"This tip sheet is provided to accredited health departments to use as they prepare their annual reports." "Health equity is noted as an emerging public health issue because best and promising practices are moving the science and practice of public health beyond the traditional considerations of minority health and health disparities to more comprehensive concepts associated with ensuring deliberate consideration of the multiple determinants of health."
- - -
CMS Innovation Center
http://innovation.cms.gov
We accept comments in the spirit of our comment policy:
http://newmedia.hhs.gov/standards/comment_policy.html
CMS Privacy Policy
http://cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/Aboutwebsite/Privacy-Policy.html
Presentation given by Professor Sophie Witter at the 5th Meeting of the Montreux Collaborative on Fiscal Space, Public Financial Management and Health Financing in November 2021
This document is a training module from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa on health sector reform and district health systems. It contains two units that provide information on health policy, strategies and reform as well as the definitions, structures, and assessment of district health systems. The module is intended to build the capacity of district health management teams through addressing issues identified in assessments of district health systems.
Health system strengthening evidence review – A summary of the 2021 updateReBUILD for Resilience
A presentation given by Professor Sophie Witter to the UK government's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. This summarises a 2021 review of a health systems strengthening evidence review originally undertaken for the office in 2019.
Health system strengthening – what is it, how should we assess it, and does i...ReBUILD for Resilience
This presentation was given to the UK's Department for International Development on 30th July 2019.
Comprehensive reviews of health system strengthening interventions are rare, partly because of lack of clarity on definitions of the term but also the potentially huge scale of the evidence. In our talk, we will reflect on the process of undertaking such an evidence review for DFID recently (attached again), drawing out suggestions on definitions of HSS and approaches to assessment, as well as summarising some key conclusions from the current evidence base. Most HSS interventions have theories of change relating to specific system blocks, but more work is needed on capturing their spill-over effects and their contribution to meeting over-arching health system process goals. We will make some initial suggestions about such goals, to reflect the features that characterise a ‘strong health system’. We will highlight current findings on ‘what works’ but also that these are just indicative, given the limitations and biases in what has been studied and how, and argue that there is need to re-think evaluation methods for HSS beyond finite interventions and narrow outcomes. Clearer concepts, frameworks and methods can support more coherent HSS investment.
Beyond Reporting: Monitoring and Evaluation as a Health Systems Strengthening...MEASURE Evaluation
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) as a health systems strengthening intervention. It presents the World Health Organization's health systems framework, which depicts six building blocks of a health system: service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products and technologies, financing, and leadership and governance. The document argues that strengthening M&E systems can improve all six building blocks by increasing accountability, management, and use of data to strengthen programs. It acknowledges challenges like transitioning to more robust M&E systems and maintaining momentum for improvement.
Health Accounts Peer-Learning Workshop: Summary of Key Themes and DiscussionsHFG Project
In November 2016, over 60 government technicians, policymakers and technical advisors from 47 countries across the Americas, Africa, Asia and Europe participated in the first global Health Accounts Peer-Learning Workshop. During this workshop, participants shared their experiences and ideas on how to improve Health Accounts production and increase the uptake of Health Accounts results for policy.
- - -
CMS Innovation Center
http://innovation.cms.gov
We accept comments in the spirit of our comment policy:
http://newmedia.hhs.gov/standards/comment_policy.html
CMS Privacy Policy
http://cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/Aboutwebsite/Privacy-Policy.html
Presentation given by Professor Sophie Witter at the 5th Meeting of the Montreux Collaborative on Fiscal Space, Public Financial Management and Health Financing in November 2021
This document is a training module from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa on health sector reform and district health systems. It contains two units that provide information on health policy, strategies and reform as well as the definitions, structures, and assessment of district health systems. The module is intended to build the capacity of district health management teams through addressing issues identified in assessments of district health systems.
Health system strengthening evidence review – A summary of the 2021 updateReBUILD for Resilience
A presentation given by Professor Sophie Witter to the UK government's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office. This summarises a 2021 review of a health systems strengthening evidence review originally undertaken for the office in 2019.
Health system strengthening – what is it, how should we assess it, and does i...ReBUILD for Resilience
This presentation was given to the UK's Department for International Development on 30th July 2019.
Comprehensive reviews of health system strengthening interventions are rare, partly because of lack of clarity on definitions of the term but also the potentially huge scale of the evidence. In our talk, we will reflect on the process of undertaking such an evidence review for DFID recently (attached again), drawing out suggestions on definitions of HSS and approaches to assessment, as well as summarising some key conclusions from the current evidence base. Most HSS interventions have theories of change relating to specific system blocks, but more work is needed on capturing their spill-over effects and their contribution to meeting over-arching health system process goals. We will make some initial suggestions about such goals, to reflect the features that characterise a ‘strong health system’. We will highlight current findings on ‘what works’ but also that these are just indicative, given the limitations and biases in what has been studied and how, and argue that there is need to re-think evaluation methods for HSS beyond finite interventions and narrow outcomes. Clearer concepts, frameworks and methods can support more coherent HSS investment.
Beyond Reporting: Monitoring and Evaluation as a Health Systems Strengthening...MEASURE Evaluation
This document discusses monitoring and evaluation (M&E) as a health systems strengthening intervention. It presents the World Health Organization's health systems framework, which depicts six building blocks of a health system: service delivery, health workforce, information, medical products and technologies, financing, and leadership and governance. The document argues that strengthening M&E systems can improve all six building blocks by increasing accountability, management, and use of data to strengthen programs. It acknowledges challenges like transitioning to more robust M&E systems and maintaining momentum for improvement.
Health Accounts Peer-Learning Workshop: Summary of Key Themes and DiscussionsHFG Project
In November 2016, over 60 government technicians, policymakers and technical advisors from 47 countries across the Americas, Africa, Asia and Europe participated in the first global Health Accounts Peer-Learning Workshop. During this workshop, participants shared their experiences and ideas on how to improve Health Accounts production and increase the uptake of Health Accounts results for policy.
The document outlines a strategy to strengthen Ghana's health system across 5 pillars:
1) Strengthening referral systems to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.
2) Retraining frontline community health workers to improve doorstep service delivery.
3) Developing a primary healthcare management information system to ease data capture and provide feedback.
4) Developing an essential drug supply and logistics monitoring system.
5) Adapting Tanzania's district planning and reporting tool to align resources with disease burden at local levels.
Community diagnosis is a tool used in Healthy Cities Projects to understand community health. It involves collecting both quantitative and qualitative data on health status, determinants of health, and potential for healthy city development. The process includes setting up a committee, defining the scope, collecting data through surveys and statistics, analyzing trends and comparisons, reaching diagnoses, and disseminating results through reports and presentations to influence policy. Conducting community diagnosis regularly allows Healthy Cities Projects to continuously improve public health.
The document provides an analysis and synthesis report on primary health care changes across Canadian jurisdictions, with a focus on inter-professional collaboration, chronic disease management, and health promotion/disease prevention. It summarizes initiatives and lessons learned across regions. Key findings include that jurisdictions utilized inter-professional teams to provide services, developed partnerships, and had some form of leadership and planning structures in place. A variety of processes and tools were used to support changes, including formal team development, chronic disease models like the Wagner model, and train-the-trainer approaches. Both facilitators like electronic health records and barriers like lack of integration faced changes. Recommendations focus on developing Ontario's provincial plan and supporting Family Health Teams based on experiences elsewhere.
The National Health Council conducted research, did an analysis, and prepared proposed regulatory language to assist the Secretary of Health and Human Services with the preparation of an essential health benefits (EHB) package that will serve the needs of people with chronic diseases and disabilities. This slide show is from a NHC briefing on EHB, given August 3, 2011.
