3. OBJECTIVES
1. Explain dispensing concepts
2. Evaluate a complete prescriptions
3. Enumerate details required for legally written
prescriptions
4. Dispensing
• Dispensing – is defined as the act, by a
validly-registered pharmacist, of filling a
prescription or doctor’s order on a patient’s
chart (DOH AO No. 63 s 1989)
5. • Encompasses the pharmacist’s role of
receiving the prescription or medication
order, compounding or preparing the
medicine and providing medication advice to
the patient, representative of the patient or
other health professionals upon delivery of
the medication.
6. The Prescription
• Prescription – an order for medication
issued by a physician, dentist,
veterinarian, or other properly licensed
medical practitioner
• In hospital – it is termed medication order
7. • Rx – part of the professional relationship
among the prescriber, the pharmacist and
the patient
• Pharmacist’s responsibility: to provide
quality pharmaceutical care that meets the
medication needs of a patient
8. Categories of Prescription
Categories of Prescription
• Those written for a single component or
prefabricated product and not requiring
compounding or admixture by the pharmacist
• Those written for more than single
component and requiring extemporaneous
compounding
9. Prescription Methods
• May be written by the prescriber on preprinted
pads or forms and given to the patient for
presentation at the pharmacy
• May be telephoned or communicated directly to
the pharmacist by means of a fax machine, or
electronically sent from a physician’s computer
to a pharmacist’s computer
• Rx received verbally should be transcribed
immediately to proper written form or entered
directly into a prescription computer by the
pharmacist
10. Parts of Prescription
• Prescriber’s office Information (name, add, no.)
• Patient Information (name, add, No., age, sex, etc)
• Date when prescription was written
• Superscription – Rx symbol or :recipe” which means
“you take”
• Inscription –medication prescribed
• Subscription – dispensing instructions to the
pharmacist
• Signature or signa – directions for the patient (to be
placed on the label)
• Licenses of the prescriber
• Other dispensing info (refill info, special labeling,
other instructions)
11.
12. Parts of a Medication Order
• Patient Information
• Date
• Time
• Name of drugs
• Dosage Form
• Dosage strength
• Route of Administration
• Frequency and duration
• Signature of prescriber
13.
14. Commonly Used Medical Abbreviations
Abbreviation Interpretation
AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm
A-a gradient alveolar to arterial gradient
AAD antibiotic-associated diarrhea
AAO alert, awake, and oriented
A&O alert & oriented
AAS acute abdominal series
ABD abdomen
ABG arterial blood gas
AC before eating
15. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH anti-diuretic hormone
ADR
adverse drug reaction. | acute dystonic
reaction
ad lib as much as needed
AED antiepileptic drug
AF atrial fibrillation or afebrile
AFB acid-fast bacilli
16. BBB bundle branch block
BCAA branched chain amino acids
BE barium enema
BEE basal energy expenditure
bid twice a day
BKA below the knee amputation
BM bone marrow or bowel movement
BMR basal metabolic rate
BOM bilateral otitis media
BP blood pressure
BPH
benign prostatic
hypertrophy
17. c with
C&S culture and sensitivity
CA cancer
Ca calcium
CAA crystalline amino acids
CABG coronary artery bypass graft
CAD coronary artery disease
CAT computerized axial tomography
CBC complete blood count
18. CBG capillary blood gas
CC chief complaint
CCU clean catch urine or cardiac care unit
CCV critical closing volume
CF cystic fibrosis
CGL chronic granulocytic leukemia
CHF congestive heart failure
CHO carbohydrate
CI cardiac index
19. Medication Error: Dispensing
• A dispensing error is a discrepancy between a
prescription and the medicine that the pharmacy
delivers to the patient or distributes to the ward
on the basis of this prescription, including the
dispensing of a medicine with inferior
pharmaceutical or informational quality
28. 10 Strategies for Minimizing Dispensing
Errors
1. Ensure correct entry of the prescription.
2. Confirm that the prescription is correct and
complete.
3. Beware of look-alike, soundalike drugs.
4. Be careful with zeros and abbreviations.
5. Organize the workplace.
6. Reduce distraction when possible.
29. 7. Focus on reducing stress and balancing heavy
workloads.
8. Take the time to store drugs properly.
9. Thoroughly check all prescriptions.
10. Always provide thorough patient counseling.
http://www.pharmacytimes.com
33. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6675
Generics Act of 1988
• AN ACT TO PROMOTE, REQUIRE AND ENSURE THE
PRODUCTION OF AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY,
DISTRIBUTION, USE AND ACCEPTANCE OF DRUGS
AND MEDICINES IDENTIFIED BY THEIR GENERIC
NAMES.
