The document discusses using a health production function to allocate resources between two programs in Detroit, Michigan. Program 1 is "Bariatricity Detroit", which establishes bariatric surgery centers. Program 2 is "Healthy Lifestyles Detroit", which provides education and coaching on healthy behaviors. The health production function shows that allocating funding to the smaller Program 2 would yield larger decreases in diabetes rates among low-income individuals due to diminishing returns. Marginal analysis also supports funding Program 2, as its marginal cost per individual is lower than Program 1's. The executive summary should recommend funding the lower-cost Program 2 to maximize health outcomes efficiently.
· In this assessment, you will propose an economic initiative that.docxoswald1horne84988
· In this assessment, you will propose an economic initiative that presents an opportunity for improved care quality.
Scenario
As an emerging health care leader, the senior management has requested that you independently research and explore one of the economic opportunities that may be available in your care setting. This may be offering a new service line, working to improve a service line already offered, retiring an outdated or unprofitable service line, or any other economic initiative that you believe will be of benefit to your care setting in the short and long term. One example of this is a recently launched partnership with a local bicycle sharing company. Your care setting partners with them to host healthy community events that offer free screenings for early detection of various health issues. This helps fulfill some of your care setting's preventive and healthy lifestyle initiatives, while also potentially driving referrals to other services provided by your care setting. You have been asked to submit your proposal in the form of a 2–4-page executive summary that includes your proposed economic initiative, supporting economic data, and an analysis of the proposal's benefits for your department and for the care setting overall.
Directions
You have been asked to ensure that your report addresses the following. Note: The bullet points below correspond to grading criteria in the scoring guide. Be sure your work is, at minimum, addressing each of the bullets below. You may also want to read the scoring guide and the Guiding Questions: Executive Brief: Proposal of New Economic Opportunity document, linked in the Resources, to better understand the performance levels that relate to each grading criterion:
· Propose an economic initiative that presents an opportunity for your care setting at both the micro (departmental, neighborhood) and macro (organizational, community) levels that you believe will provide ethical and culturally equitable improvements to the quality of care.
· Analyze the supply and demand for your proposed economic initiative within contexts relevant to your care setting.
· Explain relevant economic and environmental data that support your proposal and analysis.
· Communicate your economic proposal in a logically structured and concise manner, writing content clearly with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
· Effectively support your proposal with relevant economic data and scholarly sources, correctly formatting citations and references using current APA style.
Example Assessment: You may use the assessment example, linked in the Assessment Example section of the Resources, to give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the scoring guide would look like.
Additional Requirements
Your assessment should meet the following requirements:
· Length: 2–4 double-spaced, typed pages. Your proposal should be succinct yet substantive.
· APA format: Resources and citations are formatted according to c.
NHS-FP6008 Assessment 1 Context
Assessment 1 ContextHealth Care Economics: An Industry Overview
Providers and consumers of health care services have experienced significant changes following the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Affordable Care Act). New terminology, concepts, methods of valuation, reimbursement, and decisions accompanied this landmark legislative change. Health care leaders are responsible for maintaining the financial viability of their organizations, aligning with both the organizational mission statement and directional strategy, and allocating finite resources. This task has become increasingly complex due in part to changes associated with the Affordable Care Act.
Conditions of participation in state- and federally-funded health care programs have generated new requirements, and some represent major challenges with respect to implementation and compliance. An example of this can be seen with the electronic medical records initiative, which has been an ongoing challenge. Leaders must grapple with questions such as:
· What is the actual cost to the organization?
· Are there funding shortfalls for full implementation?
· Are there unexpected additional costs that result from existing software incompatibilities?
· Are there additional security measures to ensure HIPAA compliance, such as staff training?
· What about patient satisfaction scores and how these can affect reimbursement?
The role of the health care executive in exercising sound economic decision making has become increasingly challenging, especially when one considers the potential adverse financial and operational consequences, or civil and criminal penalties, that can result from oversights or errors. Health care executives serve in a fiduciary role within their organizations and communities. To this end, it is helpful for leaders to understand applicable laws that drive economic decision making and its accepted tools from authoritative sources, industry standards, and risk management.
The Provider Organization
How have recent changes in health care affected your current or future desired role within the industry? Do you recognize new concepts and terminology emerging with our changing health care system? To illustrate this point, consider your familiarity with the following economic concepts and their associated implications for providers: accountable care organizations, Readmissions Reduction Program, HCAHPS scores, HAC Reduction Program, never events, value based purchasing, open payments public data, cost shifting, risk sharing, and medical capital equipment (lease versus purchase). These are just a few examples of facets that involve financial, and thus economic, decision making.
It is important to maintain the environmental, larger perspective and to understand what resources are available from the government for economic problem solving and decision making. It is also important to maintain "bifocal vision" as ...
Review the performance dashboard for a health care organization,DioneWang844
Review the performance dashboard for a health care organization, as well as relevant local, state, and federal laws and policies. Then, write a report for senior leaders in the organization that communicates your analysis and evaluation of the current state of organizational performance, including a recommended metric to target for improvement.
Introduction
Note:
Each assessment in this course builds on the work you completed in the previous assessment. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
In the era of health care reform, many of the laws and policies set by government at the local, state, and federal levels have specific performance benchmarks related to care delivery outcomes that organizations must achieve. It is critical for organizational success that the interprofessional care team is able to understand reports and dashboards that display the metrics related to performance and compliance benchmarks.
Maintaining standards and promoting quality in modern health care are crucial, not only for the care of patients, but also for the continuing success and financial viability of health care organizations. In the era of health care reform, health care leaders must understand what quality care entails and how quality in health care connects to the standards set by relevant federal, state, and local laws and policies. An understanding of relevant benchmarks that result from these laws and policies, and how they relate to quality care and regulatory standards, is also vitally important.
Health care is a dynamic, complex, and heavily regulated industry. For this reason, you will be expected to constantly scan the external environment for emerging laws, new regulations, and changing industry standards. You may discover that as new policies are enacted into law, ambiguity in interpretation of various facets of the law may occur. Sometimes, new laws conflict with preexisting laws and regulations, or unexpected implementation issues arise, which may warrant further clarification from lawmakers. Adding partisan politics and social media to the mix can further complicate understanding of the process and buy in from stakeholders.
How many health care laws can you name that affect your practice in your current or future workplace? How do they impact your daily work? How many regulatory agencies oversee the types of services your health care organization provides? Which regulatory agencies apply to your workplace setting? Are you familiar with the process of complying with those agencies in order to maintain certification? You might be overwhelmed as you consider these broad questions.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze the effects of health care policies, laws, and regulations on organizations, interprofessional teams, and ...