Health system strengthening in LMICs and fragile states – what and how?ReBUILD for Resilience
Health system strengthening in low and middle income countries aims to improve health outcomes through strengthening the core functions and building blocks of health systems. Effective interventions strengthen governance, develop human resources, improve health facilities, and deliver high quality services. The evidence shows that multi-component interventions which reinforce each other across building blocks are most effective when designed and implemented through sustained political commitment, community engagement, capacity building, and iterative learning and adaptation to local contexts.
This document outlines the strategic workplan for the Country Health Systems Surveillance (CHeSS) platform. CHeSS aims to improve the availability, quality, and use of health data to inform country health sector reviews and monitoring. It will pursue this goal through three main workstreams: 1) Improving access to and analysis of health data through a country-focused web platform; 2) Addressing data gaps; and 3) Building institutional capacity in countries. The first workstream will focus on providing easy access to country health statistics, estimation tools and results, communication tools, and international standards through an online platform maintained by WHO.
The Health Finance and Governance (HFG) Project organized a multi-country workshop to support policymakers from public health and finance agencies in developing concrete action plans for mobilizing domestic resources for health. This presentation on the HFG toolkit addresses gaps in the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Finance relationship. The toolkit presents a set of strategies, self assessment methodologies and performance management processes to help the MOH better manage their own resources and to help foster more effective coordination between the MOH and the MOF.
Global Health Initiative Principle on Integration_4.23.13CORE Group
This document discusses the U.S. Global Health Initiative's work on integrating global health services. It provides an overview of GHI and the Integration Working Group, which is developing tools to measure integration principles. The working group has defined integration and identified evidence gaps. It is developing a results framework, global indicators, and illustrative measures. The learning agenda will evaluate integrated service delivery models in countries and assess the value added of integration compared to standard care.
This document provides an outline and overview of content presented on Management Information Systems. The presentation discusses what MIS is, how it has evolved, why it is important, how to organize an MIS, current trends, advantages and limitations. It defines key terms like management, information, data and systems. It also describes the scope of management in healthcare and the management cycle. Additionally, it outlines the components, objectives and evolution of the Health Management Information System in India.
Russell Kennedy Not-for-profit Seminar: Strategic challenges facing primary ...Russell_Kennedy
Associate Professor Christopher Carter from Melbourne Primary Care Network covers the following:
- Priorities for Primary Health Networks (PHN)
- Broader changes to the PHN
- Affecting change in primary health through PHN’s
The documents discuss changes in the US healthcare system focusing on quality improvement initiatives. It summarizes frameworks from the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI) and Regional Health Improvement Collaboratives (RHIC) that provide guidelines and coordinate multi-stakeholder efforts to reform payment systems, improve care delivery, and increase community health. It also describes the Quality Alliance Steering Committee's (QASC) work measuring healthcare quality nationally through organizations like MN Community Measurement. The overall goal is to shift focus from sickness to prevention by increasing access to high-quality, coordinated care.
Gender and Essential Packages of Health Services: Exploring the Evidence BaseReBUILD for Resilience
Presented by Val Percival of Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Canada.
Part of a session - 'Context, gender, and sustainability in introducing and scaling-up essential health care packages in fragile and crisis-affected countries' - at the Fifth Global Symposium for Health Systems Research in October 2018. The essential package of health services is a mechanism for expanding equitable coverage of primary health care and essential hospital services in countries recovering from conflict. The session explores the evidence-base on such healthcare packages in different contexts and prioritizes areas for strengthening research.
Healthcare Innovations and Regulatory Compliance InitiativesTatiana Cornell
The document discusses key aspects and requirements of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 and Section 6041. It summarizes that the ACA mandated all US residents have health insurance, increased the number of insured, and required healthcare organizations to establish compliance programs. Section 6041 requires providers to obtain a National Provider Identifier, enroll in programs like MassHealth, and adhere to regulations to ensure standards of care and minimize risks. The ACA helped strengthen healthcare organizations' risk management strategies through greater accountability and oversight of providers.
The document discusses how public health agencies can implement enterprise performance management (EPM) to strengthen their infrastructure and improve health outcomes. EPM involves using integrated processes, tools, and technology to define an organization's mission, values, vision, and strategy, and then linking objectives and key performance indicators to improve decision-making and manage performance. The CDC has provided funding to help public health departments implement EPM. EPM requires establishing foundational elements like mission and values, and then using tools like the balanced scorecard to cascade objectives and measures throughout an organization. The document outlines EPM frameworks and provides an example of how the CDC implemented EPM in its COTPER division with success.
The Healthy County Health Department convened organizations to develop a community health improvement plan. A council was established to improve population health through prevention and health promotion. The council used the MAPP process to conduct four assessments to identify health issues: community health status, forces of change, local public health system, and community themes/strengths. A subcommittee prioritized health problems using assessment data. The result was a plan identifying priority issues and goals. Performance management could be enhanced by developing standards, regular reporting, and quality improvement processes for addressing priority health issues.
Testimony from Bonnie Rateree, Cook County PLACE MATTERS, July 23, 2015 at th...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
Testimony to the Public Hearing for the South Suburban Communities July 23, 2015, Gloria Taylor Banquet Hall, 14820 Broadway, Harvey, IL Hosted by: Illlinois Commission to End Disparities of American Americans; Co-Chairs: State Representative Monique Davis and State Senator Emil Jones. Community Co sponsors: Illinois African American Family Commission; Harvey Area Chamber of Commerce
- john a. powell discusses his early experiences with race as a black man growing up in Detroit in the 1940s and 50s, including facing discrimination in school that prevented his brothers from participating in sports and advanced classes. He had to fight to take college prep courses and was often the only black male in his classes.
- He describes how the federal government's housing policies in the post-WWII era constructed racial divides by directing funding to create segregated white suburbs while investing little in urban areas and public housing projects where people of color lived, draining resources from cities.
- The creation of large suburban developments like Levittown that had racially restrictive covenants excluding black residents shaped modern segregated metropolitan
The document summarizes the work of Cook County PLACE MATTERS, an organization that aims to promote health equity in the Chicago area by addressing social determinants of health like education and unemployment that are impacted by structural racism. It discusses how residential segregation has led to health inequities among different racial and socioeconomic groups. The organization seeks to build power among residents to create policy changes and hosts events to discuss these issues and their health impacts.
The Child Opportunity Index: Improving Collaboration Between Community Develo...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
Improving neighborhood environments for children through
community development and other interventions may help improve
children
’
s health and reduce inequities in health. A first step is to
develop a population-level surveillance system of children
’
s neighborhood
environments. This article presents the newly developed Child
Opportunity Index for the 100 largest US metropolitan areas. The index
examines the extent of racial/ethnic inequity in the distribution of
children across levels of neighborhood opportunity. We found that high
concentrations of black and Hispanic children in the lowest-opportunity
neighborhoods are pervasive across US metropolitan areas. We also found
that 40 percent of black and 32 percent of Hispanic children live in very
low-opportunity neighborhoods within their metropolitan area,
compared to 9 percent of white children. This inequity is greater in some
metropolitan areas, especially those with high levels of residential
segregation. The Child Opportunity Index provides perspectives on child
opportunity at the neighborhood and regional levels and can inform
place-based community development interventions and non-place-based
interventions that address inequities across a region. The index can also
be used to meet new community data reporting requirements under the
Affordable Care Act.