34. • Section. 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the
"Generics Act of 1988."
35. • Sec. 2. Statement of Policy. - It hereby declared the
policy of the State:
• To promote, encourage and require the use of
generic terminology in the importation, manufacture,
distribution, marketing, advertising and promotion,
prescription and dispensing of drugs;
To ensure the adequate supply of drugs with generic
names at the lowest possible cost and endeavour to
make them available free for indigent patients;
36. • To encourage the extensive use of drugs with
generic names through a national system of
procurement and distribution; To emphasize the
scientific basis for the use of drugs, in order that
health professionals may become more aware and
cognisant of the therapeutic effectiveness; and
To promote drug safety by minimizing duplication in
medications and/or use of drugs with potentially
adverse drug interactions.
37. • Sec. 3. Definition of Terms. - The following terms are
herein defined for purposes of this Act;
• 1. "Generic Name or Generic Terminology" is the
identification of drugs and medicines by their
scientifically and internationally recognized active
ingredients or by their generic names as determined
by the Bureau of Food and Drugs of the Department
of Health.
38. • 2. "Active Ingredient" is the chemical component
responsible for the claimed therapeutic effect of the
pharmaceutical product.
3. "Chemical Name" is the description of the
chemical structure of the drugs and medicine and
serves as the complete identification of the
compound.
4. "Drug Product" is the finished product form that
contains the active ingredients, generally but not
necessarily in association with inactive ingredients.
39. • 5. "Drug Establishment" is any organization or
company involved in the manufacture, importation,
repacking and/or distribution of drugs or medicines.
• 6. "Drug Outlets" means drugstores, pharmacist,
and any other business establishment which sell
drugs or medicines.
7. "Essential Drug List" or "National Drug
Formulary" is a list of drugs prepared and
periodically updated by the Department of Health on
the basis of health conditions obtaining in the
Philippines as well as in the internationally accepted
criteria. It shall consist of a core list or a
complimentary list.
40. • 8. "Core List" is the list of drugs that meet the health care
needs hundred eighty days upon the approval of this Act.
9. "Complimentary List" is a list of alternative drugs used
wherein no response to the core essential drug or where there
is hypersensitivity reaction to the core essential drug or when,
for one reason or another, the core essential drugs cannot be
given.
10. "Brand Name" is the proprietary name given by the
manufacture to distinguish its product from those of
competitors.
11. "Generic Drugs" are not covered by the patent protection
and which are labelled solely by their international non-
proprietary or generic name.
41. • Sec. 4. The Use of Generic Terminology for Essential
Drugs and Promotional Incentives. - (a) In the
promotion of the generic names for pharmaceutical
products, special consideration shall be given to
drugs and medicines which are included in the
Essential Drug List to be prepared within one
hundred eighty (180) days from approval of this Act
and updated quarterly by the Department of Health
conditions obtaining in the Philippines as well as in
the internationally accepted criteria.
42. • (b) The exclusive use of generic terminology in the
manufacture, marketing and sales of drugs and
medicines, particularly those in the Essential Drug
List, shall be promoted through such a system of
Incentive as the Board of Investments jointly with the
Department of Health and other government
agencies as maybe authorized by laws, within one
hundred eighty (180) days after approval of this Act.
43. • Sec. 5. Posting and Publication. - The Department of
Health shall publish annually in at least two
newspapers of general circulation in the Philippines
the generic names, and the corresponding brand
name under which they are marketed, of all drugs
and medicines available in the Philippines.
44. • Sec. 6. Who shall use generic Terminology. - (a) All
government agencies and their personnel as well as
other government agencies shall use generic
terminology or generic names in all transactions
related to purchasing, prescribing, dispensing and
administering of all drugs and medicines.
45. • (b) All medical, dental and veterinary practitioners,
including private practitioners, shall write
prescriptions using generic name. The brand name
maybe included if so desired.
• (c) Any organization or company involved in the
manufacture, importation, repacking, marketing
and/or distribution of drugs and medicine shall
indicate prominently the generic name of the product
labels as well as in advertising and other
promotional materials.
46. • (d) Drug Outlets, including drugstores, hospital and
non-hospital pharmacies and non-traditional outlets
such as supermarkets and stores shall inform any
buyer about all other drug products having the same
generic name, together with their corresponding
prices so that the buyer may adequately exercise his
option. Within one (1) year after approval of this Act,
the drug outlets referred to herein. Shall post in
conspicuous places in their establishment, a list of
drug products with the same generic name and their
corresponding prices.
