Photovoltaics or solar cells technology opportunity and challenges

Hemant Kumar Singh,
Research Scholar (Ph.D student)
National Centre for Photovoltaic Research & Education
Dept. of ESE, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076

 Introduction to Photovoltaics/Solar cells

 Solar Energy from Sun

 Why Solar cell Technology?

 Various types of solar cells and their status

 Jawaharlal Nehru solar cell mission (JNSSM), INDIA

 Conclusion

Introduction
to
Photovoltaics/Solar cells

 Photovoltaics:
Photovoltaics are devices which converts light energy into electrical energy.

 Solar Cell:
If the light is coming from sun, then this is called solar cell.

 Basic Model:

Junction
Photo Generated Electron

Photon
C.B
F.L
n-Type
Photo generated Hole
V.B

H.K.Singh, NCPRE, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India

 Typical cells designs:

Si based solar cell

 c-Si based cells and Modules:


 Thin film CIGS cell design:

 Thin film based cells and Modules:


 Multijunction cells
Eg
1.9 eV

1.4 eV

0.66 eV
 Various types of Modules

Ref: King et al Appl Phys Lett 90, 183516 (2007)


.
 Relative earth – sun position at noon.
[Eduardo Lorenzo [1 ].

 Air mass, defined as the relative length of
the direct-beam path through the
atmosphere compared with a vertical path
directly to sea level, i.e. when sun is directly
overhead, which is designed as AM.

For an ideal homogeneous atmosphere,
simple geometrical considerations lead to
AM = 1 / cosθZS

 Outside the Earth’s atmosphere, when it is 1
AU from the sun, is known as the solar
constant. B0 = 1367 W/m2  AM 1.5 represent the spectrum of sunlight when θ ZS = 45
0

 AM 0 represent the solar spectrum outside the earth
Global radiation: AM is considered equal to atmosphere.
1.5 and for AM = 1.5, the resulting power  AM 1 represents the solar spectrum of sun light at earth
surface when sun is at zenith.
incident on a unit area is 1000 W/m2 .  For space application it is as for AM = 1, i.e. 1367 W/m2.

[1]. Eduardo Lorenzo, Hand book of photovoltaic science & engineering edited by Antonio Luque & Steven Hegedus chapter 20 , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ( 2003 )

.
 In India: Solar insolation: 4-7
kWh/m2 / day

 In India: 300 sunny days per year on
average

 India capability for solar based
energy production (As per MNRE
report): 5,000 trillion kilowatts


 Can bring electricity to a rural homemaker who lives 100 kilometers and 100 years away
from the nearest electric grid connection in his country.

 Does not produce any noise as it has no moving part and also it does not produce
pollution and green house gases like fossil fuels.

 Allows us to what we already do (i.e generate electricity, which is distributed over the
transmission grids ) but to do it in a sustainable, pollution free, equitable fashion.

 It is applicable to most of locations because solar radiation is available at most of the
places unlike wind which is very site specific.

 Available in abundance

 Can be applied to hundreds of applications

 In India: 300 sunny days per year on average with Solar insolation: 4-7 kWh/m2 / day

 It helps our society socially, economically and environmentally
 Creates more job per MW installed compared to any other technology, It can be installed and made functional
fasted compared to any other technology, Helps to reduce carbon emissions.

 Wide range of Applications: Village/ Remote Area

Hydo Nuclear Thermal Transmission
Grid

 Grid/Micro Grid concept:
Electric
Substation

Distribution
Transformer

Micro Grid

Heavy Industries

Source: Inspired from a student presentation


Each house can have its own power plant

 Other many Applications (Can become part of daily routine):

Image source: Google Images




Solar charging station for electric vehicle
at Chicago

Arizona's Sun-Powered Train Proposal

Image source: Google Images
Solar Airplane to Fly Over Europe

Various types of solar cells
&
their status



Source: NREL, USA

 Best Module Efficiencies:
 Confirmed terrestrial module efficiencies measured under the global AM1.5 spectrum
(1000W/m2) at a cell temperature of 25 0C

Ref: M. A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, W. Warta, and E. D. Dunlop, “Solar cell efficiency tables ( version 39 ),”
no. version 39, pp. 12–20, 2012.
Effic: Efficiency
FF: Fill Factor
ap: aperture area
da: designated illumination area


Jawaharlal Nehru solar cell
mission (JNSSM), INDIA

 The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission : also known as the National Solar Mission

 A major initiative of the Government of India and State Governments to promote
ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenges.

 The objective of the National Solar Mission is to establish India as a global leader in solar
energy, by creating the policy conditions for its diffusion across the country as quickly as
possible.

 The immediate aim of the Mission is to focus on setting up an enabling environment for
solar technology penetration in the country both at a centralized and decentralized level.

 Adopted a 3-phase approach,
 spanning the period of the 11th Plan first year of the 12th Plan (up to 2012-13) as Phase 1,
 the remaining 4 years of the 12th Plan (2013-17) as Phase 2 and
 the 13th Plan (2017-22) as Phase 3. Ref: JNSSM policies for Phase-II released by
MNRE, Govt. of INDIA

 National Solar mission under the brand name “Solar India” set an ambitious target of
adding 20 GW of Grid connected and 2 GW of Off-grid capacity by 2022 in three phases.


Almost 5 to 10 times than
 Set targets: previous target in the same
span of years

 Current Status of Phase I Projects :

Ref: JNSSM policies for Phase-II released by

 State level Initiatives:


 Under Phase II of JNNSM, target for deployment of 25000 solar pumps by the end of FY
2017 has been envisaged.

 India currently has more than 3.10 lakh telecom towers, 60% of their power requirements
are met by diesel generators which together consume about 2 billion litres of diesel fuel
each year and result in 5.3 million tonnes of CO2 emission.

 Phase II focus on Focus on developing special schemes for promotion of solar telecom
towers and would target around 25000 solar integrated telecom towers.

 Inter-technology Targets at Central and State Level for JNSSM Phase-II


 Demand and Supply Scenario after Phase - I







 Basic Model and brief about Solar cells

 Solar energy at earth and specifically in India

 Light on importance of solar cell based technology and its
applicability towards day to day routine use

 Status of various solar cell/Module technology

 Govt. of India major initiative: Goals and Challenges

 Some current challenges and light on some R & D activity and
requirements


 For successful implementation and functioning

Technology
Science

Industry

Cooperation
Utilities Policy

Finance

Source: Inspired from a presentation at EU PVSEC 2012, Frankfurt, Germany


“Information is not knowledge. The only source of knowledge is
experience.” [Albert Einstein]

Thank you for your Attention

Photovoltaics or solar cells technology opportunity and challenges

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