This document provides information for advocating to Illinois legislators to support funding for early childhood programs in the state budget. It lists proposed budget items that restore funding cuts to early childhood programs, including the Early Childhood Block Grant, home visitation, child care assistance, and bilingual education. It also provides details on relevant Illinois legislation and actions individuals can take to support early childhood equity, such as submitting a letter to their legislator or hosting a film screening.
The document outlines a strategy to strengthen Ghana's health system across 5 pillars:
1) Strengthening referral systems to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality.
2) Retraining frontline community health workers to improve doorstep service delivery.
3) Developing a primary healthcare management information system to ease data capture and provide feedback.
4) Developing an essential drug supply and logistics monitoring system.
5) Adapting Tanzania's district planning and reporting tool to align resources with disease burden at local levels.
Community diagnosis is a tool used in Healthy Cities Projects to understand community health. It involves collecting both quantitative and qualitative data on health status, determinants of health, and potential for healthy city development. The process includes setting up a committee, defining the scope, collecting data through surveys and statistics, analyzing trends and comparisons, reaching diagnoses, and disseminating results through reports and presentations to influence policy. Conducting community diagnosis regularly allows Healthy Cities Projects to continuously improve public health.
The document provides an analysis and synthesis report on primary health care changes across Canadian jurisdictions, with a focus on inter-professional collaboration, chronic disease management, and health promotion/disease prevention. It summarizes initiatives and lessons learned across regions. Key findings include that jurisdictions utilized inter-professional teams to provide services, developed partnerships, and had some form of leadership and planning structures in place. A variety of processes and tools were used to support changes, including formal team development, chronic disease models like the Wagner model, and train-the-trainer approaches. Both facilitators like electronic health records and barriers like lack of integration faced changes. Recommendations focus on developing Ontario's provincial plan and supporting Family Health Teams based on experiences elsewhere.
The National Health Council conducted research, did an analysis, and prepared proposed regulatory language to assist the Secretary of Health and Human Services with the preparation of an essential health benefits (EHB) package that will serve the needs of people with chronic diseases and disabilities. This slide show is from a NHC briefing on EHB, given August 3, 2011.
Health system strengthening in LMICs and fragile states – what and how?ReBUILD for Resilience
Health system strengthening in low and middle income countries aims to improve health outcomes through strengthening the core functions and building blocks of health systems. Effective interventions strengthen governance, develop human resources, improve health facilities, and deliver high quality services. The evidence shows that multi-component interventions which reinforce each other across building blocks are most effective when designed and implemented through sustained political commitment, community engagement, capacity building, and iterative learning and adaptation to local contexts.
This document outlines the strategic workplan for the Country Health Systems Surveillance (CHeSS) platform. CHeSS aims to improve the availability, quality, and use of health data to inform country health sector reviews and monitoring. It will pursue this goal through three main workstreams: 1) Improving access to and analysis of health data through a country-focused web platform; 2) Addressing data gaps; and 3) Building institutional capacity in countries. The first workstream will focus on providing easy access to country health statistics, estimation tools and results, communication tools, and international standards through an online platform maintained by WHO.
The Health Finance and Governance (HFG) Project organized a multi-country workshop to support policymakers from public health and finance agencies in developing concrete action plans for mobilizing domestic resources for health. This presentation on the HFG toolkit addresses gaps in the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Finance relationship. The toolkit presents a set of strategies, self assessment methodologies and performance management processes to help the MOH better manage their own resources and to help foster more effective coordination between the MOH and the MOF.
Global Health Initiative Principle on Integration_4.23.13CORE Group
This document discusses the U.S. Global Health Initiative's work on integrating global health services. It provides an overview of GHI and the Integration Working Group, which is developing tools to measure integration principles. The working group has defined integration and identified evidence gaps. It is developing a results framework, global indicators, and illustrative measures. The learning agenda will evaluate integrated service delivery models in countries and assess the value added of integration compared to standard care.
This document provides an outline and overview of content presented on Management Information Systems. The presentation discusses what MIS is, how it has evolved, why it is important, how to organize an MIS, current trends, advantages and limitations. It defines key terms like management, information, data and systems. It also describes the scope of management in healthcare and the management cycle. Additionally, it outlines the components, objectives and evolution of the Health Management Information System in India.
Russell Kennedy Not-for-profit Seminar: Strategic challenges facing primary ...Russell_Kennedy
Associate Professor Christopher Carter from Melbourne Primary Care Network covers the following:
- Priorities for Primary Health Networks (PHN)
- Broader changes to the PHN
- Affecting change in primary health through PHN’s
The documents discuss changes in the US healthcare system focusing on quality improvement initiatives. It summarizes frameworks from the Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI) and Regional Health Improvement Collaboratives (RHIC) that provide guidelines and coordinate multi-stakeholder efforts to reform payment systems, improve care delivery, and increase community health. It also describes the Quality Alliance Steering Committee's (QASC) work measuring healthcare quality nationally through organizations like MN Community Measurement. The overall goal is to shift focus from sickness to prevention by increasing access to high-quality, coordinated care.
Gender and Essential Packages of Health Services: Exploring the Evidence BaseReBUILD for Resilience
Presented by Val Percival of Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University, Canada.
Part of a session - 'Context, gender, and sustainability in introducing and scaling-up essential health care packages in fragile and crisis-affected countries' - at the Fifth Global Symposium for Health Systems Research in October 2018. The essential package of health services is a mechanism for expanding equitable coverage of primary health care and essential hospital services in countries recovering from conflict. The session explores the evidence-base on such healthcare packages in different contexts and prioritizes areas for strengthening research.
Healthcare Innovations and Regulatory Compliance InitiativesTatiana Cornell
The document discusses key aspects and requirements of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 and Section 6041. It summarizes that the ACA mandated all US residents have health insurance, increased the number of insured, and required healthcare organizations to establish compliance programs. Section 6041 requires providers to obtain a National Provider Identifier, enroll in programs like MassHealth, and adhere to regulations to ensure standards of care and minimize risks. The ACA helped strengthen healthcare organizations' risk management strategies through greater accountability and oversight of providers.
The document discusses how public health agencies can implement enterprise performance management (EPM) to strengthen their infrastructure and improve health outcomes. EPM involves using integrated processes, tools, and technology to define an organization's mission, values, vision, and strategy, and then linking objectives and key performance indicators to improve decision-making and manage performance. The CDC has provided funding to help public health departments implement EPM. EPM requires establishing foundational elements like mission and values, and then using tools like the balanced scorecard to cascade objectives and measures throughout an organization. The document outlines EPM frameworks and provides an example of how the CDC implemented EPM in its COTPER division with success.
The Healthy County Health Department convened organizations to develop a community health improvement plan. A council was established to improve population health through prevention and health promotion. The council used the MAPP process to conduct four assessments to identify health issues: community health status, forces of change, local public health system, and community themes/strengths. A subcommittee prioritized health problems using assessment data. The result was a plan identifying priority issues and goals. Performance management could be enhanced by developing standards, regular reporting, and quality improvement processes for addressing priority health issues.
Testimony from Bonnie Rateree, Cook County PLACE MATTERS, July 23, 2015 at th...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
Testimony to the Public Hearing for the South Suburban Communities July 23, 2015, Gloria Taylor Banquet Hall, 14820 Broadway, Harvey, IL Hosted by: Illlinois Commission to End Disparities of American Americans; Co-Chairs: State Representative Monique Davis and State Senator Emil Jones. Community Co sponsors: Illinois African American Family Commission; Harvey Area Chamber of Commerce
- john a. powell discusses his early experiences with race as a black man growing up in Detroit in the 1940s and 50s, including facing discrimination in school that prevented his brothers from participating in sports and advanced classes. He had to fight to take college prep courses and was often the only black male in his classes.
