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All of the pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures and information have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Credits to: Mr. Melvin Arias
** Disclaimer:
All of the pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures and information have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
A religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the Universe.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
QUESTIONWhich of the following arguments for Gods existence .docxmakdul
QUESTION:
Which of the following arguments for God's existence do you find the most convincing, the least convincing? Why?Teleological Argument, Cosmological Argument, Ontological Argument.
Notes
Arguments for the Existence of God
Over the centuries, there have been many attempts by religious philosophers to prove the existence of God, and a canon of classic arguments has been developed. Not all of these arguments have their origins in Christian philosophy; Jewish and Muslim philosophers have made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, and both Plato and Aristotle have influenced its development.
Recent decades have seen a rise in interest in natural theology and the philosophy of religion. Each of the classic theistic proofs has been revived and refined, presented in revised form and defended afresh. Whether any of these arguments for the existence of God is successful, of course, remains controversial.
The Arguments for the Existence of God section sets out to explain each of the common philosophical arguments for theism, and so to explore the case for the existence of God.
Arguments for the Existence of God
The arguments themselves are arranged under the following headings: Pascal’s Wager, The Ontological Argument, The Cosmological Argument (including the first cause argument), The Teleological Argument (i.e. the argument from design), The Moral Argument, and The Argument from Religious Experience.
There are, however, two preliminary issues to be dealt with: the intrinsic probability of the existence of God, which will bear on the degree of suspicion with which we view the purported theistic proofs, and reformed epistemology, which holds that belief in God can be rational even if it cannot be supported by evidence.
Pascal’s Wager
Pascal’s Wager is an argument for belief in God based not on an appeal to evidence that God exists but rather based on an appeal to self-interest. It is in our interests to believe in God, the argument suggests, and it is therefore rational for us to do so.
The claim that it is in our interests to believe in God is supported by a consideration of the possible consequences of belief and unbelief. If we believe in God, the argument runs, then if he exists then we will receive an infinite reward in heaven while if he does not then we have lost little or nothing.
If we do not believe in God, the argument continues, then if he exists then we will receive an infinite punishment in hell while he does not then we will have gained little or nothing.
Either receiving an infinite reward in heaven or losing little or nothing is clearly preferable to either receiving an infinite punishment in hell or gaining little or nothing. It is therefore in our interests, and so rational, to believe in God.
The Ontological Argument
The ontological argument is an argument that attempts to prove the existence of God through abstract reasoning alone. The argument begins with an explication of the concept of Go ...
C 1C 2JProfessor Philosophy xxxx March 12, 2017P.docxRAHUL126667
C 1
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Professor
Philosophy xxxx
March 12, 2017
Philosophy
A philosophical argumentative essay involves a reasoned defense of some claim by scholars, individual or a group of people. It must, therefore, offer an argument and it can't consist of the mere report of your opinions, nor in the mere report of the opinions of the scholars and philosophers, and instead defend the claims you make and offer valid reasons to believe them. The question of whether God exists or not is a major concern to most people worldwide. It is agreed on by different communities on a different basis, and therefore every prevailing mind of humankind will choose opinions based on their culture and origin.
In the ancient times, most people believed in the existence of many gods, of course apart from the Jews who believed in the existence of only one God. Obeying the first commandment was a bit difficult because the Jews had believed that Baal, Moloch, and Dagon were real gods but otherwise wicked since they collaborated with their enemies, therefore, the transition in the belief that these gods were wicked to the fact that they dint exist was impossible and very difficult to believe. Monotheism, which at the beginning of Antiochan persecution had been creed one part of the small nation, was adopted by Christianity and later Islam. It did not, however, succeed from the Hinduism part because they had very many gods; Buddhism had none since they were relatively primitive, the Hinduism had many gods instead (MacIntyre 31).
Christians are now faced with the problem of atheism, and the worst part being they aren't certain about the whole idea and no one can provide a conclusive argument on the side of theism. I think it's high time we abandoned this political and geographical nature of categorizing religion of people, which has occasionally been rejected by educated people ever since the time of the ancient Greeks. They were not contented by the religious beliefs of their neighbors but however focused more to consider what the reason and philosophy had to say about that particular issue.