The Business Case for QualityDecision making in todays health car.docxanhcrowley
The Business Case for Quality
Decision making in today's health care organizations requires a continuous balancing act, often involving tradeoffs to meet various clinical and business needs. For decisions related to quality, it is especially important to be able to provide a sound rationale for the choices that are made.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Bring to mind a specific quality or safety challenge that might be encountered in a health care organization (choose a type of organization that is of particular interest to you).
Review the information presented in the Learning Resources, including the "Making the Business Case for Quality Management" section on pages 128–141 in Medical Quality Management.
Must use this artcile. I will post below.
Article: Leatherman, S., Berwick, D., Iles, D., Lewin, L. S., et al. (2003). The business case for quality: Case studies and an analysis. Health Affairs, 22(2), 17–30. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. ( ARTICLE BELOW - MUST USE)
Consider how and why you would suggest an organization address this challenge. Examine the following considerations, as well as others that would inform your response:
What are the driving forces or most compelling reasons for addressing this challenge?
How might financial constraints impact this situation?
What other resources might be limited within the organization? How could these resource constraints influence this situation?
What role might pay-for-performance play?
How could the short- and long-term financial outcomes of this situation be assessed? How would the return on investment be determined?
Who are the key stakeholders that would need to be included or considered in this decision?
What are the expected benefits? What unanticipated consequences might occur?
Note: You may find it helpful to preview the Application Assignment and use this Discussion to inform your focus for that assignment.
Post by Day 4 a response to the following:
Identify the quality or safety challenge you are addressing in the first line of your posting.
Briefly describe the quality or safety challenge.
Explain how and why you would suggest an organization address this challenge. Present a succinct analysis of three or more business considerations that inform your response.
ARTICLE BELOW - MUST USE
The business case for quality: Case studies and an analysis
Leatherman, Sheila; Berwick, Donald; Iles, Debra; Lewin, Lawrence S; et al. Health Affairs22.2 (Mar/Apr 2003): 17-30.
Turn on hit highlighting for speaking browsers by selecting the Enter button
Abstract (summary)
Translate Abstract
The financial implications of implementing quality improvements are often poorly understood. This paper examines four cases - management of high-cost pharmaceuticals, diabetes management, smoking cessation, and wellness programs in the workplace - to understand the financial and clinical implications of improving care. I.
· In this assessment, you will propose an economic initiative that.docxoswald1horne84988
· In this assessment, you will propose an economic initiative that presents an opportunity for improved care quality.
Scenario
As an emerging health care leader, the senior management has requested that you independently research and explore one of the economic opportunities that may be available in your care setting. This may be offering a new service line, working to improve a service line already offered, retiring an outdated or unprofitable service line, or any other economic initiative that you believe will be of benefit to your care setting in the short and long term. One example of this is a recently launched partnership with a local bicycle sharing company. Your care setting partners with them to host healthy community events that offer free screenings for early detection of various health issues. This helps fulfill some of your care setting's preventive and healthy lifestyle initiatives, while also potentially driving referrals to other services provided by your care setting. You have been asked to submit your proposal in the form of a 2–4-page executive summary that includes your proposed economic initiative, supporting economic data, and an analysis of the proposal's benefits for your department and for the care setting overall.
Directions
You have been asked to ensure that your report addresses the following. Note: The bullet points below correspond to grading criteria in the scoring guide. Be sure your work is, at minimum, addressing each of the bullets below. You may also want to read the scoring guide and the Guiding Questions: Executive Brief: Proposal of New Economic Opportunity document, linked in the Resources, to better understand the performance levels that relate to each grading criterion:
· Propose an economic initiative that presents an opportunity for your care setting at both the micro (departmental, neighborhood) and macro (organizational, community) levels that you believe will provide ethical and culturally equitable improvements to the quality of care.
· Analyze the supply and demand for your proposed economic initiative within contexts relevant to your care setting.
· Explain relevant economic and environmental data that support your proposal and analysis.
· Communicate your economic proposal in a logically structured and concise manner, writing content clearly with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
· Effectively support your proposal with relevant economic data and scholarly sources, correctly formatting citations and references using current APA style.
Example Assessment: You may use the assessment example, linked in the Assessment Example section of the Resources, to give you an idea of what a Proficient or higher rating on the scoring guide would look like.
Additional Requirements
Your assessment should meet the following requirements:
· Length: 2–4 double-spaced, typed pages. Your proposal should be succinct yet substantive.
· APA format: Resources and citations are formatted according to c.
NHS-FP6008 Assessment 1 Context
Assessment 1 ContextHealth Care Economics: An Industry Overview
Providers and consumers of health care services have experienced significant changes following the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Affordable Care Act). New terminology, concepts, methods of valuation, reimbursement, and decisions accompanied this landmark legislative change. Health care leaders are responsible for maintaining the financial viability of their organizations, aligning with both the organizational mission statement and directional strategy, and allocating finite resources. This task has become increasingly complex due in part to changes associated with the Affordable Care Act.
Conditions of participation in state- and federally-funded health care programs have generated new requirements, and some represent major challenges with respect to implementation and compliance. An example of this can be seen with the electronic medical records initiative, which has been an ongoing challenge. Leaders must grapple with questions such as:
· What is the actual cost to the organization?
· Are there funding shortfalls for full implementation?
· Are there unexpected additional costs that result from existing software incompatibilities?
· Are there additional security measures to ensure HIPAA compliance, such as staff training?
· What about patient satisfaction scores and how these can affect reimbursement?
The role of the health care executive in exercising sound economic decision making has become increasingly challenging, especially when one considers the potential adverse financial and operational consequences, or civil and criminal penalties, that can result from oversights or errors. Health care executives serve in a fiduciary role within their organizations and communities. To this end, it is helpful for leaders to understand applicable laws that drive economic decision making and its accepted tools from authoritative sources, industry standards, and risk management.
The Provider Organization
How have recent changes in health care affected your current or future desired role within the industry? Do you recognize new concepts and terminology emerging with our changing health care system? To illustrate this point, consider your familiarity with the following economic concepts and their associated implications for providers: accountable care organizations, Readmissions Reduction Program, HCAHPS scores, HAC Reduction Program, never events, value based purchasing, open payments public data, cost shifting, risk sharing, and medical capital equipment (lease versus purchase). These are just a few examples of facets that involve financial, and thus economic, decision making.
It is important to maintain the environmental, larger perspective and to understand what resources are available from the government for economic problem solving and decision making. It is also important to maintain "bifocal vision" as ...
