photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
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Autotrophs can produce their own food through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses sunlight as an energy source and occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria containing chlorophyll. Chemosynthesis uses inorganic molecules from ocean vents as an energy source for bacteria. Heterotrophs cannot produce their own food and must obtain energy by consuming other organisms, breaking down food through cellular respiration.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two phases: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light reactions capture energy from sunlight and use it to make ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds to fuel the plant. Some plants use alternative pathways like C4 or CAM photosynthesis that help reduce photorespiration and increase water use efficiency.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It takes place in two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic compounds like glucose. The chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place, containing chlorophyll pigments in the thylakoid membranes which absorb light energy to drive the light-dependent reactions.
Chemosynthesis Notes
The document discusses chemosynthesis, a process by which bacteria living symbiotically with tubeworms at deep sea thermal vents produce food. At these vents, bacteria inside the tubeworms' cells use hydrogen sulfide from the hot water as an energy source to produce glucose through chemosynthesis. This provides the basis for a unique food chain at the vents, where no sunlight penetrates.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in two stages: in the light-dependent reactions, chloroplasts use energy from sunlight to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH; in the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH fuel the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose using the enzyme RuBisCO. Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth as it produces oxygen and supplies organic compounds and energy.
Photosynthesis
The document summarizes the process of photosynthesis. It describes the structure of chloroplasts, including the chloroplast envelope, internal tykaloids, stroma, and grana. It explains that photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and that this process occurs in the chloroplasts. It lists several factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, including temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. Chlorophyll, located in chloroplasts, absorbs sunlight and uses the energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose through a two-step process - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. Plants appear green because chlorophyll, the main photosynthetic pigment, absorbs most wavelengths of visible light except green, which it reflects, giving leaves their green color.
Light reaction of photosynthesis
1. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments.
2. Energy from the absorbed light is used to transfer electrons along an electron transport chain, powering the synthesis of ATP through photophosphorylation and reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
3. The products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like sugars, using energy from sunlight. It occurs in chloroplasts through two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to form ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where carbon dioxide is fixed into sugars using ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis, which has played a key role in maintaining the oxygen content of Earth's atmosphere.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two phases: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light reactions capture energy from sunlight and use it to make ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds to fuel the plant. Some plants use alternative pathways like C4 or CAM photosynthesis that help reduce photorespiration and increase water use efficiency.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It takes place in two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic compounds like glucose. The chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis takes place, containing chlorophyll pigments in the thylakoid membranes which absorb light energy to drive the light-dependent reactions.
Chemosynthesis Notes
The document discusses chemosynthesis, a process by which bacteria living symbiotically with tubeworms at deep sea thermal vents produce food. At these vents, bacteria inside the tubeworms' cells use hydrogen sulfide from the hot water as an energy source to produce glucose through chemosynthesis. This provides the basis for a unique food chain at the vents, where no sunlight penetrates.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in two stages: in the light-dependent reactions, chloroplasts use energy from sunlight to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH; in the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH fuel the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates like glucose using the enzyme RuBisCO. Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth as it produces oxygen and supplies organic compounds and energy.
Photosynthesis
The document summarizes the process of photosynthesis. It describes the structure of chloroplasts, including the chloroplast envelope, internal tykaloids, stroma, and grana. It explains that photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and that this process occurs in the chloroplasts. It lists several factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis, including temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. Chlorophyll, located in chloroplasts, absorbs sunlight and uses the energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose through a two-step process - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. Plants appear green because chlorophyll, the main photosynthetic pigment, absorbs most wavelengths of visible light except green, which it reflects, giving leaves their green color.
Light reaction of photosynthesis
1. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments.
2. Energy from the absorbed light is used to transfer electrons along an electron transport chain, powering the synthesis of ATP through photophosphorylation and reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
3. The products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like sugars, using energy from sunlight. It occurs in chloroplasts through two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to form ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where carbon dioxide is fixed into sugars using ATP and NADPH. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis, which has played a key role in maintaining the oxygen content of Earth's atmosphere.
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Modes of nutrition
This document discusses the different modes of nutrition for organisms. There are two main types of nutrition: autotrophic (self-nutrition) and heterotrophic. Autotrophic organisms like plants and some bacteria can synthesize their own food through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll. Heterotrophic organisms like animals and some fungi and bacteria obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. Heterotrophic nutrition can occur through saprophitism (consuming non-living organic matter), parasitism (living off a host organism in a harmful way) or holozoic nutrition (consuming parts or whole organisms and digesting them).