- He describes how the federal government's housing policies in the post-WWII era constructed racial divides by directing funding to create segregated white suburbs while investing little in urban areas and public housing projects where people of color lived, draining resources from cities.
- The creation of large suburban developments like Levittown that had racially restrictive covenants excluding black residents shaped modern segregated metropolitan
The document summarizes the work of Cook County PLACE MATTERS, an organization that aims to promote health equity in the Chicago area by addressing social determinants of health like education and unemployment that are impacted by structural racism. It discusses how residential segregation has led to health inequities among different racial and socioeconomic groups. The organization seeks to build power among residents to create policy changes and hosts events to discuss these issues and their health impacts.
The Child Opportunity Index: Improving Collaboration Between Community Develo...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
Improving neighborhood environments for children through
community development and other interventions may help improve
children
’
s health and reduce inequities in health. A first step is to
develop a population-level surveillance system of children
’
s neighborhood
environments. This article presents the newly developed Child
Opportunity Index for the 100 largest US metropolitan areas. The index
examines the extent of racial/ethnic inequity in the distribution of
children across levels of neighborhood opportunity. We found that high
concentrations of black and Hispanic children in the lowest-opportunity
neighborhoods are pervasive across US metropolitan areas. We also found
that 40 percent of black and 32 percent of Hispanic children live in very
low-opportunity neighborhoods within their metropolitan area,
compared to 9 percent of white children. This inequity is greater in some
metropolitan areas, especially those with high levels of residential
segregation. The Child Opportunity Index provides perspectives on child
opportunity at the neighborhood and regional levels and can inform
place-based community development interventions and non-place-based
interventions that address inequities across a region. The index can also
be used to meet new community data reporting requirements under the
Affordable Care Act.
This document provides information for advocating to Illinois legislators to support funding for early childhood programs in the state budget. It lists proposed budget items that restore funding cuts to early childhood programs, including the Early Childhood Block Grant, home visitation, child care assistance, and bilingual education. It also provides details on relevant Illinois legislation and actions individuals can take to support early childhood equity, such as submitting a letter to their legislator or hosting a film screening.
The General Fund deficit in Illinois is projected to almost double from FY2015 to FY2016, increasing from an estimated $6.8 billion to $12.7 billion. This is due to a combination of declining revenues and increasing costs. Revenues are expected to decline by $3.6 billion from FY2015 to FY2016 due to the phase down of temporary income tax increases and the loss of one-time borrowing. Meanwhile, "hard costs" like pensions, debt service, and statutory transfers are projected to rise by $1.9 billion. If spending on core services is held flat, over half of spending in FY2016 would need to be deficit spending.
Giving everyone the health of the educated: an examination of whether social ...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
This document summarizes a study that examined whether addressing social determinants of health through improving education could potentially save more lives than medical advances alone. The study found that:
1) Medical advances averted a maximum of 178,193 deaths from 1996-2002.
2) Correcting disparities in mortality rates between those with inadequate education and college-educated individuals could have saved 1,369,335 lives during the same period - approximately 8 times as many.
3) While improving education could significantly reduce mortality, fully addressing social determinants of health and eliminating education-associated excess mortality would require broader social changes beyond just education alone.
Jim Crow and Premature Mortality Among the US Black and White Poulation, 1960...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
"...the study results offer compelling evidence of the enduring impact of both Jim Crow and its abolition on premature mortality among the US black population, althought insufficient to eliminate the persistent 2-fold black excess risk evident in both the Jim Crow and non-Jim Crow states from 1960 to 2009." Epidemiology Volume 25, Number 4, July 2014 Digital Object Identifier 10.1097/EDE.
Health Care Reform and the Root causes of Health Inequities-Chicago Forum for...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
The World Health Organization defines health equity as “the absence of unfair and avoidable or remediable differences in health services and outcomes among groups of people.” In Healthy People 2020, one of the goals set forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is to “Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.”
While health equity is on the national agenda, do recent policies and health reforms move Illinois toward health equity? The forum brought together thought leaders to discuss health reform, to what degree it works toward health equity, and whether or not we are making progress on the social determinants of health.
The event provided an opportunity to:
Learn about Seattle & King County, Washington’s Health Equity ordinance, its positive impacts, and lessons from its implementation
Explore how health departments can be effective in helping to implement effective health reform and ensure progress toward health equity
Discuss both positive aspects and shortcomings of the Affordable Care Act vis-à-vis health equity
Consider the growing role of medical-legal partnerships and how they can help address social and legal issues that negatively impact the health of low-income people
This document provides guidelines for an effective presentation by Milan Sasani on the topic of presentation skills. It discusses structuring a presentation with an opening, body, and conclusion. It also covers planning a presentation by defining its purpose, audience, and context. Preparing visual aids and slides with 5 or fewer bullet points per slide is recommended. When delivering the presentation, the document advises overcoming stage fright, maintaining good appearance and body language, and using an audible voice that varies in pitch, tone and volume to engage the audience.
Going Beyond What Movements are ‘Against’ to What They are ‘For’
Freedom Dreams Freedom Now asks the following questions: What language
do we have that reflects the kind of world we want to live in? Is there a rubric
under which “a” movement can rally today? What are the components of a
shared analysis of this moment, what is needed, what is possible and how?
What are new slogans, texts, terms that help us forge a collective analysis?
What are the freedom dreams of this generation of activists?
Freedom Dreams Freedom Now is an intergenerational gathering of scholars,
artists and activists commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Freedom Summer
1964 and mapping the landscape of contemporary social justice work.
We will engage in political and analytical quilting to connect different debates,
communities and movements.
Behind the kitchen door: the hidden costs of taking the low road in chicagol...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
2010 Report by Restaurant Opportunities Centers Chicago documents low wages, unsafe working conditions, and segregation and discrimination in an industry employing 250,000 people in metropolitan Chicago. The 'Low Road" strategy for profit by the restaurant industry has resulted in 20% of restaurant workers receiving poverty wages. Workers of color experience worse incomes due to segregation in jobs and career opportunities. The High Road is possible. With recommendations
Institute of Medicine Presentation September 30, 2014 by Cook County PLACE MA...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
"Alliances with community and labor organizing: Building people power to address fundamental causes of obesity" was presented by Jim Bloyd, Felipe Tendick-Matesanz and Bonnie Rateree at a workshop of the Roundtable on Obesity Solutions at the Auditorium of the National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington DC on September 30, 2014. The presentation was webcast live, and will be available at http://www.iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/ObesitySolutions/2014-SEP-30.aspx NOTE: Downloading the file may improve some graphics problems in slides 10-13.
This document outlines a health system development programme in Myanmar from 2006-2011. It had three main objectives: 1) Promote health systems research to improve performance; 2) Explore sustainable health financing mechanisms; 3) Expand international cooperation. The programme included three projects: 1) Health systems research; 2) Developing alternative financing; 3) International health cooperation. It identified strengths like disseminating research and developing tools, but also weaknesses like lack of funding and dissemination of findings. The programme aimed to address gaps in service delivery, coordination, and human resources to improve access to essential health services.
How to Improve Healthcare Reporting Management System.pptxFlutter Agency
Here in this article, you will see the tips about the healthcare reporting management system. Read these top 8 tips to improve the Healthcare Reporting Management System.