Review the performance dashboard for a health care organization,DioneWang844
Review the performance dashboard for a health care organization, as well as relevant local, state, and federal laws and policies. Then, write a report for senior leaders in the organization that communicates your analysis and evaluation of the current state of organizational performance, including a recommended metric to target for improvement.
Introduction
Note:
Each assessment in this course builds on the work you completed in the previous assessment. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in this course in the order in which they are presented.
In the era of health care reform, many of the laws and policies set by government at the local, state, and federal levels have specific performance benchmarks related to care delivery outcomes that organizations must achieve. It is critical for organizational success that the interprofessional care team is able to understand reports and dashboards that display the metrics related to performance and compliance benchmarks.
Maintaining standards and promoting quality in modern health care are crucial, not only for the care of patients, but also for the continuing success and financial viability of health care organizations. In the era of health care reform, health care leaders must understand what quality care entails and how quality in health care connects to the standards set by relevant federal, state, and local laws and policies. An understanding of relevant benchmarks that result from these laws and policies, and how they relate to quality care and regulatory standards, is also vitally important.
Health care is a dynamic, complex, and heavily regulated industry. For this reason, you will be expected to constantly scan the external environment for emerging laws, new regulations, and changing industry standards. You may discover that as new policies are enacted into law, ambiguity in interpretation of various facets of the law may occur. Sometimes, new laws conflict with preexisting laws and regulations, or unexpected implementation issues arise, which may warrant further clarification from lawmakers. Adding partisan politics and social media to the mix can further complicate understanding of the process and buy in from stakeholders.
How many health care laws can you name that affect your practice in your current or future workplace? How do they impact your daily work? How many regulatory agencies oversee the types of services your health care organization provides? Which regulatory agencies apply to your workplace setting? Are you familiar with the process of complying with those agencies in order to maintain certification? You might be overwhelmed as you consider these broad questions.
Demonstration of Proficiency
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
Competency 1: Analyze the effects of health care policies, laws, and regulations on organizations, interprofessional teams, and ...
The Business Case for QualityDecision making in todays health car.docxanhcrowley
The Business Case for Quality
Decision making in today's health care organizations requires a continuous balancing act, often involving tradeoffs to meet various clinical and business needs. For decisions related to quality, it is especially important to be able to provide a sound rationale for the choices that are made.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Bring to mind a specific quality or safety challenge that might be encountered in a health care organization (choose a type of organization that is of particular interest to you).
Review the information presented in the Learning Resources, including the "Making the Business Case for Quality Management" section on pages 128–141 in Medical Quality Management.
Must use this artcile. I will post below.
Article: Leatherman, S., Berwick, D., Iles, D., Lewin, L. S., et al. (2003). The business case for quality: Case studies and an analysis. Health Affairs, 22(2), 17–30. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. ( ARTICLE BELOW - MUST USE)
Consider how and why you would suggest an organization address this challenge. Examine the following considerations, as well as others that would inform your response:
What are the driving forces or most compelling reasons for addressing this challenge?
How might financial constraints impact this situation?
What other resources might be limited within the organization? How could these resource constraints influence this situation?
What role might pay-for-performance play?
How could the short- and long-term financial outcomes of this situation be assessed? How would the return on investment be determined?
Who are the key stakeholders that would need to be included or considered in this decision?
What are the expected benefits? What unanticipated consequences might occur?
Note: You may find it helpful to preview the Application Assignment and use this Discussion to inform your focus for that assignment.
Post by Day 4 a response to the following:
Identify the quality or safety challenge you are addressing in the first line of your posting.
Briefly describe the quality or safety challenge.
Explain how and why you would suggest an organization address this challenge. Present a succinct analysis of three or more business considerations that inform your response.
ARTICLE BELOW - MUST USE
The business case for quality: Case studies and an analysis
Leatherman, Sheila; Berwick, Donald; Iles, Debra; Lewin, Lawrence S; et al. Health Affairs22.2 (Mar/Apr 2003): 17-30.
Turn on hit highlighting for speaking browsers by selecting the Enter button
Abstract (summary)
Translate Abstract
The financial implications of implementing quality improvements are often poorly understood. This paper examines four cases - management of high-cost pharmaceuticals, diabetes management, smoking cessation, and wellness programs in the workplace - to understand the financial and clinical implications of improving care. I.
NHS-FPX6008 - Economics and Decision Making in Health CareAssess (2).docxpauline234567
NHS-FPX6008 - Economics and Decision Making in Health Care
Assessment 4 Instructions: Lobbying for Change
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Write a letter to an official in your state or local government. (Choose the individual in the level of government that will best address your issue). The purpose of this letter is to advocate for action with regards to your chosen health care environment issue.
Introduction
Note: Each assessment in this course builds upon the work you have completed in previous assessments. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in the order in which they are presented.
As health care leaders, it is important to understand strategies for advocating and lobbying elected officials. This can lead to the development of policies or laws that can help drive improved equity and outcomes for all participants in the health care environment as well as a more sustainable financial future.
Background and Context
As a master's-level health care practitioner, you may be expected to implement plans to ensure that initiatives designed to take advantage of economic opportunities for the organization are rolled out successfully and can be sustained over multiple years. Additionally, it is important to be able to envision how an initiative could be implemented in different contexts and for different purposes to ensure the investment remains a viable and positive asset to your organization or care setting.
As a master's-level practitioner, you will often be challenged to influence the health care environment in a variety of ways. This influence can occur on a micro-level (implementing change on your unit, institution, community, or local organizations) or at a macro level (implementing change via state or federal regulations and policy). One way you can influence the health care environment is by lobbying an elected official at the local, state, or national level to adopt policies or legislation that would support positive economic and health outcomes for patients, practitioners, and organizations within the health care environment.
Instructions
For this assessment, you will develop a letter to an official in your state or local government (choose the individual in the level of government that will best address your issue). The purpose of this letter is to advocate for action with regards to your chosen health care environment issue. Remember, when writing the letter, you must use your personal address and telephone number unless you are exclusively representing a group or your organization.
Be sure to address each main point. Review the assessment instructions and scoring guide, including performance-level descriptions for each criterion, to ensure you understand the work you will be asked to complete and how it will be assessed. In addition, note the requirements for document format and length and for supporting evidence.
Overall, your assessment submission will be assessed on the following criteria:
· Summarize the health care economic i.
1INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS2 1 Aggression and Violence.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
2
1: Aggression and Violence
Aggression is, “an act or behavior that intentionally hurts another person, either physically or psychologically” (Matsumoto & Juang, 2008, p. 389). While some expressions of aggression are universal, cross-cultural differences exist in the type and level of aggression that are considered to be legally or socially sanctioned. There have been multiple reasons proposed by theorists to explain these cultural differences in the type (verbal, physical, etc.) and level of aggression expressed across cultures.