I will not attempt to set forth in the argument about the existence of God. However, I still believe I one theory, which however still holds water, even amongst the many philosophers, is the existence of the first ever cause, from which the entire whole series starts. Some Hindu think suffers the defects of an argument, because he once said that the universe rests upon an elephant when asked what the elephant rested upon, he said it rested upon a tortoise; the argument, however, continued, because scholars now wanted to know what the tortoise rested upon (Beiser 65). On questioning, his words were then quoted, ‘I am tired of this, suppose we change the topic.' This clearly shows his uncertainty and illustrates the unsatisfactory character of the First-Cause argument (Beiser 101).
Basing on some modern treatises on physics, which show that some physical processes traced back in tim ...
Does God Exist?
Why God Does Not Exist
Does God Exist
Does God Exist? Essay
Does God Exist
Does God Exist Essay
Does God Really Exists? Essay
Does God Exist? Essay
Does God Exist? Essay
Does God Exist?
Does God Exist? Essay
Lesson 7 of a multipart series. The Cosmological, Ontological, Teleological and other arguments don't prove the God of the Bible, however, they do support a Theistic world view.
Doing Philosophy and the Pre Socratic Philosophers.pptxmarc cataluna
asdasdThis cross-sectional stuasddy provasdides easdvidence of an aasdssociation between dietary habits and cardiovascular health in the urban population. Specifically, adherence to a Mediterranean diet appears to be related to lower systolic blood pressure, while frequent fast food consumption is associated with higher BMI. These findings underscore the importance of dietary interventions in urban areas to promote cardiovascular health. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish causal relationships and monitor changes in dietary habits and health outcomes over time.
Does God Exist?
Does God Exist
Does God Really Exists? Essay
Does God Really Exist
Does God Exist? Essay
Does God Exist?
Does God Exist
Does God Exist? Essay
Does God Exist? Essay
Does God Exist? Essay
Does God Exist Essay
Does God Exist? Essay
Does God Exist?
Does God Exist?
earning money from slideshare. Users can upload files privately or publicly in the following file formats: PowerPoint, PDF, Keynote or OpenDocument presentations. Slide decks can then be viewed on the site itself, on hand held devices or embedded on other sites.Launched on October 4, 2006, the website is considered to be similar to YouTube, but for slideshows. It was acquired by LinkedIn in 2012.The website was originally meant to be used for businesses to share slides among employees more easily, but it also has expanded to become a host of a large number of slides that are uploaded merely to entertain.Although the website is primarily a slide hosting service, it also supports documents, PDFs, videos and webinars. SlideShare also provides users the ability to rate, comment on, and share the uploaded content.
Bile or liver problem causing yellowness
• A yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, or sclera of the eyes, jaundice indicates excessive levels of conjugated or unconjugated bilirubin in the blood.
• In fair-skinned patients, it’s most noticeable on the face, trunk, and sclera; in dark-skinned patients, on the hard palate, sclera, and conjunctiva.
Complicated diverticular disease
Diverticulitis is the most usual clinical complication of
diverticular disease, affecting 10–25% of patients with
diverticular.
The process by which diverticulitis arises has been likened to that of appendicitis, with a diverticulum becoming obstructed by inspissated stool in its neck.
This faecalith abrades the mucosa of the sac, causing inflammation and expansion of usual bacterial flora, with
diminished venous outflow and localised ischaemia.
Bacteria may breach the mucosa and extend the process
through the full wall thickness, ultimately leading to
perforation.
A philosophy for everyday life is, in other words, an investigation of the raw reality of life, philosophy is necessary because—this is my claim or thesis—we still have not tasted life in all its richness. We tend to cling on to certain norms or ideals in a way that does not honour our own experience and intuition.