The document discusses using a health production function to analyze two existing programs and make recommendations about allocating resources. The programs aim to reduce diabetes among low-income obese individuals in Detroit. Program 1 focuses on bariatric surgery centers while Program 2 emphasizes healthy lifestyle education and coaching. The analysis recommends reallocating funding from Program 1 to Program 2 due to the latter's lower costs and ability to impact more patients through preventative efforts aligned with current health trends prioritizing prevention over treatment. Stakeholder views also influenced preferring Program 2's community-based approach.
The document discusses using a health production function to allocate resources between two programs in Detroit, Michigan. Program 1 is "Bariatricity Detroit", which establishes bariatric surgery centers. Program 2 is "Healthy Lifestyles Detroit", which provides education and coaching on healthy behaviors. The health production function shows that allocating funding to the smaller Program 2 would yield larger decreases in diabetes rates among low-income individuals due to diminishing returns. Marginal analysis also supports funding Program 2, as its marginal cost per individual is lower than Program 1's. The executive summary should recommend funding the lower-cost Program 2 to maximize health outcomes efficiently.
Assessment 2
Quality Improvement Proposal
Overview:
Write a quality improvement proposal, 5–7 pages in length, that provides your recommendations for expanding a hospital's HIT to include quality metrics that will help the organization qualify as an accountable care organization.
Health care has undergone a transformation since the release of the Institute of Medicine's 2000 report
To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System.
The report highlighted medical errors as a contributing factor leading to poor patient outcomes. The Institute of Medicine challenged organizations to implement evidence-based performance improvement strategies in order to improve patient quality and safety. Multiple governmental and regulatory agencies, such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (AHRQ), vowed to strengthen and improve incentives for participation, safety, quality, and efficiency in accountable care organizations (ACOs).
Health information technology (HIT) performs an essential role in improving health outcomes of individuals, the community, and populations. Health organizations, consumer advocacy groups, and regulatory committees have made a commitment to explore current and future opportunities that HIT offers to continue momentum to meet the Institute of Medicine's goal of improving safety and quality.
Understanding HIT is important to improving individual, community, and population access to health care and health information. HIT enables quick and easy access to information for both patients and providers. Accessible information has been shown to improve the patient care experience and reduce redundancies, thereby reducing health care costs.
This assessment provides an opportunity for you to make recommendations for expanding a hospital's HIT in ways that will help the hospital qualify as an ACO.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 2: Explain the relationship between care coordination and evidence-based data.
Recommend ways to expand an organization's HIT to include quality metrics.
Identify potential problems that can arise with data gathering systems and outputs.
Competency 3: Use health information technology to guide care coordination and organizational practice.
Describe the main focus of information gathering in health care and how it contributes to guiding the development of organizational practice.
Competency 4: Communicate effectively with diverse audiences, in an appropriate form and style, consistent with applicable organizational, professional, and scholarly standards.
Write clearly and concisely, using correct grammar and mechanics.
Support main points, claims, and conclusions with relevant and credible evidence, correctly formatting citations and references using APA style.
Reference
.
This document outlines three questions and suggested responses for a PowerPoint presentation case study on implementing a transitional community-based program to manage hospital readmission rates for patients with heart failure.
The first question asks about data input, output, and measures of success. The suggested response identifies community health workers and patients as data input, readmission plans as output, and surveying patient responses as the measure of success.
The second question asks how the model incorporates social context. The suggested response explains that the program will ensure social contexts like support systems, income, and cultural norms are considered and patients will be treated within their social communities.
The third question asks how the population/community will be assessed. The suggested response is
This document outlines three questions and suggested responses for a PowerPoint presentation case study on implementing a transitional community-based program to manage hospital readmission rates for patients with heart failure.
The first question asks about data input, output, and measures of success. The suggested response identifies community health workers and patients as data input, readmission plans as output, and surveying patient responses as the measure of success.
The second question asks how the model incorporates social context. The suggested response explains that the program will ensure social contexts like support systems and cultural norms are considered by treating patients within their own social contexts and communities.
The third question asks how the population/community will be assessed. The suggested response is to use
The Next Frontier to Support Health Resource TrackingHFG Project
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for institutionalizing health resource tracking (HRT) in low- and middle-income countries. It identifies three key elements needed for institutionalization: strong demand for HRT data; sustainable local capacity to produce HRT data; and use of HRT results in policy and decision making. It outlines remaining challenges in each area and suggestions for future investments to address challenges, such as building understanding of HRT's value, maintaining local expertise, improving health information systems, and strengthening communication and use of HRT findings.
This you were provided information on technology transfers as an.docx4934bk
Key components necessary for system transformations include integration with primary care, effective information technology systems, and recovery-oriented systems. Technology transfer strategies like decision support tools and electronic health records can help mental health organizations deliver recovery-oriented practices. Challenges to transformative efforts include developing licensed staff and ensuring evidence-based practices are available to all with mental disorders.
NHS-FP6008 Assessment 1 Context
Assessment 1 ContextHealth Care Economics: An Industry Overview
Providers and consumers of health care services have experienced significant changes following the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Affordable Care Act). New terminology, concepts, methods of valuation, reimbursement, and decisions accompanied this landmark legislative change. Health care leaders are responsible for maintaining the financial viability of their organizations, aligning with both the organizational mission statement and directional strategy, and allocating finite resources. This task has become increasingly complex due in part to changes associated with the Affordable Care Act.
Conditions of participation in state- and federally-funded health care programs have generated new requirements, and some represent major challenges with respect to implementation and compliance. An example of this can be seen with the electronic medical records initiative, which has been an ongoing challenge. Leaders must grapple with questions such as:
· What is the actual cost to the organization?
· Are there funding shortfalls for full implementation?
· Are there unexpected additional costs that result from existing software incompatibilities?
· Are there additional security measures to ensure HIPAA compliance, such as staff training?
· What about patient satisfaction scores and how these can affect reimbursement?
The role of the health care executive in exercising sound economic decision making has become increasingly challenging, especially when one considers the potential adverse financial and operational consequences, or civil and criminal penalties, that can result from oversights or errors. Health care executives serve in a fiduciary role within their organizations and communities. To this end, it is helpful for leaders to understand applicable laws that drive economic decision making and its accepted tools from authoritative sources, industry standards, and risk management.
The Provider Organization
How have recent changes in health care affected your current or future desired role within the industry? Do you recognize new concepts and terminology emerging with our changing health care system? To illustrate this point, consider your familiarity with the following economic concepts and their associated implications for providers: accountable care organizations, Readmissions Reduction Program, HCAHPS scores, HAC Reduction Program, never events, value based purchasing, open payments public data, cost shifting, risk sharing, and medical capital equipment (lease versus purchase). These are just a few examples of facets that involve financial, and thus economic, decision making.
It is important to maintain the environmental, larger perspective and to understand what resources are available from the government for economic problem solving and decision making. It is also important to maintain "bifocal vision" as ...
The document discusses key considerations for behavioral health organizations implementing electronic health records systems. It covers regulatory compliance with HIPAA, the meaningful use program, impacts of the local healthcare environment, best practices for system implementation, managing organizational change, and aligning clinical and business workflows with the new system. Maintaining privacy of sensitive patient information while meeting regulatory requirements is emphasized.
RSSH Service Delivery Innovation (component 3 - HRH_QI)_AR.pptxKarenZamboni
The document summarizes a strategic initiative to improve health services in 5 West and Central African countries through investments in human resources for health (HRH) planning and quality improvement (QI). It describes 3 objectives: 1) improve HRH information for planning, 2) improve quality of care through integrated supervision and QI, and 3) strengthen leadership and management. Key activities include conducting HRH analytics to inform staffing, implementing integrated supportive supervision with a focus on collaborative improvement, and training health workers. The overall goal is to strengthen health systems and improve outcomes for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria.