For this Discussion,review this week’s Learning Resources. Select a culture and consider how this culture expresses aggression.
With these thoughts in mind:
a brief description of the culture you selected. Provide an example of a behavior that may be perceived as aggressive by culture you selected and explain why. Then, provide an example of a behavior that may be perceived as aggressive across most cultures and explain why. Finally explain how socially sanctioned violence is acceptable within certain cultures. Support your responses using the Learning Resources and the current literature.
.
Reference:
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2008). Culture and psychology (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
2: Attribution
“Not only do people bolster beliefs in their ability to control in response to successful control of an event but also they hold an unwarranted belief that they can control chance events,” states Yamaguchi (Matsumoto (Ed.), 2001, pp. 226–227) in the course text. While members of all cultures have the goal of protecting self-image following failures, differences exist among cultures in terms of the attributions made for the failure and success of a task. Thus, while the self-serving bias is universally applied, the specific attributions made differ cross-culturally. In some cultures, it is assumed that failure is attributable to situational factors while others assume dispositional factors.
Differences also exist in how the failure or success of another individual is attributed. Consider the relevance of attributions for success and failure for the scholar-practitioner working in a multicultural environment or in a global company. How would knowledge of how individuals’ attribute their own or others failure impact a team, classroom, or organization?
For this Discussion, imagine that a group of business people from two different cultures (one from a collectivistic culture and another from an individualistic culture) work together on a business project, and at the end, the project fails. Consider how people from individualistic and collectivistic cultures respond to failure and the factors to which they would most likely attribute their failures.
With these thoughts in mind:
a brief comparison of the similarities and differences of attribution styles in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Then provide an example of a group situation in which a proj ...
Navigate 2 Scenario for Health PolicyEpisode 1Policy An.docxmayank272369
Navigate 2 Scenario for Health Policy
Episode 1:
Policy Analysis and Development
Overview
In this episode, you will be in a health care policy internship program in a Senator’s office in Washington, D.C. The Senator wants to develop policy that requires all health care organizations that receive federal funds to implement the recommendations presented in the Institute of Medicine reports on quality care. You will develop a policy, so that it can become proposed legislation. You must collect data, describe the problem, solutions and related ethical issues, examine the cost-benefit analysis, identify stakeholders (such as lobbyists from American Hospital Association, health care providers, health care corporations, pharmaceuticals, insurers, etc.), and impact. Based on this information, you will create a policy description that will be the foundation for a bill. You will describe critical issues that would be in the bill such as requirements of hospitals to:
Monitor and report medical errors to the Department of Health and Human Services
Use root cause analysis on a certain percentage of errors
Track and report patient outcomes focused on the clinical problems identified in the
National Health Care
Quality Report
Integrate the 5 health care profession core competencies into staff education and track outcomes
Establish a no-blame culture
*I suggest for you to do some research on your own, and if you use outside sources to help your compile your policy description, be sure to reference them (following an APA format) at the end of your post.
Assignment
You will post a policy description to this discussion board forum. Make sure to identify a plan that addresses legal and ethical issues in a health care policy. You must also respond to 2 of your peers' posts and make sure to reference any outside sources you may have used in your recommendation.
Below are the characters from this LearnScapes scenario (LearnScapes for
Health Policy
1):
The Student (which is you), Health Care Policy Intern for Congress
The student used to work within the Bright Road Health Care System, and had a special interest in policy. The student is thinking about moving into politics, hoping to make a difference at that level. The student has just been accepted into the internship; this is the student’s first big project.
Peter Shackley, Senior Policy Staff Member
The student’s mentor, Peter, is a young and feisty staff member. In his late 20s, Pete has been interested in politics since he was President of his high school student body. He’s especially passionate about policy-making and how the process works. Pete will help guide the student through the policy-making process.
Gretchen Wilde, Senator Chief of Staff
Gretchen is in her 30s and has been the Senator’s Chief of Staff for about 2 years now. She’s very professional, and holds high expectations for everyone in the Senator’s office, including interns. Gretchen is responsible for reviewing polic.
Assessment 1• Proposing a New InitiativeResearch an economic.docxgalerussel59292
Assessment 1
• Proposing a New Initiative
Research an economic opportunity that might be available within your health care setting that will provide ethical and culturally equitable improvements to the quality of care. Then, write a 2–4-page proposal for an initiative to take advantage of that opportunity, supported with economic data and an analysis of the prospective benefits.
Note: Each assessment in this course builds upon the work you have completed in previous assessments. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in the order in which they are presented.
Master's-level health care practitioners are charged with the responsibility of constantly scanning the external environment for shifts in the supply of, and demand for, services. Concurrently, leaders must examine their organization's strategic direction and determine whether adjustments must be made to current service offerings, whether equipment updates are needed, whether staffing models should be changed, and whether other decisions must be made. Each decision that is proposed must be evaluated in terms of the organization as a system, alignment with the organization's mission and strategy, available internal resources, potential contract and payer source implications, and the short- and long-term economic effects at both the micro and macro levels.
Health Care Supply and Demand
The following multimedia animation illustrates elastic and inelastic demand curves, with changes in price.
Medical Care Demand Elasticities.
The following multimedia simulation presents the many concerns of stakeholders about the potential effects on an existing hospital system of a proposed mobile clinic for veterans with PTSD.
Vila Health: A New Mobile Clinic.
The following multimedia self-check activities will aid you in defining terms commonly used in discussions of health care economics.
The Demand for Health.
U.S. Health Care System Issues.
Understanding supply and demand in health care can be crucial to effective cost management and fiscal responsibility. This author explains the concept well by the use of examples and strategies for success.
Indresano, R. (2016). How to rebalance the supply-demand scales in healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-engagement/how-to-rebalance-the-supply-demand-scales-in-healthcare.html
The following article addresses the how and why behind the concept of spending efficiently in health care organizations. Examining the costs and benefits of economic opportunities is the key to success for leaders that know how to do more with less.
Doi, S., Ide, H., & Takeuchi, K., Fujita, S., & Takabayashi, K. (2017). Estimation and evaluation of future demand and supply of healthcare services based on a patient access area model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1367–1381.
Health Care Costs
The following article provides a good example of the impact that the current health care environme.
WK2 assignment due 313Assignment Analysis of a Pertinent H.docxlefrancoishazlett
WK2 assignment due 3/13
Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue
The Quadruple Aim provides broad categories of goals to pursue to maintain and improve healthcare. Within each goal are many issues that, if addressed successfully, may have a positive impact on outcomes. For example, healthcare leaders are being tasked to shift from an emphasis on disease management often provided in an acute care setting to health promotion and disease prevention delivered in primary care settings. Efforts in this area can have significant positive impacts by reducing the need for primary healthcare and by reducing the stress on the healthcare system.
