This document summarizes a presentation on porosity and methods for measuring it. It discusses both direct methods that measure volume, such as mercury injection and gas expansion, and indirect well logging methods like neutron, density, NMR, and acoustic logs. The various methods are based on different measurement principles and assumptions, so perfect agreement is not expected. Choosing a method requires considering the sample properties and intended application.
Reservoir Characterization from Abnormal Pressure in Parts of Eleme, Southea...Scientific Review SR
Pressure in Geophysics is mostly explained in terms of hydrostatics. It is a three dimensional stress
state in which the magnitude of stress is the same in all directions. The pressure of a fluid is said to be “abnormal
pressure” if it is greater or lower than normal. Normal pressure is regarded as the rate of increase of formation
density where the pore pressure remains hydrostatic. The determination of zones of abnormal pressure was done
using geophysical well log method in the Eleme area. Sonic log and density log formed the porosity log and
consequently the porosity data. The logs were interpreted and plotted against depth. The trends were analysed for
wells and abnormal pressure. Overpressure was determined in between particular depths. For the two wells used,
it is found between 2185m and 2785m for well A and 1805m to 2525m for well B. Abnornally high pressure
zones have density of formation greater than 1.07kg/cm
3
. They also have pressure gradients exceeding
hydrostatic pressure gradients of 0.433psi/ft to 0.435psi/ft for fresh and brackish water with less than 20000ppm
of salt and 0.465psi/ft for salt water with about 80000ppm salt content. The determined abnormal pressure can be
taken as a guide in the Eleme area of Nigeria when oil wells are to be dr illed
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Glimpse on Specific Gravity , Hardness, Tenacity ,Porosity, FisibilityBankimJ1
Just an glimpse on understanding of basic mineralogical terminologies for the freshers in the field of Metals and minerals. I did this because in the preparation medicine from the metals and minerals origin we must know the basics of Metallurgy ..if anyone interested in this ppt let me know I'll post more presentation.......
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TO USE IN ANALYSIS OF
PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF ROCKS
Edyta Puskarczyk
The University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and
Environmental Protection, Department of Geophysics; e-mail: puskarczyk@geol.agh.edu.pl
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance has become a valuable tool in applied
geophysics, because of significant progress in computer technology. Using NMR as a
laboratory study with cores analysis and well-logging has been permitted to get information
about rocks, inaccessible with other methods. It allows to evaluate the several parameters as:
porosity, volume of water saturated pore space included clay bound water, capillary bound water and crystalline water of hydration, such as in gypsum - CaSO4*2H2O, permeability, pore size, oil viscosity
Reservoir Characterization from Abnormal Pressure in Parts of Eleme, Southea...Scientific Review SR
Pressure in Geophysics is mostly explained in terms of hydrostatics. It is a three dimensional stress
state in which the magnitude of stress is the same in all directions. The pressure of a fluid is said to be “abnormal
pressure” if it is greater or lower than normal. Normal pressure is regarded as the rate of increase of formation
density where the pore pressure remains hydrostatic. The determination of zones of abnormal pressure was done
using geophysical well log method in the Eleme area. Sonic log and density log formed the porosity log and
consequently the porosity data. The logs were interpreted and plotted against depth. The trends were analysed for
wells and abnormal pressure. Overpressure was determined in between particular depths. For the two wells used,
it is found between 2185m and 2785m for well A and 1805m to 2525m for well B. Abnornally high pressure
zones have density of formation greater than 1.07kg/cm
3
. They also have pressure gradients exceeding
hydrostatic pressure gradients of 0.433psi/ft to 0.435psi/ft for fresh and brackish water with less than 20000ppm
of salt and 0.465psi/ft for salt water with about 80000ppm salt content. The determined abnormal pressure can be
taken as a guide in the Eleme area of Nigeria when oil wells are to be dr illed
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Glimpse on Specific Gravity , Hardness, Tenacity ,Porosity, FisibilityBankimJ1
Just an glimpse on understanding of basic mineralogical terminologies for the freshers in the field of Metals and minerals. I did this because in the preparation medicine from the metals and minerals origin we must know the basics of Metallurgy ..if anyone interested in this ppt let me know I'll post more presentation.......