This document summarizes a panel discussion on meaningful use and achieving certification criteria for electronic health records. The panelists discussed how meaningful use goes beyond an IT project and requires organizational readiness, physician alignment, information technology considerations, and vendor sustainability. Key components for achieving meaningful use include governance, communication, physician alignment, IT considerations, quality measures, and legal issues around incentives.
Primary Care Integration for a Rural Community Behavioral Health Clinic. 2015 Washington Behavioral Healthcare Conference: Fulfilling the Promise of Integrated Care
Vancouver, WA June 19, 2015
The document summarizes key discussions from a global Health Accounts peer-learning workshop. Over 60 participants from 47 countries shared challenges of and solutions to improving health accounts production and policy uptake. Common challenges included lack of stakeholder buy-in, insufficient resources, and misaligned planning cycles. Solutions focused on early stakeholder engagement, using existing data systems, and tailoring analysis and communication to address specific policy questions. Participants agreed that effective stakeholder engagement, streamlined data collection, and ensuring the relevance of analysis are critical for successful health accounts production and use.
How do medicaid waivers expand the possibilities of whole person care 032117Jennifer D.
This document discusses how Medicaid waivers can expand whole-person care approaches. It provides examples of whole-person care pilots in California and Minnesota that integrate services across medical, behavioral health, and social services. These pilots aim to improve outcomes, patient experience, and lower costs. The document also discusses how care coordination platforms can help overcome challenges of data sharing, privacy, and interoperability across different provider types to better coordinate whole-person care.
Evidence of Social Accountability_Kamden Hoffmann_5.7.14CORE Group
The document discusses social accountability and its role in improving health outcomes. It analyzes selected social accountability models used by international NGOs, including Citizen Voice and Action (World Vision), Partnership Defined Quality (Save the Children), Community Score Card (CARE), and various approaches used by White Ribbon Alliance. Common themes across the models include preparation and planning, involvement of marginalized groups, identifying barriers, interface meetings between communities and government, and using score cards to measure services. The document recommends expanding the evidence base on effectiveness, clarifying financial and human resource needs, identifying barriers to scale up, and exploring promising practices across models.
Health Informatics Journal - Balanced ScorecardJulius Veracion
The document summarizes the design and evaluation of a balanced scorecard for the health information management department at a large urban hospital in Canada. The creation of the balanced scorecard involved 6 months of planning, development, implementation, and evaluation. Key steps included aligning the scorecard with the hospital's strategy, identifying relevant metrics, gathering staff input, and conducting an evaluation survey. The majority of health information management staff agreed that the balanced scorecard is a useful reporting and management tool, supporting the success of developing it for the department. The process used to identify metrics can help other health information management departments create their own balanced scorecards.
The document outlines Kenya's Vision 2030 plan for improving the health sector. Some key strategies included establishing Kenya as a destination for medical tourism, increasing access to specialized care for Kenyans, promoting local production of health products, developing a human resources strategy to address staffing needs, implementing community-based health programs, increasing funding through a national health insurance scheme, upgrading facilities, and strengthening referral systems. The plan aims to improve healthcare access, quality, and financing across Kenya by 2030.
The document provides an overview of meaningful use and the EHR incentive programs. It discusses the stages of meaningful use, eligibility requirements, incentive payment schedules, requirements for evidencing meaningful use such as objectives and measures, the EHR certification process, and next steps for providers in registering for incentive programs in 2011. The presentation was given by Scott Rogerson of consulting firm The Hill Group to prepare attendees for meaningful use.
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The Raising of America Film Screening and Panel Discussion April 29, 2015 6PM...CookCountyPLACEMATTERS
Join Cook County PLACE MATTERS at South Suburban College, South Holland, Illinois at 6PM for a special screening of The Raising of America, a new film documentary about early child development in the US. Congresswoman Robin Kelly and Cook County Department of Public Health COO Terry Mason will welcome the audience. Free and open to the public.
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This training provides hands-on first aid instruction to prepare participants to serve as street medics at political protests and in their communities. The three-day course in Chicago from October 24-26 teaches skills like emergency response, patient assessment, operating in unsafe scenes, and more. No prior medical experience is required. Participants will learn how to safely assist those with injuries from police brutality, crowds, weather events, and other dangers. The training aims to address health inequalities and is open to all, with sliding scale fees and free childcare available.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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Emerging Public Health Issues Health Equity (Page 3) Public Health Accreditation Board
1. This tip sheet is provided to accredited health departments to use
as they prepare their annual reports. It describes the terms listed as
emerging public health issues and the terms listed as measures of
efficiency and effectiveness in the template for the PHAB Annual
Report Section II, in order to provide health departments with a
common understanding of those terms.
Annual Report
Annual reports are those reports that are required to be submitted
to PHAB by accredited health departments. Annual reports must
include a statement that the health department continues to be in
conformity with all the standards and measures of the version under
which accreditation was received; include leadership changes and
other changes that may affect the health department’s ability to be in
conformity with the standards and measures; describe how the health
department has addressed areas of improvement noted in the site visit
report; describe how the health department will continue to address
areas of improvement identified in the site visit report and/or by the
health department in their accreditation action plan; and describe
work on emerging public health issues and innovations. (Public Health
Accreditation Board, Alexandria, VA, January 2014).
Emerging Public Health Issues
Serveral issues have been identified, as PHAB works with the field,
as emerging public health issues that will be increasingly emphasized
in the future. PHAB understands that these areas are evolving and as
such, new concepts, strategies, and initiatives will change over time.
PHAB encourages accredited health departments, however, to consider
how their work either addresses these emerging issues or is informing
the development of best and promising practices in these areas. While
no decisions have been made about another revised version of the
standards and measures to further address these areas, PHAB expects
these to continue to be significant topics in the future.
Public Health Workforce
The public health workforce in Tribal, state, local, and territorial health
departments is a key asset to the health department’s performance.
Therefore, workforce development will continue to be an emerging
issue for accredited public health departments. Looking forward to
2020 with a vision for high-performing, accredited health departments,
PHAB’s Workforce Think Tank described an accredited health
department workforce as one that:
• Demonstrates characteristics of a learning organization such as systems
thinking/critical thinking, effective communication, management of change
(situational awareness, problem solving, and forecasting), informatics savvy,
working with diverse populations, and recruiting and managing a diverse
workforce.
www.phaboard.org
Annual Report Section II Guidance: Explanations
of Terms
February 2014
Emerging Public Health Issues:
• Public Health Workforce
• Informatics
• Communication Science
• Health Equity
• Emergency Preparedness
• Public Health/Health Care Integration
• Public Health Chart of Accounts
Measures of Efficiency:
• Time saved
• Reduced number of steps
• Revenue generated due to billable
services
• Costs saved
• Costs avoided
Measures of Effectiveness:
• Increased customer/staff satisfaction
• Increased reach to a target population
• Dissemination of information, products, or
evidence-based practices
• Quality enhancement of services or
programs
• Quality enhancement of data systems
• Organizational design improvements
• Increased preventive behaviors
• Decreased incidence/prevalence of
disease
For more information, contact:
Public Health Accreditation Board
1600 Duke Street, Suite 200
Alexandria, VA 22314
Phone: 703-778-4549
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2. • Demonstrates alignment between the mission, vision,
values, and strategic priorities of the organization and the
management of the workforce. This includes leadership as
a collective enterprise; ability to effectively execute strategy;
ability to manage/lead change and foster innovation; ability
to address public health issues in a multiple determinants
of health model and through a health equity lens; and
ability to lead work across multiple programs, services, and
activities.
