The document discusses the photoelectric effect. It begins by stating that light has both wave and particle properties, and the photoelectric effect can be explained by the particle theory of light. It then explains that the photoelectric effect is the ejection of electrons from a metal surface when light of a sufficient frequency strikes it. The minimum frequency needed is called the threshold frequency. The work function and maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons are also defined.

1. Photoeletric effect
SUBMITTED BY N.KUMAR GANESH
SUBMITTED TO

2. We know that the light has dual nature.
INTRODUCTION:
The Phenomena of interference & diffraction etc. can be
explained on the basis of wave theory of light.
Whereas the phenomena of Photoelectric Effect , compton
effect can be explained on the basis of particle theory of light.

3. The ejection of electrons from a metallic surface
when the light of suitable frequency is allowed to fall
on the surface.

4. This suitable frequency is called Threshold
Frequency and the corresponding
wavelength is called threshold wavelength.
Work function: The work function is the
energy required to remove an electron from
the highest filled level in the Fermi
distribution of a solid.

6. •Incident light triggers the emission of (photo)electrons
from the cathode.
•Some of them travel toward the collector (anode) with an
initial kinetic energy.
•The applied voltage V either accelerates (if positive) or
decelerates (if negative) the incoming electrons.
•The intensity I of the current measured by the ammeter as
a function of the applied voltage V is a measurement of the
photoelectron properties, and therefore a measurement of
the properties of the photoelectric effect.

7. Think about hitting a ball into outer space.
If you don't hit it hard enough, it will just come back
down. No matter how many times you hit it.
If superman hit it, he could get it into space.
Similarly, no matter how many photons strike the metal, if
none of them has sufficient energy to eject an electron
from a metal atom, you won't get a current.
If the energy the taken up by the electron is sufficient to
allow it to be released from the metal atom, you will get a
current.

8. E
Km
W
Km :- maximum kinetic energy of
emitted electron
W :- work function

9. V
V :- potential difference
Vs :- stopping potential
ʋ :- frequency (constant)

10. Vs1 Vs2 Vs3
Ʋ1
Ʋ2
Ʋ3
The stopping potential depends on the frequency:-Higher
frequencies generates higher energy electrons.
Ʋ1 > Ʋ2 > Ʋ3

11. Photoelectric effect is directly proportional to intensity.
If the frequency of the incident light is less than the threshold
frequency then no electron ejected, no matter what the
intensity.
The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons depend on the
frequency of the incident light.
The electrons were emitted immediately - no time lag.

12. Km:- maximum kinetic energy
E :- energy of photon’s
W :- work function of metal

13. Km
W
E

15. Ch23:Electromagnetic Induction
Wind turbine is an example of induction at work. Wind pushes the blades of the turbine,
spinning a shaft attached to magnets. The magnets spin around a conductive coil, inducing
an electric current in the coil, and eventually feeding the electrical grid.

16. Ch23:Electromagnetic Induction
Wind turbine is an example of induction at work. Wind pushes the blades of the turbine,
spinning a shaft attached to magnets. The magnets spin around a conductive coil, inducing
an electric current in the coil, and eventually feeding the electrical grid.

17. Induced Emf and Induced Current
(a) When there is no relative motion between the coil of wire and the bar magnet,
there is no current in the coil.
(b) A current is created in the coil when the magnet moves toward the coil.
(c) A current also exists when the magnet moves away from the coil, but the
direction of the current is opposite to that in ( b).

18. Inducing Current With a Coil in
a Magnetic Field

19. Motional Emf
The Emf Induced in a Moving Conductor

20. Magnetic Flux
Graphical Interpretation of Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux is proportional to the number of magnetic flux lines passing
through the area.

21. A General Expression for Magnetic
Flux
ACosBAB )(  
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb), named after the German Physicist W.E.
Weber (1804-1891). 1 Wb = 1 T.m2.

22. EXAMPLE on Magnetic Flux
A rectangular coil of wire is situated in a constant magnetic field whose magnitude is 0.50 T.
The coil has an area of 2.0 m2. Determine the magnetic flux for the three orientations, shown
below.

23. Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
Michael Faraday found experimentally that the magnitude of the induced emf
is proportional to the rate at which the magnetic flux changed. Faraday’s law
can be written as,
.; AB
t
N 



where N is the number of turns in the loops, A is the area of one loop, ξ is
the induced emf, and B┴ is the perpendicular component of the magnetic
field.

24. Lenz's Law
.; AB
t
N 



The SI unit for the induced emf is the volt, V. The minus sign in the above Faraday’s
law of induction is due to the fact that the induced emf will always oppose the
change. It is also known as the Lenz’s law and it is stated as follows,
The current from the induced emf will produce a magnetic field, which will always
oppose the original change in the magnetic flux.

25. Application of Lenz’s Law

26. An Induction Stove
The water in the ferromagnetic metal pot is boiling. Yet, the water in the glass pot is not
boiling, and the stove top is cool to the touch.
The stove operates in this way by using electromagnetic induction.

27. An Automobile Cruise Control
Device

28. A Ground Fault Interrupter

29. Electric
Generator

30. Pickup coil in an electric guitar