Photosynthesis ppt
This PowerPoint presentation covers photosynthesis and was last revised in June 2008. It contains 27 slides discussing topics like the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, chloroplast structure, and how plants use light energy from the sun to produce glucose and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. The document provides an overview of photosynthesis and its key stages and equations.
Photosynthesis light reaction
Photosynthesis has two phases: the light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction uses photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. The light reaction involves three steps: excitation of photosystems, production of ATP via electron transport, and reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water. This is summarized by the Z-scheme which represents the electron flow and energy changes. Photophosphorylation uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport to synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis.
powerpoint presentation on topic photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into sugars like glucose using ATP and NADPH. Photosynthesis provides food for plants and oxygen for other organisms while consuming carbon dioxide.
Kingdom plantae
This document summarizes the key plant groups within the kingdom Plantae. It describes the main divisions of cryptogams (non-seed plants) including algae, bryophyta, and pteridophyta. It then summarizes the divisions of phanerogams (seed plants) including gymnosperms and angiosperms. For each group, it highlights their defining characteristics such as reproduction methods, tissue composition, and examples. The document also provides diagrams to illustrate plant life cycles and the alternation of generations exhibited by many plant groups.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis
Plants and algae perform photosynthesis, which converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and uses chlorophyll to absorb light, which drives the production of ATP and NADPH that fuel the Calvin cycle to produce glucose from carbon dioxide. It is an essential process that generates oxygen and forms the base of the food chain sustaining all life on Earth.
Photosynthetic pigments
This document discusses photosynthetic pigments and their role in photosynthesis. It explains that chlorophyll a is the primary pigment that absorbs sunlight to drive photosynthesis, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins absorb different wavelengths of light to enhance photosynthesis. These pigments are located in the chloroplast and work together to capture light energy which is converted to chemical energy and ultimately sugars through the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important biological processes. Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves and uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. It has two stages - the light dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light independent reactions where carbon is fixed and sugars are assembled. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce ATP through three stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation which takes place in mitochondria.
photosynthesis
The document discusses photosynthesis and the key pigments and structures involved. It explains that:
- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, which contain chlorophyll, the pigment that absorbs light energy essential for photosynthesis.
- The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light-dependent reactions, where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH using water as the electron donor, and the light-independent reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars using the ATP and NADPH produced.
- The main photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids, and each absorbs different wavelengths of light with peaks in the blue and red regions
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This document discusses the components and interactions within ecosystems. It defines an ecosystem and identifies its two main components as abiotic (non-living) factors like climate and biotic (living) organisms. The biotic components are classified into producers, consumers, and decomposers. Their interactions through food chains, food webs, and symbiosis are explained. Competition between organisms and predator-prey relationships are also covered.
Photosynthesis PowerPoint
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
Transpiration 1
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves. Over 95-99% of water absorbed by plants is transpired through openings called stomata. Stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss. When open, stomata allow carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange for photosynthesis while also allowing water to transpire out as vapor. Environmental factors like light, temperature, humidity, and soil water availability influence transpiration rates by impacting stomatal openings and the vapor pressure gradient driving water movement.
Bioenergetics
Detailed description of photosynthesis and respiration along with a recap on enzymes (SIMPLIFIED)
For a good insight on bioenergetics visit http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
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It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
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Photosynthesis
The document summarizes photosynthesis, including:
1) Photosynthesis uses light energy, water, carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen through two phases - the light reactions and dark reactions.
2) The light reactions use light to produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll and a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membranes.
3) The dark reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma.
Cells and Energy
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert energy from food into a usable form called ATP. It takes place in two steps - glycolysis in the cytoplasm breaks down glucose, producing some ATP and precursor molecules, while the second step in mitochondria uses oxygen to break down these precursors and produce much more ATP. Fermentation is an alternative pathway used without oxygen to produce less ATP. Photosynthesis converts light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen through reactions in chloroplasts.
