whether separate move- posed multidimensional model may
ment descriptors are more applica- The subjects in this study were not a promote hypothesis generation be-
ble for these levels. randomized sample; subjects who cause the specificity of the dimen-
volunteered to complete the self- sions makes measuring movement
Although numerous discussions with report measure may have self- with the MCT more concrete.
professional informants helped re- selected either because they thought Strength, for example, as a dimen-
fine the set of dimensions described they moved well or because they sion within the movement con-
here and although these dimensions were conscious of movement prob- struct of the MCT, has links among
met the evaluative criteria, the liter- lems. Neither of these motivations the assessment of strength in the
ature search for movement dimen- was thought to bias the results par- laboratory, the problems of weak-
sion candidates was neither exhaus- ticularly, as this study focused on di- ness, and the intervention used to
tive nor systematic. Further research mensionality and not the level of improve current ability to gener-
may provide support for the exclu- movement ability. ate force. Characterizing movement
sivity of these dimensions or provide capabilities across dimensions and
some other criteria for accepting dif- An alternative to the disablement testing any narrowing of the gap be-
ferent dimension candidates. Re- models described as the basis of tween current and preferred move-
search also may modify the concepts the Guide to Physical Therapist ment capabilities as a result of inter-
of these dimensions, splitting some Practice,2 the MCT1 presents a po- vention become possible.
into smaller subdivisions or merging tential grand theory of physical
others on the basis of some alterna- therapy3 that also could be relevant If the research suggested in this dis-
tive criteria. It is hoped that the iden- to movement specialists in other cussion further supports the MCT
tification of the 6 dimensions in this professions. Without testable hy- and the proposed dimensions of
July 2007 Volume 87 Number 7 Physical Therapy f 897
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
12. Dimensions of Construct of Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
movement, it will have implications odology of testing. The author also thanks 7 Majsak MJ. Consolidating principles of mo-
Rick Allen for support and editing advice tor learning with neurologic treatment
affecting research, education, and techniques in a professional physical ther-
throughout the process of conceptualizing,
clinical practice. In research, the apist program. Neurology Report. 1996;
testing, and writing. 20:19 –27.
MCT and dimensions of movement
A version of this study was presented as a 8 Craik RL. Abnormalities of motor behav-
could provide a framework for re- ior. In: Lister MJ, ed. Contemporary Man-
poster at the Combined Sections Meeting of
vealing relationships among flexibil- agement of Motor Control Problems: Pro-
the American Physical Therapy Association; ceedings of the II-Step Conference.
ity, strength, and speed, for exam- February 1–5, 2006; San Diego, Calif. This Alexandria, Va: Foundation for Physical
ple, providing a needed unification study was completed as part of the author’s Therapy; 1991:155–164.
for effectiveness evidence. In educa- doctoral dissertation at the University of Cal- 9 Scheets PK, Sahrmann SA, Norton BJ. Di-
ifornia, Berkeley. agnosis for physical therapy for patients
tion, a focus on movement dimen- with neuromuscular conditions. Neurol-
sions provides a natural link between The Committee for the Protection of Human ogy Report. 1999;23:158 –169.
basic and movement sciences and Subjects at the University of California, 10 Wilson M. Constructing Measures: An
Berkeley, designated this study exempt from Item Response Modeling Approach. Mah-
the movement deficits associated wah, NJ: Erlbaum; 2005.
further review.
with particular pathologic condi- 11 Allen DD. Validity, Reliability, and Re-
tions, perhaps improving student This article was received June 27, 2006, and sponsiveness of the Movement Ability
was accepted March 1, 2007. Measure, a New Instrument Proposed for
understanding of assessment and in- Assessing Physical Therapist Competence
tervention relationships across diag- DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20060182 [dissertation]. Berkeley, Calif: Graduate
School of Education, University of Califor-
nostic groups. In clinical practice, nia; 2005.
the dimensions of movement may References 12 Adams RJ, Wilson M, Wang W. The multi-
help patients and movement special- 1 Cott CA, Finch E, Gasner D, et al. The
dimensional random coefficients multino-
mial logit model. Applied Psychological
ists more readily specify and focus movement continuum theory of physical Measurement. 1997;21:1–23.
therapy. Physiother Can. 1995;47:87–95.
assessment and intervention on the 13 ACER ConQuest: Generalised Item Re-
2 Guide to Physical Therapist Practice. 2nd
dimensions having the most diffi- ed. Phys Ther. 2001;81:9 –746.
sponse Modelling Software [computer
program]. Version 2.0. Hawthorn, Victo-
culty. Across all areas, dissemination 3 O’Hearn MA. The elemental identity of ria, Australia: ACER (Australian Council for
and use of the MCT and dimensions physical therapy. Journal of Physical Educational Research) Press; 2003.
Therapy Education. 2002;16:4 –7.
of movement could enhance effec- 14 Briggs DC, Wilson M. An introduction to
4 Tomberlin JP, Saunders HD. Evaluation, multidimensional measurement using Ra-
tiveness in investigating and manag- Treatment and Prevention of Musculo- sch models. Journal of Applied Measure-
ing movement. Although this study skeletal Disorders. Vol 2. 3rd ed. Chaska, ment. 2003;4:87–100.
Minn: The Saunders Group; 1994.
addressed only the initial testing 15 Allen DD, Wilson M. Introducing multidi-
5 Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Motor mensional item response modeling in
of the proposed multidimensional Control: Theory and Practical Applica- health behavior and health education re-
model of movement and the MCT, tions. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott search. Health Educ Res. 2006;21(suppl
Williams & Wilkins; 2001. 1):i73–i84.
the potential usefulness of this
6 Hedman LD, Rogers MW, Hanke TA. Neu-
theory makes further research rologic professional education: linking the
worthwhile. foundation science of motor control with
physical therapy interventions for move-
ment dysfunction. Neurology Report.
1996;20:9 –13.
The author acknowledges Mark Wilson for
sparking the original idea of dimensions of
movement and for his direction in the meth-
898 f Physical Therapy Volume 87 Number 7 July 2007
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012
13. Proposing 6 Dimensions Within the Construct of
Movement in the Movement Continuum Theory
Diane D Allen
PHYS THER. 2007; 87:888-898.
Originally published online May 15, 2007
doi: 10.2522/ptj.20060182
References This article cites 9 articles, 1 of which you can access for
free at:
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/87/7/888#BIBL
Cited by This article has been cited by 3 HighWire-hosted articles:
http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/87/7/888#otherarticles
Subscription http://ptjournal.apta.org/subscriptions/
Information
Permissions and Reprints http://ptjournal.apta.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml
Information for Authors http://ptjournal.apta.org/site/misc/ifora.xhtml
Downloaded from http://ptjournal.apta.org/ by guest on March 11, 2012