Changes in the industry only serve to stress what has always been true; namely, that the healthcare field has always faced significant challenges, and that goals to improve healthcare will always involve multiple stakeholders. This should not seem surprising given the circumstances. Indeed, when a growing population needs care, there are factors involved such as the demands of providing that care and the rising costs associated with healthcare. Generally, it is not surprising that the field of healthcare is an industry facing multifaceted issues that evolve over time.
In this module’s Discussion, you reviewed some healthcare issues/stressors and selected one for further review. For this Assignment, you will consider in more detail the healthcare issue/stressor you selected. You will also review research that addresses the issue/stressor and write a white paper to your organization’s leadership that addresses the issue/stressor you selected.
To Prepare:
Review the national healthcare issues/stressors presented in the Resources and reflect on the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected for study.
Reflect on the feedback you received from your colleagues on your Discussion post for the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected.
Identify and review two additional scholarly resources (not included in the Resources for this module) that focus on change strategies implemented by healthcare organizations to address your selected national healthcare issue/stressor.
The Assignment (3-4 Pages):
Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue
Develop a 3- to 4-page paper, written to your organization’s leadership team, addressing your selected national healthcare issue/stressor and how it is impacting your work setting. Be sure to address the following:
Describe the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected and its impact on your organization. Use organizational data to quantify the impact (if necessary, seek assistance from leadership or appropriate stakeholders in your organization).
Provide a brief summary of the two articles you reviewed from outside resources on the national healthcare issue/stressor. Explain how the healthcare issue/stressor is being addressed in other organizations.
Summarize the strategies used to address the organizational impact of national healthcare iss.
NHS-FPX6008 - Economics and Decision Making in Health CareAssess (2).docxpauline234567
NHS-FPX6008 - Economics and Decision Making in Health Care
Assessment 4 Instructions: Lobbying for Change
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Write a letter to an official in your state or local government. (Choose the individual in the level of government that will best address your issue). The purpose of this letter is to advocate for action with regards to your chosen health care environment issue.
Introduction
Note: Each assessment in this course builds upon the work you have completed in previous assessments. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in the order in which they are presented.
As health care leaders, it is important to understand strategies for advocating and lobbying elected officials. This can lead to the development of policies or laws that can help drive improved equity and outcomes for all participants in the health care environment as well as a more sustainable financial future.
Background and Context
As a master's-level health care practitioner, you may be expected to implement plans to ensure that initiatives designed to take advantage of economic opportunities for the organization are rolled out successfully and can be sustained over multiple years. Additionally, it is important to be able to envision how an initiative could be implemented in different contexts and for different purposes to ensure the investment remains a viable and positive asset to your organization or care setting.
As a master's-level practitioner, you will often be challenged to influence the health care environment in a variety of ways. This influence can occur on a micro-level (implementing change on your unit, institution, community, or local organizations) or at a macro level (implementing change via state or federal regulations and policy). One way you can influence the health care environment is by lobbying an elected official at the local, state, or national level to adopt policies or legislation that would support positive economic and health outcomes for patients, practitioners, and organizations within the health care environment.
Instructions
For this assessment, you will develop a letter to an official in your state or local government (choose the individual in the level of government that will best address your issue). The purpose of this letter is to advocate for action with regards to your chosen health care environment issue. Remember, when writing the letter, you must use your personal address and telephone number unless you are exclusively representing a group or your organization.
Be sure to address each main point. Review the assessment instructions and scoring guide, including performance-level descriptions for each criterion, to ensure you understand the work you will be asked to complete and how it will be assessed. In addition, note the requirements for document format and length and for supporting evidence.
Overall, your assessment submission will be assessed on the following criteria:
· Summarize the health care economic i.
1INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS2 1 Aggression and Violence.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
2
1: Aggression and Violence
Aggression is, “an act or behavior that intentionally hurts another person, either physically or psychologically” (Matsumoto & Juang, 2008, p. 389). While some expressions of aggression are universal, cross-cultural differences exist in the type and level of aggression that are considered to be legally or socially sanctioned. There have been multiple reasons proposed by theorists to explain these cultural differences in the type (verbal, physical, etc.) and level of aggression expressed across cultures.
For this Discussion,review this week’s Learning Resources. Select a culture and consider how this culture expresses aggression.
With these thoughts in mind:
a brief description of the culture you selected. Provide an example of a behavior that may be perceived as aggressive by culture you selected and explain why. Then, provide an example of a behavior that may be perceived as aggressive across most cultures and explain why. Finally explain how socially sanctioned violence is acceptable within certain cultures. Support your responses using the Learning Resources and the current literature.
.
Reference:
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2008). Culture and psychology (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
2: Attribution
“Not only do people bolster beliefs in their ability to control in response to successful control of an event but also they hold an unwarranted belief that they can control chance events,” states Yamaguchi (Matsumoto (Ed.), 2001, pp. 226–227) in the course text. While members of all cultures have the goal of protecting self-image following failures, differences exist among cultures in terms of the attributions made for the failure and success of a task. Thus, while the self-serving bias is universally applied, the specific attributions made differ cross-culturally. In some cultures, it is assumed that failure is attributable to situational factors while others assume dispositional factors.
Differences also exist in how the failure or success of another individual is attributed. Consider the relevance of attributions for success and failure for the scholar-practitioner working in a multicultural environment or in a global company. How would knowledge of how individuals’ attribute their own or others failure impact a team, classroom, or organization?
For this Discussion, imagine that a group of business people from two different cultures (one from a collectivistic culture and another from an individualistic culture) work together on a business project, and at the end, the project fails. Consider how people from individualistic and collectivistic cultures respond to failure and the factors to which they would most likely attribute their failures.
With these thoughts in mind:
a brief comparison of the similarities and differences of attribution styles in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Then provide an example of a group situation in which a proj ...