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20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt
Ecosystems:
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Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Modes of nutrition
This document discusses the different modes of nutrition for organisms. There are two main types of nutrition: autotrophic (self-nutrition) and heterotrophic. Autotrophic organisms like plants and some bacteria can synthesize their own food through photosynthesis using carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll. Heterotrophic organisms like animals and some fungi and bacteria obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms. Heterotrophic nutrition can occur through saprophitism (consuming non-living organic matter), parasitism (living off a host organism in a harmful way) or holozoic nutrition (consuming parts or whole organisms and digesting them).
Photosynthesis ppt
This PowerPoint presentation covers photosynthesis and was last revised in June 2008. It contains 27 slides discussing topics like the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, chloroplast structure, and how plants use light energy from the sun to produce glucose and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. The document provides an overview of photosynthesis and its key stages and equations.
Photosynthesis light reaction
Photosynthesis has two phases: the light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction uses photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. The light reaction involves three steps: excitation of photosystems, production of ATP via electron transport, and reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water. This is summarized by the Z-scheme which represents the electron flow and energy changes. Photophosphorylation uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport to synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis.
powerpoint presentation on topic photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed into sugars like glucose using ATP and NADPH. Photosynthesis provides food for plants and oxygen for other organisms while consuming carbon dioxide.
Kingdom plantae
This document summarizes the key plant groups within the kingdom Plantae. It describes the main divisions of cryptogams (non-seed plants) including algae, bryophyta, and pteridophyta. It then summarizes the divisions of phanerogams (seed plants) including gymnosperms and angiosperms. For each group, it highlights their defining characteristics such as reproduction methods, tissue composition, and examples. The document also provides diagrams to illustrate plant life cycles and the alternation of generations exhibited by many plant groups.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organisms' activities. Carbohydrates, such as sugars, are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis
Plants and algae perform photosynthesis, which converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and uses chlorophyll to absorb light, which drives the production of ATP and NADPH that fuel the Calvin cycle to produce glucose from carbon dioxide. It is an essential process that generates oxygen and forms the base of the food chain sustaining all life on Earth.
Photosynthetic pigments
This document discusses photosynthetic pigments and their role in photosynthesis. It explains that chlorophyll a is the primary pigment that absorbs sunlight to drive photosynthesis, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins absorb different wavelengths of light to enhance photosynthesis. These pigments are located in the chloroplast and work together to capture light energy which is converted to chemical energy and ultimately sugars through the process of photosynthesis.
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Photosynthesis is a oxidation reduction process in which water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced to carbohydrate level, the water and oxygen being by product.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important biological processes. Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves and uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. It has two stages - the light dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light independent reactions where carbon is fixed and sugars are assembled. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce ATP through three stages - glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation which takes place in mitochondria.
photosynthesis
The document discusses photosynthesis and the key pigments and structures involved. It explains that:
- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants, which contain chlorophyll, the pigment that absorbs light energy essential for photosynthesis.
- The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light-dependent reactions, where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH using water as the electron donor, and the light-independent reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars using the ATP and NADPH produced.
- The main photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and b as well as carotenoids, and each absorbs different wavelengths of light with peaks in the blue and red regions
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Photosynthesis PowerPoint
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
Transpiration 1
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves. Over 95-99% of water absorbed by plants is transpired through openings called stomata. Stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close to regulate gas exchange and water loss. When open, stomata allow carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange for photosynthesis while also allowing water to transpire out as vapor. Environmental factors like light, temperature, humidity, and soil water availability influence transpiration rates by impacting stomatal openings and the vapor pressure gradient driving water movement.
Bioenergetics
Detailed description of photosynthesis and respiration along with a recap on enzymes (SIMPLIFIED)
For a good insight on bioenergetics visit http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
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It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
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The document summarizes photosynthesis, including:
1) Photosynthesis uses light energy, water, carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen through two phases - the light reactions and dark reactions.
2) The light reactions use light to produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll and a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membranes.
3) The dark reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma.
Cells and Energy
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that convert energy from food into a usable form called ATP. It takes place in two steps - glycolysis in the cytoplasm breaks down glucose, producing some ATP and precursor molecules, while the second step in mitochondria uses oxygen to break down these precursors and produce much more ATP. Fermentation is an alternative pathway used without oxygen to produce less ATP. Photosynthesis converts light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen through reactions in chloroplasts.