• Demonstrates alignment between the mission, vision,
values, and strategic priorities of the organization and
those in the community and the alignment of their
respective workforces. This concept includes leadership
as a collective cross-agency enterprise and staffing as
a complementary effort, adjusting staffing ratios and
competencies to reflect the efforts of all organizations
in the system. Leadership in the public health workforce
arena for the future is focused on advancing/advocating
competencies and workforce accountabilities across a
system that improves population health.
An additional consideration for health departments is creating an organizational culture and work environment that is
supportive of the staff and their maximum productivity.
Informatics
Public health informatics is an emerging issue for Tribal, state, local, and territorial health departments because of the
increase in the amount of available data and because the implications for the use of data to drive decision-making
have received stronger emphasis in the past several years. As new and more sophisticated technology emerges, health
departments will need to be actively engaged in ensuring that their work is supported by and contributes to sound
informatics principles, practices, and techniques. PHAB’s Informatics Think Tank participants identified an informatics-
savvy public health department in the future as one that:
• Creates an informatics strategic vision.
–– Demonstrates evidence that information systems
planning is included in the agency strategic plan.
–– Information systems planning elements should support
the agency’s overall scope of service and include some
stretch.
• Leverages data standards.
• Ensures interoperability among information systems.
• Evaluates and improves information systems and
applications.
• Ensures effective management of information systems and
of IT operations.
–– Demonstrates evidence of plans to address emergent
issues in informatics (such as meaningful use, ICD-10,
etc.) based on scope of services.
–– Demonstrates evidence of a process for developing
business requirements prior to implementation of
systems change or new systems implementation.
–– Demonstrates evidence of an agency data inventory.
• Ensures confidentiality, security, and integrity of data.
–– Demonstrates evidence of information systems
vulnerability audits, policies, and internal controls
related to the privacy of information and the security of
information systems consistent with scope of services.
• Integrates clinical health, environmental health, and
population health data.
–– Demonstrates evidence of plans to link individual data
and population data based on scope of services.
• Provides training in informatics to staff on an ongoing basis
as changes emerge.
• Communicates with policy makers, staff, and the public.
• Ensures knowledge, information, and data needs are met.
Annual Report Section II Guidance: Explanations
of Terms
www.phaboard.org
February 2014
Communication Science
Communication science was identified as an emerging public health issue because communication technology and
vehicles have changed significantly over the past few years. There are now multiple modes of communication that
are not only used by the public, but the expectation of communities served by health departments is that those varied
means of communication will also be used and valued by their health departments. Additionally, the population is
more diverse than ever before, creating both challenges and opportunities for health departments to interact with their
communities. Recommendations for health departments to consider for the future to strengthen their communication
strategies include:
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3. www.phaboard.org
• Development and implementation of a strategic approach to
communication that is comprehensive and science-based
(including internal and external multi-modal distribution to
reach different audiences).
• Planning and deliberate implementation of strategies that
uniquely brand the health department. This category also
includes regular, systematic evaluation of the branding
techniques chosen, with planned changes that can be
expedited as appropriate.
• Planning and implementation of broad-based strategies for
dissemination of public health information (website, large
media outlets, and social media).
• Planning and implementation of crisis communication,
including consideration of communication technology
disruption. This category includes consideration of a
24/7 communications infrastructure that is not just for
emergencies.
• Implementation of a planned approach to health education,
including both population-wide education as well as
targeted health education focused on specific population
groups.
• Communications and health education strategies and
initiatives planned, implemented, and evaluated in
partnership with the communities served by the health
department.
• Ongoing vigilance in providing culturally and linguistically
appropriate information to the diverse communities served
by health departments.
Annual Report Section II Guidance: Explanations
of Terms February 2014
Health Equity
Health equity is noted as an emerging public health issue because best and promising practices are moving the
science and practice of public health beyond the traditional considerations of minority health and health disparities
to more comprehensive concepts associated with ensuring deliberate consideration of the multiple determinants of
health. Participants in the PHAB Health Equity Think Tank recommended that accredited health departments in the
future consider a very broad-based approach to their work, using a health equity lens to plan and assess their work.
Accredited health departments in the future should:
• Understand the root causes of health inequities and
historical injustices in their jurisdictions.
• Be proficient at working with community partnerships (e.g.,
ensure transparency).
• Work to understand the community power structure and
how decision making creates inequities (e.g., how hiring
and promotion policies foster inequities).
• Understand how funds are distributed to communities and
develop processes for affecting same.
• Use a social epidemiology basis for determining health
department priorities.
• Maintain an emphasis on human rights in public policies
and health department practices.
• Develop a special emphasis on opportunities for children
and youth to be healthy.
• Maximize and work with grassroots power in developing
and implementing public health priorities.
• Monitor and track institutions that create inequities in their
decision making; engage them in different alternatives that
include community input.
• Seek ways to democratize data, in its collection (“street
science”), its dissemination, and its use.
• Include health equity as part of the community health
assessment, community health improvement plan, and
strategic plan, at a minimum. Plans should address health
equity on three levels: programmatic, community, and
policy.
• Identify health equity indicators: ensure that they are
community driven, involve grassroots and the community,
and use local data. Update plans regularly, on an as needed
basis, or as issues arise.
• Include analysis of accumulated burden in specific
neighborhoods. That is, “place matters.”
• Support the idea of a health equity impact assessment for
policies and programs.
• Educate policy makers concerning how current statutory
authority supports the health department’s ability to
influence health equity.
• Consider requirements related to health equity in
regulations that the health department enforces.
• Educate elected and appointed officials, as well as their
staff about health equity.
Emergency Preparedness
Emergency preparedness and response will continue to be an emerging public health issue as long as there are
natural and man-made disasters. PHAB, along with accredited health departments, expects to keep this topic high on
the list for monitoring best and promising practices as the realities and needs of communities change. The concept of
community resilience will continue to be developed and explored. Community resilience is a measure of the sustained
ability of a community to utilize available resources to respond to, withstand, and recover from adverse situations.
(http://www.rand.org/topics/community-resilience.html).
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4. Public Health/Health Care Integration
The core principles of public health/health care integration include a common goal of improving population health,
as well as involving the community in defining and addressing its needs. Strong leadership that works to bridge
disciplines, programs, and jurisdictions; sustainability; and the collaborative use of data and analysis are the other
principles. When there is mutual awareness, primary care and public health are informed about each other and each
other’s activities. (Institute of Medicine, Primary Care and Public Health: Exploring Integration to Improve Population Health.
March 2012).
Public Health Chart of Accounts (COA)
A chart of accounts is a created list of the accounts used by a business entity to define each class of items for which
money or the equivalent is spent or received. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_of_accounts).
In April 2012, the Institute of Medicine recommended creation of a COA to provide a common framework and system
for tracking the flow of funds across the U.S. governmental public health system, similar to the systems that have been
developed for other health and social service sectors. (Institute of Medicine, For the Public’s Health: Investing in a Healthier
Future, April 2012).
Annual Report Section II Guidance: Explanations
of Terms
www.phaboard.org
February 2014
Measures of Efficiency*
Time saved Time from initiation to completion of a process or a service. Specific activities or events that
start and end the process / service delivery must be identified to calculate time. Examples of
time measures include but are not limited to:
• Time to award contracts,
• Time to process a bill,
• Time to provide permits / vital records (e.g., time saved through movement to electronic systems),
and
• Time to complete and report public health laboratory tests.