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TO USE IN ANALYSIS OF
PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF ROCKS
Edyta Puskarczyk
The University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and
Environmental Protection, Department of Geophysics; e-mail: puskarczyk@geol.agh.edu.pl
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance has become a valuable tool in applied
geophysics, because of significant progress in computer technology. Using NMR as a
laboratory study with cores analysis and well-logging has been permitted to get information
about rocks, inaccessible with other methods. It allows to evaluate the several parameters as:
porosity, volume of water saturated pore space included clay bound water, capillary bound water and crystalline water of hydration, such as in gypsum - CaSO4*2H2O, permeability, pore size, oil viscosity
Pore scale dynamics and the interpretation of flow processes - Martin Blunt, Imperial College London, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Interrelationships between Characteristic Lengths of Local Scour Holedrboon
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on local scour of noncohesive sediments downstream of a horizontal rigid apron. The experiments were carried out in a rectangular flume with 9m length, 0.5m width and 0.6m height which includes an alluvial test reach of 1.65m length and 0.2m depth at the end of the apron. Two types of uniform sediment with median diameters of 0.73mm and 1.85mm were used in the experiments. Time variations of the maximum scour depth was measured for some experiments. It was found that the scour hole does not reach the equilibrium state even after 48 hours. However, after the first 12 hours, the rate of extension of the maximum scour depth is found to be less than 0.001 cm/min. Although the scour profile seems to be three dimensional in nature, it was found that there is a geometrical similarity between the scour holes in all of the experiments. Variations of the characteristic lengths of the scour hole such as the maximum scour depth, dsm, the maximum extension of hole, L0, and the dune height, hd, are related to each other. Nondimensional graphs and formulas are suggested to determine the variation of these parameters in different conditions.
This presentation is all about Petroleum Engineering, Prospecting oil and gas, drilling and various drilling methods, logs and its types, different Drive Mechanisms, etc......
Early kick detection and nonlinear behavior of drilling mu…Frank-Michael Jäger
The following test measurements serve the quantification of resolution and achievable sensitivity of parameters of sound velocity and sound absorption in wellbore fluids. More precisely, these studies refer to tools and methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling. The aim is a way to show with the highly sensitive and robust tools for use in the deep ocean can be realized.
Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Pore scale dynamics and the interpretation of flow processes - Martin Blunt, Imperial College London, at UKCCSRC specialist meeting Flow and Transport for CO2 Storage, 29-30 October 2015
Interrelationships between Characteristic Lengths of Local Scour Holedrboon
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on local scour of noncohesive sediments downstream of a horizontal rigid apron. The experiments were carried out in a rectangular flume with 9m length, 0.5m width and 0.6m height which includes an alluvial test reach of 1.65m length and 0.2m depth at the end of the apron. Two types of uniform sediment with median diameters of 0.73mm and 1.85mm were used in the experiments. Time variations of the maximum scour depth was measured for some experiments. It was found that the scour hole does not reach the equilibrium state even after 48 hours. However, after the first 12 hours, the rate of extension of the maximum scour depth is found to be less than 0.001 cm/min. Although the scour profile seems to be three dimensional in nature, it was found that there is a geometrical similarity between the scour holes in all of the experiments. Variations of the characteristic lengths of the scour hole such as the maximum scour depth, dsm, the maximum extension of hole, L0, and the dune height, hd, are related to each other. Nondimensional graphs and formulas are suggested to determine the variation of these parameters in different conditions.
This presentation is all about Petroleum Engineering, Prospecting oil and gas, drilling and various drilling methods, logs and its types, different Drive Mechanisms, etc......
Early kick detection and nonlinear behavior of drilling mu…Frank-Michael Jäger
The following test measurements serve the quantification of resolution and achievable sensitivity of parameters of sound velocity and sound absorption in wellbore fluids. More precisely, these studies refer to tools and methods to identify the flow of liquids or gases, preferably hydrocarbons in the well bore in real time during the drilling. The aim is a way to show with the highly sensitive and robust tools for use in the deep ocean can be realized.
Introduction
Petrophysic of the rocks
It is the study of the physical and chemical properties of the rocks related to the pores and fluid distribution
Porosity, is ratio between volume of void to the total voids of the rock.
Permeability, is ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it.
Electric, most of the sedimentary rocks don’t have conductivity.
Radiation, clay rocks have 40K, radiate alpha ray.
Hardness, it depends on the cementing material and thickness of the sediments.
WELL LOGGING
The systematic recording of rock properties and it’s fluid contents in wells being drilled or produced to obtain various petrophysical parameters and characteristics of down hole sequences (G.E Archie 1950).
The measurement versus depth or time, or both, of one or more physical properties in a well.
These methods are particularly good when surface outcrops are not available, but a direct sample of the rock is needed to be sure of the lithology.
A wide range of physical parameters can be measured.
In some cases, the measurements are not direct, it require interpretation by analogy or by correlating values between two or more logs run in the same hole.
Provide information on lithology, boundaries of formations and stratigraphic correlation.
Determine Porosity, Permeability, water, oil and gas saturation.
Reservoir modeling and Structural studies… etc.
Types of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several types under different category
Permeability and lithology Logs
Gamma Ray log
Self Potential [SP] log
Caliber log
Porosity Logs
Density log
Sonic log
Neutron log
Electrical Logs
Resistivity Log
For contact : omerupto3@gmail.com
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. ABSTRACT:
A core sample porosity-check program is
described. A number of laboratories
participated in the investigation, which
comprised measuring the porosities. Each
laboratory employed its own method (or
methods) of measurement. These included
direct methods and indirect methods.