Navigate 2 Scenario for Health PolicyEpisode 1Policy An.docxmayank272369
Navigate 2 Scenario for Health Policy
Episode 1:
Policy Analysis and Development
Overview
In this episode, you will be in a health care policy internship program in a Senator’s office in Washington, D.C. The Senator wants to develop policy that requires all health care organizations that receive federal funds to implement the recommendations presented in the Institute of Medicine reports on quality care. You will develop a policy, so that it can become proposed legislation. You must collect data, describe the problem, solutions and related ethical issues, examine the cost-benefit analysis, identify stakeholders (such as lobbyists from American Hospital Association, health care providers, health care corporations, pharmaceuticals, insurers, etc.), and impact. Based on this information, you will create a policy description that will be the foundation for a bill. You will describe critical issues that would be in the bill such as requirements of hospitals to:
Monitor and report medical errors to the Department of Health and Human Services
Use root cause analysis on a certain percentage of errors
Track and report patient outcomes focused on the clinical problems identified in the
National Health Care
Quality Report
Integrate the 5 health care profession core competencies into staff education and track outcomes
Establish a no-blame culture
*I suggest for you to do some research on your own, and if you use outside sources to help your compile your policy description, be sure to reference them (following an APA format) at the end of your post.
Assignment
You will post a policy description to this discussion board forum. Make sure to identify a plan that addresses legal and ethical issues in a health care policy. You must also respond to 2 of your peers' posts and make sure to reference any outside sources you may have used in your recommendation.
Below are the characters from this LearnScapes scenario (LearnScapes for
Health Policy
1):
The Student (which is you), Health Care Policy Intern for Congress
The student used to work within the Bright Road Health Care System, and had a special interest in policy. The student is thinking about moving into politics, hoping to make a difference at that level. The student has just been accepted into the internship; this is the student’s first big project.
Peter Shackley, Senior Policy Staff Member
The student’s mentor, Peter, is a young and feisty staff member. In his late 20s, Pete has been interested in politics since he was President of his high school student body. He’s especially passionate about policy-making and how the process works. Pete will help guide the student through the policy-making process.
Gretchen Wilde, Senator Chief of Staff
Gretchen is in her 30s and has been the Senator’s Chief of Staff for about 2 years now. She’s very professional, and holds high expectations for everyone in the Senator’s office, including interns. Gretchen is responsible for reviewing polic.
Assessment 1• Proposing a New InitiativeResearch an economic.docxgalerussel59292
Assessment 1
• Proposing a New Initiative
Research an economic opportunity that might be available within your health care setting that will provide ethical and culturally equitable improvements to the quality of care. Then, write a 2–4-page proposal for an initiative to take advantage of that opportunity, supported with economic data and an analysis of the prospective benefits.
Note: Each assessment in this course builds upon the work you have completed in previous assessments. Therefore, you must complete the assessments in the order in which they are presented.
Master's-level health care practitioners are charged with the responsibility of constantly scanning the external environment for shifts in the supply of, and demand for, services. Concurrently, leaders must examine their organization's strategic direction and determine whether adjustments must be made to current service offerings, whether equipment updates are needed, whether staffing models should be changed, and whether other decisions must be made. Each decision that is proposed must be evaluated in terms of the organization as a system, alignment with the organization's mission and strategy, available internal resources, potential contract and payer source implications, and the short- and long-term economic effects at both the micro and macro levels.
Health Care Supply and Demand
The following multimedia animation illustrates elastic and inelastic demand curves, with changes in price.
Medical Care Demand Elasticities.
The following multimedia simulation presents the many concerns of stakeholders about the potential effects on an existing hospital system of a proposed mobile clinic for veterans with PTSD.
Vila Health: A New Mobile Clinic.
The following multimedia self-check activities will aid you in defining terms commonly used in discussions of health care economics.
The Demand for Health.
U.S. Health Care System Issues.
Understanding supply and demand in health care can be crucial to effective cost management and fiscal responsibility. This author explains the concept well by the use of examples and strategies for success.
Indresano, R. (2016). How to rebalance the supply-demand scales in healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-engagement/how-to-rebalance-the-supply-demand-scales-in-healthcare.html
The following article addresses the how and why behind the concept of spending efficiently in health care organizations. Examining the costs and benefits of economic opportunities is the key to success for leaders that know how to do more with less.
Doi, S., Ide, H., & Takeuchi, K., Fujita, S., & Takabayashi, K. (2017). Estimation and evaluation of future demand and supply of healthcare services based on a patient access area model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(11), 1367–1381.
Health Care Costs
The following article provides a good example of the impact that the current health care environme.
WK2 assignment due 313Assignment Analysis of a Pertinent H.docxlefrancoishazlett
WK2 assignment due 3/13
Assignment: Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue
The Quadruple Aim provides broad categories of goals to pursue to maintain and improve healthcare. Within each goal are many issues that, if addressed successfully, may have a positive impact on outcomes. For example, healthcare leaders are being tasked to shift from an emphasis on disease management often provided in an acute care setting to health promotion and disease prevention delivered in primary care settings. Efforts in this area can have significant positive impacts by reducing the need for primary healthcare and by reducing the stress on the healthcare system.
Changes in the industry only serve to stress what has always been true; namely, that the healthcare field has always faced significant challenges, and that goals to improve healthcare will always involve multiple stakeholders. This should not seem surprising given the circumstances. Indeed, when a growing population needs care, there are factors involved such as the demands of providing that care and the rising costs associated with healthcare. Generally, it is not surprising that the field of healthcare is an industry facing multifaceted issues that evolve over time.
In this module’s Discussion, you reviewed some healthcare issues/stressors and selected one for further review. For this Assignment, you will consider in more detail the healthcare issue/stressor you selected. You will also review research that addresses the issue/stressor and write a white paper to your organization’s leadership that addresses the issue/stressor you selected.
To Prepare:
Review the national healthcare issues/stressors presented in the Resources and reflect on the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected for study.
Reflect on the feedback you received from your colleagues on your Discussion post for the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected.
Identify and review two additional scholarly resources (not included in the Resources for this module) that focus on change strategies implemented by healthcare organizations to address your selected national healthcare issue/stressor.
The Assignment (3-4 Pages):
Analysis of a Pertinent Healthcare Issue
Develop a 3- to 4-page paper, written to your organization’s leadership team, addressing your selected national healthcare issue/stressor and how it is impacting your work setting. Be sure to address the following:
Describe the national healthcare issue/stressor you selected and its impact on your organization. Use organizational data to quantify the impact (if necessary, seek assistance from leadership or appropriate stakeholders in your organization).
Provide a brief summary of the two articles you reviewed from outside resources on the national healthcare issue/stressor. Explain how the healthcare issue/stressor is being addressed in other organizations.