At worst our life becomes an imitation, image or representation of more authoritative ideals. An image is a copy, that is, a simulation of the real reality. We have lost contact with life because we follow ideas or images of how life should be. We live our life as an imitation of a moral model, as if such a model was not just another human artifact.
nursing process , steps , assessing, planning ,nursing diagnosis :
actual , wellness, risk , possible , syndrome
steps in diagnostic process
factors , outcomes
enteral nutrition, advantages,enteral formulas ,contraindications ,
diabetic specific formulas , carbohydrate ,open system
closed system , external medicine ,
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
Homily: The Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity Sunday 2024.docxJames Knipper
Countless volumes have been written trying to explain the mystery of three persons in one true God, leaving us to resort to metaphors such as the three-leaf clover to try to comprehend the Divinity. Many of us grew up with the quintessential pyramidal Trinity structure of God at the top and Son and Spirit in opposite corners. But what if we looked at this ‘mystery’ from a different perspective? What if we shifted our language of God as a being towards the concept of God as love? What if we focused more on the relationship within the Trinity versus the persons of the Trinity? What if stopped looking at God as a noun…and instead considered God as a verb? Check it out…
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
2. Index
• Philosophical Religion
1. Argument for theism
a) Ontological arguments.
b) Design arguments
c) Cosmological arguments
d) Moral & experimental arguments
2. Arguments for atheism
a) The logical problem of evil
b) The evidential problem of evil
3. Death & afterlife
3. Philosophy religion
• The philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved
in religious traditions.
• It is an ancient discipline, being found in the earliest
known manuscripts concerning philosophy, and relates to many other
branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics.
• The philosophy of religion differs from religious philosophy in that it seeks
to discuss questions regarding the nature of religion as a whole, rather
than examining the problems brought forth by a particular belief system.
• It is designed such that it can be carried out dispassionately by those who
identify as believers or non-believers.
4. Arguments for theism
Theism is generally taken to be the view that there is a person who is bodiless, omnipotent, omniscient,
eternal, perfectly good, perfectly free, and who is the creator and sustainer of the universe. There are of
course different ways to spell out these attributes, for example some spell out ‘eternal‘ as ‘being outside of
time‘, others as ‘everlasting‘. However, those who present arguments for or against the ‘existence of God‘
use the term ‘God’ similarly enough to be discussing the same question. Philosophers rather say that there
is no God than using ‘God’ in a very different sense, for example in the sense of something other than a
person. Most or all arguments for or against theism, today as well as in the past, are not assumed to make
belief in God somehow ‘apodictically‘ certain. However, some arguments are deductive, others inductive.
5. The Western tradition of
philosophical discussion of the
existence of God began
(Cosmological)
Plato and Aristotle
Other arguments
(first ontological
argument)
(Averroes) and Thomas
Aquinas
(René Descartes), who
said that the existence of
a benevolent
aforementioned Kant, David
Hume, Friedrich Nietzsche and Bertrand
Russell.
Modern culture
Stephen Hawking, Francis
Collins, Lawrence M. Krauss, Richard
Dawkins and John Lennox, as well as
philosophers including Richard
Swinburne, Alvin Plantinga, William Lane
Craig, Rebecca Goldstein, A. C.
Grayling, Daniel Dennett, Edward
Feser, David Bentley Hart and Sam Harris.
Against the existence of
God
6. Ontological arguments
• An ontological argument is a philosophical
argument for the existence of God that
uses ontology.
• Many arguments fall under the category of the
ontological, and they tend to involve arguments
about the state of being or existing.
• More specifically, ontological arguments tend to
start with an a priori theory about the organization
of the universe.
• If that organizational structure is true, the
argument will provide reasons why God must
exist.
• The first ontological argument in the Western
Christian tradition was proposed by Anselm of
Canterbury in his 1078 work Proslogion.
7.
8. Design argument
Briefly compare three different design arguments for the existence of God, or
an intelligent creator; the probability argument, Paley’s argument by analogy
and Richard Taylor's argument by example.
The first of these, the probability argument is perhaps not strictly speaking a
design argument but it is at the very least a close relation.
What the argument by probability does is to reflect on the “fine-tuned of a
universe in which life can exist, reflects on the chance of life occurring through
purely random events, and concludes that the chance of life coming into
existence through purely random forces of nature is so infinitesimally small as
to be almost non-existent.
9. Cosmological argument
• cosmological argument is the existence of a unique being,
generally seen as some kind
of god or demiurge is deduced or inferred from facts or alleged
facts concerning causation, change, motion, contingency, or
finitude in respect of the universe as a whole or processes within
it.