Reduced number of steps Number of discrete steps or tasks necessary to complete a given process or service delivery.
An example is a decrease in the number of steps required to approve communications to the
public during a public health emergency.
Revenue generated due to
billable services
Revenue generated by changing the implementation of a billable process or service. This
can be achieved by increasing the number of instances that a billable process/service is
delivered.
An example is an increase in revenue through increase in the average number of permits
issued on a monthly basis.
Costs saved Reducing existing costs of completing a process or delivering a service. The intent is to
lower existing costs while maintaining the quality of a certain process or delivering a service,
allowing the cost savings to be redirected to address other agency priorities. Examples
include but are not limited to:
• Reduction in the cost of process implementation – These represent efficiency gains that can be
tracked over a shorter timeframe. Examples of measures include:
–– Reduced costs through eliminating waste of lab materials,
–– Reduced labor costs by automating data entry, and
–– Reduced costs for record storage.
• Reduction in the cost of service delivery – These represent broader efficiency gains that may require
longer follow-up and more detailed data collection. Examples of measures include but are not
limited to:
–– Reduced costs of conducting diabetes outreach program and
–– Reduced costs of conducting restaurant inspections.
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5. www.phaboard.org
Annual Report Section II Guidance: Explanations
of Terms February 2014
Costs avoided Reducing future costs due to innovations in, or changes to, process implementation or
service delivery. This measure may be used when the health department’s QI activities are
intended to result in efficiency gains by preventing future costs that are certain to occur
should those activities not be implemented.
This outcome is applicable when a health department forecasts potential future costs that are
minimized or avoided because of QI activities. It does NOT apply to reducing costs already
incurred, as that is reflected by the costs saved outcome. Examples include but are not
limited to:
• Investments in preventive services that are certain to reduce the number of and thereby cost of
preventable hospitalizations/ER admissions, and
• Investments in staff development/ training that are designed to offset future hiring and salary costs.
Measures of Effectiveness*
Increased customer/staff
satisfaction
Percentage of individuals that represent a defined target population satisfied with a process
or service. The target population may be external customers (e.g., those seeking health
department permits, recipients of health education programs, public health community
partners, health system partners) or internal staff (e.g., staff engaged in a process or delivery
of a service), depending upon the specific process or service.
Increased reach to a target
population
Percentage of individuals in an identified target population that are offered or receive a given
service. Reach can be defined in different ways:
• Number of individuals in a target population offered services
• Number of individuals in a target population receiving at least one instance of an identified service
• Number of individuals in a target population receiving a complete service package (e.g., number of
school classes who receive a complete curriculum on nutrition)
• Number of individuals in a target population who gain access to a public health service or activity
(e.g., new walking/running/biking paths)
Dissemination of information,
products, or evidence-based
practices
Dissemination of public health-related information, health department products, and/or
evidence-based practices to the public and/or public health system partner organizations.
This is, in essence, a different type of ‘reach,’ where the focus is on reaching the public and/
or public health system partners with information, materials, products or evidence-based
practices in order to:
• Improve access to public health information or resources and/or
• Improve the performance of the public health system.
This outcome allows health departments to capture improvements resulting from increased
outreach, or enhancements to products or resources that lead to their greater uptake by
health system partners. Examples include but are not limited to:
Information
• Increased number of individuals accessing public health information on the health department
website
• Increased percentage of health departments engaging in QI/performance management/
accreditation readiness activities due to health department technical assistance and support
Products
• Increased percentage of Tribal or local health departments using the state health agency’s web-
based system for disease surveillance or case management
• Increase in the number of community partners using the CHIP for priority setting and program
development
• Increased percentage of testing sites using the T-SPOT TB test
Evidence-based practices
• Increased percentage of public schools using evidence-based school health asthma guidelines
• Increased percentage of health departments using the Guide to Community Preventive Services in
select programs due to health department support
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6. Annual Report Section II Guidance: Explanations
of Terms
www.phaboard.org
February 2014
Quality enhancement of
services or programs
Improving the quality of the delivery of a given service or implementation of a program.
The focus of this aspect of quality enhancement is on improved delivery of the health
department’s services or implementation of their programs. The types of specific
improvements intended to be captured by this outcome are as follows:
• Improved standardization or consistency in meeting existing standards or protocols of service or
program delivery
• Increased fidelity to existing protocols, procedures, or evidence-based practices
Examples include but are not limited to:
• Introduction of standard quality or performance criteria (e.g., checklists or protocols across
programs or staff )
• Increased compliance with established policies or procedures across health department programs
Quality enhancement of data
systems
Improving the quality of specific aspects of a data collection or health information system.
The focus of this aspect of quality enhancement is on improvements to an agency’s data or
health information system(s). The types of specific improvements intended to be captured by
this measure are as follows:
• Improvement in the accuracy of the data collection / health information system
• Improvement in or enhancement to the functionality of a system such as improving data displays or
reporting capacity
• Alignment of a system with external standards or requirements
• Increased completeness of data captured in system
• Increased access to data by health department staff or other entities
Examples include but are not limited to:
• Increased percentage of relevant birth records marked “deceased” in the agency’s digital
management system for infants and persons under 50 years of age
• Increased percentage of agency databases that are compliant with relevant standards
• Increased agency IT capacity for public health information exchange
• Improved functionality of linked data systems by adding the ability to automatically generate linked
data sets for a specific population.
• Increased ability of agency staff to meet external legal requirements and internal procedures related
to data acquisition, security and dissemination in key chronic diseases
Organizational design
improvements
Certain improvements to operations, processes, programs, or services require changes to
how, where, or when they are performed. These changes may occur within an organization
(i.e., the accredited health department), or they may occur by coordinating their delivery
across organizations (e.g., the accredited health department and another public health
agency).The types of organizational design improvements that may result from QI initiatives
include but are not limited to:
• Cross-jurisdictional sharing of public health skills, resources, and programs
• Reorganization of health department programs or services
• Reallocation of staff or other resources to more effectively address organizational priorities
NOTE: The intent of this outcome/measure is to track improvements that were needed due to
recognition that processes, services, or programs were not being implemented as effectively
as possible. In other words, improvements should result from intentional actions to address
an identified issue or area for improvement.
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7. www.phaboard.org
Annual Report Section II Guidance: Explanations
of Terms February 2014
Increased preventive
behaviors
Increase in the rate of preventive / health promoting behaviors and/or reduced risk of
preventable risk factors.
Examples of actual changes in preventive behaviors include but are not limited to:
• Increased percentage of adults who engage in 30 minutes of physical activity 5 or more days a
week
• Decreased percentage of adults who smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, and are current
smokers
• Increased percentage of individuals who always use a seat belt while driving or riding in a car
Early Indicators/Intermediate Outcomes: Measurable characteristics or changes that indicate
progress towards the identified preventive/health promoting behavior of interest to the health
department.
• Awareness or Knowledge – increased awareness and/or knowledge about the need for behavioral
change to improve health
• Acceptability and Support – increase acceptability and/or support of behavioral change to improve
health
• Motivation to engage in preventive behaviors/access public health services – increase in motivation
to access services as a proxy for behavioral change
Decreased incidence/
prevalence of disease
Decreased incidence or prevalence of disease in target population.
*Adapted from: McLees A, Nawaz S, Young A, Thomas C. (2013, April). Defining and Measuring Quality Improvement in Public
Health. Panel presentation at the 2013 PHSSR Keeneland Conference, Lexington, KY. http://www.publichealthsystems.org/
uploads/docs/KC13_2D_McClees.pdf.
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