Summarize the strategies used to address the organizational impact of national healthcare iss.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
CU Health Medical Question.docx
1. CU Health & Medical Question
Write a executive summary recommending resource investment in a program based on its
potential to deliver positive health and economic outcomes.As a health care professional,
you must have a foundational, high-level understanding of health care economics:One part
of this foundation comes from understanding: The basic laws of economics as they apply to
the health care industry.How the health care system creates unique economic challenges
and burdens on all stakeholders.Another part of this foundation comes from
understanding: The history and trends in health care economics around such topics as the
role of the government and government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.Trends in
patient payments.The resulting changes in health care expenditures, as well as areas for
improvement in the health care system (Feldstein, 2012).Another key is understanding the
concepts and processes involved in the production of health care: Multiple inputs influence
health and wellness.Medical care is only one input, although a significant one.The health
production function and decision rules for allocating health care resources is a key
component of the first assessment in this course. For this assessment, think about the ways
in which health production efficiency, both technical and economical, can help drive
decisions on the allocation of resources (inputs) to drive improved patient health and
results (outcomes) (Feldstein, 2012).ReferenceFeldstein, P. J. (2012). Health care economics
(7th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.Demonstration of ProficiencyBy successfully completing
this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through
the following assessment scoring guide criteria:Competency 1: Analyze historical
perspectives and current trends in the health care industry. Describe the current state of a
health care organization with regards to alignments to historical health care industry
trends.Explain how a health care organization needs to change to better align itself with
current trends in the health care industry.Competency 3: Analyze the evolving economic
reimbursement trends, methods, and technology. Analyze two current programs in a health
care setting with regards to the inputs required to operate and its outputs with regards to
health outcome rates and patients served.Competency 4: Analyze how economic and
stakeholder influences affect operational planning and decision making. Propose whether to
reallocate, maintain, or increase funding for current programs based upon available
resources and projects outputs.Explain how opinions and agendas of stakeholders influence
decisions related to the funding of programs in a health care setting.Competency 5:
Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and respectful of the diversity,
dignity, and integrity of others and is consistent with expectations for health care
2. professionals. Write following APA style for in-text citation, quotes, and references.Write
clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and
mechanics.Professional ContextThe ability to research, examine, and determine the most
efficient ways to allocate resources in order to produce to best health outcomes is a key
competency for health care economic professionals. In the complex field of health care,
there will always be multiple ways and multiple programs in which an organization can
invest resources. It is the health care economics professional’s responsibility to examine the
cost of the inputs in comparison to the historic or projected output of health and then make
recommendations regarding investment. Looking at investment is not always entirely about
the amount of positive outputs—technical efficiency, economic efficiency, and stakeholder
priorities will all also play a part (Feldstein, 2012). Being able to not only understand and
crunch the numbers, but also navigate these other considerations, is vital in becoming an
effective health care economics professional.ScenarioYou are a health care economics
professional with specific expertise in using a health production function to allocate
resources. A member of the Board of Directors has asked you to prepare an executive
summary that will help the board understand the current practices of the organization and
where the organization should align itself in light of current and emerging trends.
Additionally, you have been asked to analyze the inputs and outputs of two current
programs in the organization in order to make allocation recommendations about how to
best utilize the available resources to achieve the best possible outputs for the
programs.InstructionsThis assessment has three main parts:The first part is your
examination of the organization’s current practices and alignments with historical health
care trends, as well as how the organization needs to change to align itself with current and
emerging trends.The second part is your analysis of two existing programs that could be
candidates for further investment (Note: You may use two program examples from your
textbook, your own research, or your own organization as the context for your analysis and
this executive summary.).The third part is your proposal on how to allocate resources for
the two programs, as well as a brief explanation of how the views of the stakeholders
influenced your decision making project.If you have not already, it may be helpful to
complete the formative activity to check your understanding of the economic concepts
relevant to this assessment.Economic Elements in Health Care | Transcript. Consult the
scoring guide to make sure you are meeting the communication criteria and achieving your
desired rubric level.Part I: Current State of Organization and Potential Changes to Align with
TrendsDescribe the current state of a health care organization with regards to alignments to
historical health care industry trends. (Competency 1) For this, use either an organization
that you currently or previously had worked for, have researched as an organization you
would like to work for in the future, or one that was present in the textbook or other
research you conducted.Explain how a health care organization needs to change to better
align itself with current trends in the health care industry. (Competency 1) Continue using
the organization that you described to meet the first scoring guide criteria.Part II: Analysis
of Current ProgramsAnalyze two current programs in a health care setting with regards to
the inputs required to operate and its outputs with regards to health outcome rates and
patients served. (Competency 3) As noted in the instructions above, you may use program
3. examples from your textbook, your own research, or your own organization. Be sure you
choose examples for which you can report the inputs, outputs, and approximate patients
served.Part III: Resource Allocation and Stakeholder ReflectionsPropose whether to
reallocate, maintain, or increase funding for current programs based upon available
resources and projects outputs. (Competency 4) Use the two programs you analyzed in Part
II. It will be helpful to cite evidence (literature, your textbook, or current health
improvement initiatives [like those being pursued via your state’s Department of Health] to
help support your proposals.Explain how opinions and agendas of stakeholders influence
decisions related to the funding of programs in a health care setting. (Competency 4) Make
explicit reference to the stakeholders and their statements in the Scenario section for this
assessment, or to specific examples from your current or former career
experiences.Additional RequirementsWritten Communication: Prepare an executive
summary free of errors that detract from the overall message. Writing must be clear,
precise, and scholarly, with concepts that flow in a logical order.References: Cite at least
three references from peer-reviewed journals, in addition to your text.Length: Submit a 2–
3-page executive summary, not including any title or reference page.APA: Use correct APA
style and formatting. You may find it helpful to use the following: APA Style Paper Tutorial
[DOCX].APA Style Paper Template [DOCX].APA Style and Format.Economic Elements in
Healthcare activityDetermining the Allocation of Resources for Two Programs Using the
Health Production FunctionThe purpose of a production function is to analyze inputs (i.e.,
funding and resources) and outputs (i.e., improved health) to identify the least costly
combination of inputs to achieve the desired output.This media piece shows how the health
production function can help healthcare leaders make resource allocation decisions to help
achieve economically efficient objectives of healthcare services programs.In Detroit, there
are two state-funded healthcare services programs with the goal of reducing diabetes
prevalence rates in obese individuals with low income living in impoverished areas within
the city. The State of Michigan has funding available to make two payments one month
apart, and would like to choose only one of these programs in which to invest funding for
the program’s expansion. The state wishes to make the most economically efficient decision
to improve the health of the most people in need.Program 1: “Bariatricity Detroit” is a large
program with a strategic objective to establish additional Bariatric Surgery Centers in
selected hospitals for obese patients with diabetes to undergo bariatric weight loss
surgeries.Program 2: “Healthy Lifestyles Detroit” is a small program with a strategic
objective to increase education and coaching focused on healthy eating, lifestyle and
behavioral change and increased physical activities for low-income, obese individuals with
diabetes.The first step in using a Health Production Function is to define inputs and
outputs:1 of 7What are the desired outputs (or objective) to be achieved for each program?