• It is traditionally known as an argument from universal causation,
an argument from first cause, or the causal argument. Whichever
term is employed, there are three basic variants of the argument,
each with subtle yet important distinctions: the arguments from in
causa (causality), in esse (essentiality), and in fieri (becoming).
10. Moral & Experimental argument
• The argues that the very existence or nature of morality implies the existence of God. The
argument takes various forms, among which are sometimes distinguished: the Formal,
Perfectionist and Kantian Moral Arguments and the Argument from Values (or Moral
Absolutes).
• The Formal Moral Argument suggests that the very form of morality implies that it has a
divine origin. If morality consists of an ultimately authoritative set of commands, where
can these commands have come from but a commander that has ultimate authority
(namely God)
• The Argument from Values or Moral Absolutes rests on an indefensible premise: that
moral absolutes require a god. The very existence of living, breathing atheists who follow
moral absolutes seems in itself to negate the claim.
• Confucius, founder of the ancient atheistic religion of Confucianism, stated his own
version of the so-called “Golden Rule” - do not impose on others what you would not
choose for yourself - some five centuries before Jesus was teaching a very similar ethical
code.
11.
12. Arguments for atheism
• Two kinds of argument for atheism: a priori and a posteriori.
• A priori arguments for atheism claim that there is some logical
contradiction in the theistic conception of God, and so that it is
impossible for such a being to exist.
• A posteriori arguments for atheism claim that the world is other than
it would be if God existed, and so conclude from it that there cannot
be a God.
13. Logical problem of Evil
• The most weighty of the arguments against God’s existence is an a posteriori argument:
the problem of evil.
• The atheistic arguments, this is the one that has been around for longest, that has had
the most words written about it, and that draws the most diverse responses from
Christians.
• In brief, the problem is that the traditional conception of God implies that if
God exists then he knows how to, wants to, and is able to prevent all suffering.
If such a God existed, though, then we would expect him to prevent all
suffering. Suffering, though, is a familiar part of the world around us; it has not
been prevented. therefore, the argument concludes, no such God.
• Other arguments for atheism are of the second kind, claiming that the concept
of God is incoherent, that there are logical problems with the existence of such
a being, and that God therefore cannot exist.
14. Evidential problem of evil
• There exist instances of intense suffering which an omnipotent, omniscient being could have
prevented without thereby losing some greater good or permitting some evil equally bad or
worse.
• An omniscient, wholly good being would prevent the occurrence of any intense suffering it
could, unless it could not do so without thereby losing some greater good or permitting some
evil equally bad or worse.
• (Therefore) There does not exist an omnipotent, omniscient, wholly good being.
• Another by Paul Draper:
• Gratuitous evils exist.
• The hypothesis of indifference, i.e., that if there are supernatural beings they are indifferent to
gratuitous evils, is a better explanation for (1) than theism.
• Therefore, evidence prefers that no god, as commonly understood by theists, exists.
15. Death & Afterlife
Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a
living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include biological
aging, predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration,
and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury. Bodies of living organisms
begin to decompose shortly after death.
• Other concerns include fear of
death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional
pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. The potential for
an afterlife is of concern for some humans and the possibility
of reward or judgement and punishment for past sin with people of certain
religion
16.
17.
18.
19. Afterlife
The concept of a realm, or the realm itself , in which an essential part of an
individual's identity or consciousness continues to exist after the death of the body.
• The essential aspect of the individual that lives on after death may be some
partial element, or the entire soul or spirit, of an individual, carries with it and
may confer personal identity or, on the contrary, may not, as in Indian nirvana.
Belief in an afterlife, which may be naturalistic or supernatural, is in contrast to
the belief in oblivion after death.
• This continued existence often takes place in a spiritual realm, and in other
popular views, the individual may be reborn into this world and begin the life
cycle over again, likely with no memory of what they have done in the past.
• Major views on the afterlife derive from religion, esotericism and metaphysics.
20. Conclusion
• The existence of God is a subject of debate in the philosophy of
religion, popular culture and philosophy.
• A wide variety of arguments for and against the existence of God can
be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective.
• In philosophical terms, the notion of the existence of God involves
the disciplines of epistemology (the nature and scope of knowledge)
and ontology (study of the nature of being, existence, or reality) and
the theory of value (since concepts of perfection are connected to
notions of God).