Brief descriptions of each method employed are
given.
The results of these measurements are compiled
and presented in graphical form
4. INTRODUCTION:
• Porosity is one of the factors that influences
the physical interactions and chemical
reactivity of solids with gases and liquids for
many industrial applications.
• The examples of industrially important
porous materials include (i.e) oil and gas
bearing strata and rocks.
• Porosity in rocks can also be induced by
natural geological processes following
deposition, such as weathering or dissolution
and formation of fractures .
5. • A great many methods have been developed for determining porosity, mainly of consolidated
rocks having intergranular porosity (encountered in oil reservoir). Most of the methods
developed have been designed for small samples. From the definition of porosity it is obvious
that common to all methods is the need to determine two of three volumes: total or bulk volume
of the sample, its pore volume, and/or the volume of its solid matrix. The various methods
based on such volume determination, called “direct methods”, differ from each other in the way
these volumes are determined. Other methods are available, called “indirect methods” based on
the measurement of some properties of the void space. Examples of such properties are the
electrical conductivity of electrically conducting fluid filling the void space of the sample, or the
absorption of radioactive particles by a fluid filling the void space of the sample. The porosity of
the larger portion of rock is determined statistically from the results obtained on numerous small
samples
TECHNIQUES:
6. Direct
Methods:
Mercury injection method:
• Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) is a
powerful technique utilized for the evaluation of
porosity, pore size distribution, and pore volume
(among others) to characterize a wide variety of
solid and powder materials. The instrument,
known as a porosimeter, employs a pressurized
chamber to force mercury to intrude into the
voids in a porous substrate. As pressure is
applied, mercury fills the larger pores first. As
pressure increases, the filling proceeds to smaller
and smaller pores. Both the inter-particle pores
(between the individual particles) and the intra-
particle pores (within the particle itself) can be
characterized using this technique.
7. Gas
expansion
method:
• Gas expansion method.
• A sample of known bulk volume is enclosed
in a container of known volume. It is
connected to another container with a known
volume which is evacuated (i.e., near vacuum
pressure). When a valve connecting the two
containers is opened, gas passes from the first
container to the second until a uniform
pressure distribution is attained.
8.
9. Imbibition
method:
• Reservoir rocks have the ability of imbibe
water spontaneously. This property is used to
determine effective porosity of the rock. In
this method the weight of a dry sample is
measured and then the sample is immersed
under vacuum in water or any other fluid that
rock has the tendency to imbibe. After
enough time, up to several days, the saturated
sample is weighted. Utilizing the density of
the liquid we can find the imbibed fluid
volume and subsequently the effective
porosity of the sample.
10. Indirect
Methods:
Indirect methods are based on well logging
data:
Neutron log
Density log
NMR(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) log
Acoustic (Sonic) log
11. Compensated
Neutron log:
• CNL (compensated neutron) logs also called
neutron logs, determine porosity by assuming
that the reservoir pore spaces are filled with
either water or oil and then measuring the
amount of hydrogen atoms (neutrons) in the
pores. These logs underestimate the porosity
of rocks that contain ga
13. formation
density
compensated
log:
• formation density compensated logs also
called density logs, is a porosity log that
measures electron density of a formation and
determine porosity by evaluating the density
of the rocks. Because these logs overestimate
the porosity of rocks that contain gas they
result in “crossover” of the log curves when
paired with Neutron logs
15. Nuclear
Magnetic
Resonance
log:
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance logs may be the
well logs of the future. These logs measure
the magnetic response of fluids present in the
pore spaces of the reservoir rocks. In so
doing, these logs measure porosity and
permeability, as well as the types of fluids
present in the pore spaces
16. Acoustic
log:
• Acoustic log also called as sonic log that emits
sounds waves which start at the source, ravel
through the formation and return back to
receiver . Its main use to provide information
to support and calibrate the seismic data and
to drive the porosity of the formation.
17. Application
of
Acoustic
log:
• It measured the speed of sound waves in
subsurface formation.
• It determine the porosity of formation and
lithology.
• Correlation with other well .
• Detecting the over pressure.
• Evaluate the secondary porosity.
18. Conclusion:
Due to the inherent difference in the physical principles for each method, perfect agreement between the
values of total porosity, surface area, average pore size, and distribution obtained for all techniques is not
possible.
Similarly, a perfect agreement between two techniques will not necessarily validate the values obtained.
Within a given technique, the postsynthesis history of the sample should be taken into account as many
material applications require
postsynthesis treatments (e.g., annealing and mechanical forming), which can lead to different porosity. All
techniques have advantages and disadvantages, in particular with respect to the assumptions made to
derive the results. An approach to understand how these techniques differ from each other could involve
the evaluation of a reference model porous material using the techniques under consideration. The
selection criteria should extend beyond the expected pore-size range and take into account the suitability
of sample preparation, material property, and sample geometry requirements for every technique as well
as the intended material’s applicationA