Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
this presentation describes light phase of photosynthesis. it explains Evidences for two phases, Photosynthetic unit & Harvesting of light energy, Emerson effect &two photosystem, Hill reaction & Photolysis /photo-oxidation of water, Redox potential & mechanism of light reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Non- cyclic photophosphorylation .
Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
this presentation describes light phase of photosynthesis. it explains Evidences for two phases, Photosynthetic unit & Harvesting of light energy, Emerson effect &two photosystem, Hill reaction & Photolysis /photo-oxidation of water, Redox potential & mechanism of light reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Non- cyclic photophosphorylation .
Photosynthesis is a major process which all should know. For this only this ppt has been made to understand the basics as well as more about it . It will help all students in their project submission. Hope find well.
-LALIT KUMAR
Understanding the Basis of Photosynthesis.Light reaction, Carbon Fixation, Calvin Cycle C4 Plants and CAM plants.
Adapted from and copyright @ Plant Physiology, 3rd edby Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger
In this ppt, you will learn about photosystem first of photosynthesis, with video and animation such a nice presentation. electron movement by animation, see and understand the system.
Photosynthesis is a major process which all should know. For this only this ppt has been made to understand the basics as well as more about it . It will help all students in their project submission. Hope find well.
-LALIT KUMAR
Understanding the Basis of Photosynthesis.Light reaction, Carbon Fixation, Calvin Cycle C4 Plants and CAM plants.
Adapted from and copyright @ Plant Physiology, 3rd edby Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger
In this ppt, you will learn about photosystem first of photosynthesis, with video and animation such a nice presentation. electron movement by animation, see and understand the system.
This slideshow explains the details about Photosynthesis process. It has covered all the aspects such as definition, significance, photosystems, Hill reaction, Calvin cycle, HSK cycle, CAM pathway, Photorespiration, etc. of photosynthesis. This slide show will be useful to College students and the students who are appearing for various competitive examinations. .This slide show is equally beneficial to the students who want to pursue career in the biological sciences.
what is photosynthesis?-history background-photosynthetic pigmment system-light harvesting complex-photo oxidation of water-photophosphorylation and mechanism of electron transport
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. DEFINITION AND SITE
• It is a complex process by which green plants synthesize their own
food with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll in the presence of
water and carbon dioxide and oxygen given out as a bi product.
OR
• It is conversion of solar energy into chemical energy to fix carbon and
form ATP.
3. 6CO2 + 12H20----------------- C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
Librated oxygen is release from the H2O molecule.
Only 0.2% of light is used by green plants for photosynthesis
4. • Photosynthesis occurs in a green part of the plant(leaf) where a
mesophyll cells are present in which chloroplast is present in a
palisade parenchyma.
SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
5. There is 2 type of chemical reaction takes place inside the chloroplast.
6. Pigments involve in photosynthesis.
• Pigments are the substance that impart color to the leaf and have an
ability to absorb light, at specific wavelength.
• In leaves there is so many shades of green color present which is not
because of the single pigment 4 pigments are involved in that.
• Chlorophyll a – bright or blue green
• Chlorophyll b –yellow green
• Xanthophylls -yellow
• Caratenoids- yellow to yellow orange
7. • Chlorophyll a & chl b absorb maximum wavelength of light therefore
showing high rate of photosynthesis at blue & red region
8. Light & wavelengths
• Maximum photosynthesis occurs at red light.
• Chlorophyll a –red light maximum
• Chlorophyll b –blue light maximum
SUN lIGHT
Invisible light (eg-UV rays)
Cosmic rays, x rays
0-400 nm
Visible light
( infrared radition)
Photosynthetic Active
Radiation(PAR)
400-700 nm
9. Emersion red drop effect
• Emerson effect. The Emerson effect is the increase in the rate of photosynthesis
after chloroplasts are exposed to light of wavelength 670 nm (deep red spectrum)
and 700 nm (far red spectrum).
• The effect was early evidence that two photosystems, processing different
wavelengths, cooperate in photosynthesis
• Maximum photosynthetic occurs at 700 nm wavelength of light but
when wavelength exceeds before it suddenly a drop occurs in
reaction called emersion red drop effect.
• Its name is emersion red drop because of the drop occurs at the red light
12. Z- SCHEME
• Pheophytin quinine is the first electron acceptor in PS 2.
• First ATP production in PS 2 occurs between cytochrome-b6 &
cytochrome f.
• NADH2 act as reducing agent in PS 1.
• PS 1- cyclic phosphorylation/ non- cyclic phosphorylation.
• In PS 2 only ATP formation occurs while in PS 1 both NADPH2 & ATP
formation occurs.
13. Water splitting
• The electrons that were moved from photosystem 2 must be
replaced, this is achieved due to splitting of water.
• The splitting of water associated with the PS2; water split into H ions ,
oxygen, electrons. this creates oxygen , one of the net product of
photosynthesis.
• The electrons needed to replace those removed from photosystem 1
are provided by photosystem 2
• 4H2O-------------------- 4H + O2 + 4e-
14. PRODUCTS OF WATER SPLITTING
• 2 molecules of oxygen- librated oxygen
• 2 molecules of water -transpirated water
• 4 H+ and 4 e- -used in phosphorylation process
16. Chemiosmotic hypothesis
• The chemiosmotic hypothesis suggests that the action of ATP
synthase is coupled with that of a proton gradient.
• It is the action of the proton gradient that causes a proton motive
force that allows ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP and inorganic
phosphate to ATP.
• All this occurs in grana in the presence of light that’s why it is called
light reaction.
• Thylakoid membrane impermeable for hydrogen ions.
• When protons released from F1 than they release ATP energy.
•
17. Calvin cycle
• The Calvin cycle (also known as the Calvin–Bensoncycle) is
the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts
during photosynthesis.
• The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after
the energy has been captured from sunlight
18.
19. C4 Pathway
• C4 carbon fixation pathway is a metabolicpathway where CO2 is first added to
phosphoenolpyruvate by the enzyme, PEP carboxylase, producing the four-
carbon compound within mesophyll cells that is later transported to the bundle
sheath cells where the CO2 is to be released for use in the Calvin cycle.
• Plant that are adapted to dry tropic region have the C4 pathway.
• This pathway best works in high CO2 concentration and high temperature.
• In bundle sheath cell no chlorophyll is present ;no light reaction occurs.