47. • Sec. 7. Provision on Quality, Manufacturer’s Identity
and Responsibility. - In order to assure responsibility
of drug quality in all instances, the label of drugs
and medicine shall have the following: name and
country of manufacture, dates of manufacture and
expiration. The quality of such generically labelled
drugs and medicines shall be duly certified by the
Department of Health.
48. • Sec. 8. Required Production. - Subject to the rules
and regulations promulgated by the Secretary of
Health, every drug manufacturing company
operating in the Philippines shall be required to
produce, distribute and make available to the
general public the medicine it produces, in the form
of generic drug.
49. • Sec. 9. Rules and Regulation. - The implementation
of the provision of this Act shall be in accordance
with the rules and regulations to be promulgated by
the Department of Health. Rules and regulations with
penal sanctions shall be promulgated within
hundred eighty (180) days after approval of this Act.
50. • Sec. 10. Authority to Import. - Within three (3) years from the
effectivity of this Act, extendible by the president for another two (2)
years and during periods of critical shortage and absolute necessity,
the Department of Health is hereby authorized to import raw
materials of which there is a shortage for the use of Filipino-owned
or controlled drug establishments to be marketed and sold
exclusively under generic nomenclature. The President may
authorize the importation of raw materials tax and duty-free. The
Secretary of Health shall ensure that the imported raw materials are
allocated fairly and efficiently among Filipino-owned or controlled
drug establishment. He shall submit to the office of the President
and to the Congress a quarterly report of the quantity, kind and
value of the raw materials imported.
51. • Sec. 11. Education Drive. - The Department of Health jointly
with the Department of Education, Culture and Sports,
Philippine Information Agency and the Department of Local
Government shall conduct a continuous information campaign
for the public and a continuing education and training for the
medical and allied medical professions on drugs with generic
names as an alternative of equal efficacy to the more expensive
brand name drug. Such educational campaign shall include
information on the illnesses or symptoms which each
generically named drug is suppose to cure or alleviate, as well
as its contradiction. The Department of Health with assistance
of the Department of Local Government and the Philippine
Information Agency shall monitor the progress of the education
drive, and shall submit regular reports to Congress.
52. • Sec. 12. Penalty. - (A) Any person who shall violate
Section 6(a), or 6(b) of this Act shall suffer the
penalty graduated hereunder, viz: (a) For the first
conviction, he shall suffer the penalty of reprimand,
which shall be officially recorded in the appropriate
books of the Professional Regulation Commission.
53. • (b) The second conviction, the penalty of fine in the
amount of not less than two thousand pesos
(P2,000).
(c) For the third conviction, the penalty of fine in the
amount of not less than five thousand pesos
(P5,000) but not exceeding ten thousand pesos
(P10,000) and suspension of his license to practice
his profession for thirty days at the discretion of the
court.
54. • (d) For the fourth subsequent convictions, the penalty of fine not less
than ten thousand pesos (P10,000) and suspension of his license to
practice his profession one year or longer at the discretion of the
court.
• Any juridical person which violates Section 6(c), 6 (d), 7 or 8 shall
suffer the penalty of a fine of not less than five thousand pesos
(P5,000) nor more than ten thousand pesos (P10,000) and suspension
or revocation of license to operate such drug establishment or drug
outlet at the discretion of the Court: Provided, that its officers directly
responsible for the violation shall suffer the penalty of fine and
suspension or revocation of license to practice profession, if
applicable, and by imprisonment of not less than six (6) months nor
more than one (1) year or both fine and imprisonment at the discretion
of the Court: and Provided, further that if the guilty party is an alien, he
shall be ipso facto deported after service of sentence without need of
further proceedings.
55. • (B) The Secretary of Health shall have the authority
to impose administrative sanctions such as
suspension or cancellation of license to practice
profession to the Professional Regulation
Commission, as the case may be, for the violation of
the Act.
56. • Sec. 13. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this
Act is declared invalid, the remainder of any
provision hereof not affected thereby shall remain in
force and effect.
Sec. 14. Repealing Clause. - The provisions of any
law, executive order, presidential decree or other
issuance inconsistent with this Act are hereby
repealed or modified accordingly.
57. • Sec. 15. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect fifteen
(15) days after its complete publication in the Official
Gazette or two (2) newspapers of general circulation.
This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No.
453 and House Bill No. 10900 was finally passed by
the Senate and the House of Representatives on
August 25, 1988, respectively.
• Approved: September 13, 1988.