For the state?This question has not yet been answered.Outputs (or objectives) are the
results, or goals, you are trying to achieve. Looking at the case study, the following are
generally what each program and the state of Michigan are trying to achieve.Program 1
objective = Establish additional Bariatric Surgery Centers in selected hospitals to provide
weight loss surgery to obese individuals with diabetes.Program 2 = Increase education and
coaching focused on healthy eating, lifestyle and behavioral change and increased physical
4. activities for low-income, obese individuals with diabetes.State program goals = Reduce
diabetes rates in obese individuals with low income living in impoverished areas within the
city. Make the most economically efficient decision to help the most people in need.2 of
7What are the possible inputs needed for establishing Bariatric Surgery Centers?This
question has not yet been answered.Inputs are the resources that are needed to operate a
given program or service. Some example of inputs that would be required to establish and
operate the Bariatric Surgery Center for Program 1 would be:FundingHospital
StaffingLicensing of the added facilitiesSurgical suite costsBariatric surgeon costs3 of
7What are the possible inputs needed for establishing Bariatric Surgery Centers?This
question has not yet been answered.Again, inputs are the resources needed to operate a
program or service. Some of the resources needed to increase the capacity of Program 2
are:FundingEducation materialsBehavioral coachesThe second step in using a Health
Production Function is to define the relationship between the output (goal or objective) to
be achieved and the inputs (i.e., funding and resources) are available to work towards
achieving each program’s defined objectives.This diagram shows that the relationship
between a program’s inputs and outputs is curvilinear. When a program is relatively small,
additional inputs devoted to that program (A1 and A2) are likely to result in relatively large
increases in the program’s output. As additional resources are allocated to that program,
the total output will continue to increase, but at a more gradual rate. If a program is
relatively large, additional inputs devoted to that program (A3 and A4) are likely to result in
small increases in the program’s output (Q3 and Q4). Finally, increases in output for both
programs will become negligible even though the program’s inputs may continue to
increase.According to the Health Production Function, there is a law of diminishing returns
to consider when making funding allocation decisions. Funding is referred to as a fixed
input, because the state can only provide funding of the same amount two times.4 of 7In the
example health production curve, consider A1/Q1 and A2/Q2 to be the Healthy Lifestyle
Detroit Program and A3/Q3 and A4/Q4 to be Bariatricity Detroit. For the two programs in
Detroit, how does the Health Production Function and the law of diminishing returns
work?This question has not yet been answered.There is no single right answer for this, but
below are a number of points to consider when analyzing the graph, the health production
function, and law of diminishing returns.If the state allocated funding amounts A1 and A2 to
the smaller program 2, “Healthy Lifestyles Detroit,” this would result in large changes to
health outputs Q1 and Q2, specifically, larger decreases in the rates of diabetes in low
income, obese individuals.If the state allocated funding amounts A3 and A4 to the larger
program 1, “Bariatricity Detroit,” this would result in small changes to health outputs Q3
and Q4, specifically, smaller decreases in the rates of diabetes in obese individuals. Of note,
Bariatricity Detroit is not designed for low-income, obese individuals, but rather, for
individuals with insurance that will provide coverage for weight loss surgeries.At this point,
the health production function shows that the most economically efficient decision for the
state would be to provide funding to the smaller program which would have larger health
outputs; that is, a larger decrease in diabetes rates in low-income, obese individuals.The
final step in using a Health Production Function is to consider variable inputs (inputs that
change depending on the level of production) and marginal outputs (the additional outputs
5. produced by adding a unit of input) for each of the programs.5 of 7Of your previously
defined inputs, which would be considered variable inputs for each of the two programs
and why?This question has not yet been answered.Variable InputsThe two programs that
the state can choose to provide funding for are very different in terms of their approaches
and the costs associated with program expansion. Aside from funding, which is a fixed
input, there are variable inputs for each program. Variable inputs must be considered
because they add to the total inputs needed to achieve desired program objectives.For
Bariatricity Detroit, the larger program, aside from funding which is a fixed input, the
possible inputs that were defined – hospital staffing, licensing of the added facilities,
surgical suite costs, bariatric surgeon costs – are variable. For example, costs related to
hospital staffing of a bariatric surgery center depend on how many staff are already
available in the hospital and how many new staff need to be hired.For Healthy Lifestyles
Detroit, the smaller program, aside from funding which is a fixed input, the variable inputs
defined were educational materials and behavioral coaches.6 of 7When the costs of
increasing a program’s size are not equal, the comparison cannot simply be made between
the changes in output of the two programs. The relevant criterion for allocating resources to
programs having different benefits and costs is to select those programs whose marginal
benefit per dollar spent is greatest(Feldstein, 2012).How might marginal outputs be
important in your comparison of Bariatricity Detroit and Healthy Lifestyles Detroit from an
economic and output efficiency point of view? Consider the health production curve from
the previous question to help give some more context to your response.This question has
not yet been answered.Marginal OutputsFor Bariatricity Detroit, assume that an expansion
of this program would result in a decrease in diabetes prevalence by 30 obese individuals.
The marginal cost of achieving that increased benefit is $300,000.In comparison, an
expansion in Healthy Lifestyles Detroit yields, as a marginal benefit, a decrease in diabetes
prevalence by 20 low income, obese individuals at a marginal cost of $100,000.Dividing the
marginal cost by the marginal benefit (MC/MB) yields a cost of $10,000 per individual
patient the Bariatricity Detroit program and $5,000 per individual patient in Healthy
Lifestyles Detroit.It is clear from such an analysis that the state should allocate funding to
expand Healthy Lifestyles Detroit.Conclusion7 of 7When making a decision about allocating
funding and resources, what are the steps you should be taking and the types of information
you should be considering to drive and justify your choices?This question has not yet been
answered.There is no single correct answer to this question, however, one process for
making these types of economic and programmatic decisions could be outlined as
follows:First, define and consider important aspects of the outputs and the inputs. These
might include:specific population group whose health is to be affectedgoals of
stakeholdersobjectives of programsdesired outcomes and/or resultscosts associated with
each programvariable and fixed inputs needed to expand each programNext, define the
relationship between inputs and outputs for each program. Keep in mind that:the
relationship is curvilinearthere is a law of diminishing returnsthe smaller program will have
larger outputs initiallythe larger program will have smaller outputs initiallyThird, marginal
effect on health of each of the programs should be empirically estimated.And last, to use the
6. decision rule that resources should be allocated to those programs whose marginal benefit
per dollar spent is greatest.Health Production Function Scoring Guide