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The biosphere consists of all life on Earth and the areas where life exists, including land, water, and air. Ecology studies the interactions between organisms and their environment. Organisms obtain energy primarily from sunlight through photosynthesis in plants or chemosynthesis in deep sea ecosystems. This energy is then transferred as organisms eat each other in a food chain or more complex food web. Ecological pyramids illustrate how energy and matter decrease at each trophic level.
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Nutrition
This document describes the two types of nutrition in living things: 1) Autotrophic nutrition, where organisms produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. 2) Heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain organic compounds from other organisms. Autotrophs like plants perform photosynthesis, while deep sea tube worms use chemosynthesis. Heterotrophs such as animals and protozoa cannot produce their own food and rely on consuming organic compounds produced by autotrophs.
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2) This chemical energy from glucose is transferred through ecosystems as organisms eat each other, forming food chains.
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Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain energy from food for growth, maintenance and repair. There are two main types of nutrition: autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophic nutrition involves synthesizing food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy, such as photosynthesis in plants. Heterotrophic nutrition obtains energy by ingesting and digesting organic substances from other organisms, including holozoic nutrition by ingestion, saprophytism of decaying matter, and parasitism living in or on a host.
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Autotrophs, also known as producers, are organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce their own food from inorganic compounds through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Heterotrophs, also known as consumers, are organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms and rely on the food chain and food web for energy transfer. Energy flows in one direction through an ecosystem from the sun or inorganic compounds to producers, then to various consumers in a less efficient trophic level transfer.
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Producers, such as plants and some bacteria, are autotrophs that can manufacture their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Consumers, including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores obtain energy by eating other organisms or their byproducts. Decomposers break down dead and waste materials into simpler molecules and cycle nutrients in the ecosystem. Energy and matter transfer through ecosystems in food chains and interconnected food webs, with producers at the base providing energy and consumers at higher trophic levels.
Feeding relationships
Organisms in an ecosystem are interconnected through feeding relationships. Producers, such as plants and algae, can create their own food through photosynthesis, obtaining energy from the sun and nutrients from their environment. Consumers, or heterotrophs, obtain food by eating other organisms and pass sunlight energy through the food chain. There are different levels of consumers, including primary, secondary, and tertiary. Decomposers help release nutrients by breaking down waste and dead organisms, recycling carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus back into the ecosystem.
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Plants and other autotrophs are called producers because they convert inorganic material to organic compounds through photosynthesis. However, the term producer is misleading as plants produce organic compounds primarily for themselves, not just for animal consumption. Energy flows through ecosystems in a non-linear web, with only about 10% of energy transferred from each trophic level to the next as it is lost to the environment.
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- Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle through ecosystems via biogeochemical cycles as they pass between organisms and the environment.
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This document discusses biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems and trophic levels. It defines biotic factors as living components like plants, animals, bacteria and fungi. Abiotic factors are non-living like temperature, water, soil and sunlight. There are trophic levels in a food chain including primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers and apex predators. Energy flows through the food chain from producers to consumers at different trophic levels, and decomposers break down waste and make nutrients available again.
Life processes 10th class
The document discusses life processes, which are the basic functions that allow living organisms to survive on Earth. It specifically focuses on nutrition, describing the three main modes of nutrition: autotrophic, heterotrophic, and holozoic. Autotrophs, like plants, can produce their own food through photosynthesis, while heterotrophs obtain nutrition from other organisms. The document also provides details on nutrition in plants, animals, and humans, explaining how each group meets their nutritional needs.
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20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt
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Chapter 3 & 5 Lecture- Ecology & Population Growth
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Recently uploaded
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsbordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
- 1. A- Autotrophs Autotrophic organisms produce their food by themselves. They are two types 1-Photosynthesis 2- Chemosythesis
- 2. 1- Photosynthesis Some organisms use the Sun’s energy to form energy or food this process called photosynthesis.
- 4. Green plants, some bacteria and blue green algae are examples to photosynthesis. Because they have cholorophyll pigment.
- 5. 2- Chemosynthesis Some producers make energy-rich molecules through a process called chemosynthesis. These organisms are found near volcanic vents in the ocean floor. Inorganic molecules in the water provide the energy source for chemosynthesis.
- 9. 2-Heterotrophs Heterotrophs cannot make their own food . They obtain energy by eating other organisms. In the body, energy is produced by catabolism of food by cellular respiration process.