The document discusses a case study of the interaction between a mother and her child diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). It provides background on PDD-NOS and deficits in social reciprocity skills. The study found that the mother's interaction style with her child with PDD-NOS was different than mothers of neurotypical children, which could impact the child's language development.
Pragmatic language impairment in relation to autism and SLIDorothy Bishop
Bishop DVM. 2000. Pragmatic language impairment: a correlate of SLI, a distinct subgroup, or part of the autistic continuum? In: Bishop DVM, and Leonard LB, eds. Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome. Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 99-113.
Bishop, D. V. M. (2009). Genes, cognition and communication: insights from neurodevelopmental disorders. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 1-18.
Pragmatic language impairment in relation to autism and SLIDorothy Bishop
Bishop DVM. 2000. Pragmatic language impairment: a correlate of SLI, a distinct subgroup, or part of the autistic continuum? In: Bishop DVM, and Leonard LB, eds. Speech and Language Impairments in Children: Causes, Characteristics, Intervention and Outcome. Hove, UK: Psychology Press, 99-113.
Bishop, D. V. M. (2009). Genes, cognition and communication: insights from neurodevelopmental disorders. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 1-18.
— This paper provides general information on the language of children with Trisomy 21, on their development and on the methods of educational-therapeutic intervention. I defined the means of applying of Total Communication in the development of communication and of the language in 21-trisomic children. Mental retardation in 21-trisomic children impairs learning ability in many fields, with a negative impact on children's communication ability; these communication possibilities should be improved throughout their entire life. This paper highlights the methods of intervention using Total Communication, the evolution throughout therapy; the therapy will continue in order to attain the objectives determined within the complex educational therapy program. An early educative intervention contributes to the systematisation of all chances of obtaining a more rapid psychological development of 21-trisomic children until the level becomes easy to achieve.
Reading List 2016; "Why do some children find language so hard to learn?"Dorothy Bishop
Reading list for talk "Why do some children find language so hard to learn?"
Dorothy V. M. Bishop
VIIIth International Conference of Language Acquisition
Palma de Mallorca, Spain
6-9th September
A paper by Bignell & Cain (2007) on Pragmatic Language Skills in children with high levels of hyperactivity. Published in the British Journal of Developmental Psychology.
The influence of the basic difference between everyday meaning of English wor...iosrjce
The study sought to determine theinfluence of the basic difference between everyday meaning of
English words and their specialized uses in mathematics contexts on the mathematics performance of Hausa
speaking primary school children. Using simple random sampling technique, 60% of each of the eleven public
primary schools with a minimum of five (5) Hausa speaking pupils in its primary five and six was taken as
sample for the study. This gave seven hundred and thirty five (735) respondents made up of 432 boys and 303
girls.Comprehension tests of ambiguous English words developed by the researcher were used to collect data.
The result indicates that there is significant difference between Hausa speaking pupils’ performance in basic
every-day meaning of English words and their specialized uses in mathematics context. Hausa speaking primary
school pupils tended to interpret lexically ambiguous words found in mathematics contexts in their ordinary
sense.The statistically significant difference between dominant meaning and secondary context can be
interpreted as pupils do not distinguish the meaning of English words. Their responses indicated that they seem
prone to access the dominant sense of the common terms used even when they are used in sentences biased
towards a mathematics meaning.
Mother Tongue-Based Bilingual Education and Concept Formation in Children in ...ijtsrd
This study aimed at investigating mother tongue-based bilingual education and concept formation of children in Bafut in the North West Region of Cameroon. A quasi-experimental design was adopted whereby 20 male and female children were purposefully selected for the study. An adapted version of the Mayer and Mayer 1975 picture description task, a language comprehension test, as well as a sociolinguistic Questionnaire were used to measure the language proficiency of participants. Both the bilingual and monolingual samples were administered the symbol substitution task, the Dimension Change Card Sort DCCS , Test of Linear measurement and object classification task to measure their concept formation abilities. Data were analyzed using a pre-designed EpiData Version 3.1, SPSS version 21.0, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearmans Rho correlation test. Results indicate that there was no bilingual advantage in the various tasks. The main explanation for no bilingual advantage lies in the fact that a predominantly subtractive bilingual sample was used. Recommendations were made to stake holders, as well as suggestions for further research and conclusion. Angu Roland Nji "Mother Tongue-Based Bilingual Education and Concept Formation in Children in Bafut Sub-Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20276.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/20276/mother-tongue-based-bilingual-education-and-concept-formation-in-children-in-bafut-sub-division/angu-roland-nji
Annotated bibliography prespared for a special education class. Ten papers presented. This bibliography involves hearing loss, with which I have some prior employment experience.
— This paper provides general information on the language of children with Trisomy 21, on their development and on the methods of educational-therapeutic intervention. I defined the means of applying of Total Communication in the development of communication and of the language in 21-trisomic children. Mental retardation in 21-trisomic children impairs learning ability in many fields, with a negative impact on children's communication ability; these communication possibilities should be improved throughout their entire life. This paper highlights the methods of intervention using Total Communication, the evolution throughout therapy; the therapy will continue in order to attain the objectives determined within the complex educational therapy program. An early educative intervention contributes to the systematisation of all chances of obtaining a more rapid psychological development of 21-trisomic children until the level becomes easy to achieve.
Reading List 2016; "Why do some children find language so hard to learn?"Dorothy Bishop
Reading list for talk "Why do some children find language so hard to learn?"
Dorothy V. M. Bishop
VIIIth International Conference of Language Acquisition
Palma de Mallorca, Spain
6-9th September
A paper by Bignell & Cain (2007) on Pragmatic Language Skills in children with high levels of hyperactivity. Published in the British Journal of Developmental Psychology.
The influence of the basic difference between everyday meaning of English wor...iosrjce
The study sought to determine theinfluence of the basic difference between everyday meaning of
English words and their specialized uses in mathematics contexts on the mathematics performance of Hausa
speaking primary school children. Using simple random sampling technique, 60% of each of the eleven public
primary schools with a minimum of five (5) Hausa speaking pupils in its primary five and six was taken as
sample for the study. This gave seven hundred and thirty five (735) respondents made up of 432 boys and 303
girls.Comprehension tests of ambiguous English words developed by the researcher were used to collect data.
The result indicates that there is significant difference between Hausa speaking pupils’ performance in basic
every-day meaning of English words and their specialized uses in mathematics context. Hausa speaking primary
school pupils tended to interpret lexically ambiguous words found in mathematics contexts in their ordinary
sense.The statistically significant difference between dominant meaning and secondary context can be
interpreted as pupils do not distinguish the meaning of English words. Their responses indicated that they seem
prone to access the dominant sense of the common terms used even when they are used in sentences biased
towards a mathematics meaning.
Mother Tongue-Based Bilingual Education and Concept Formation in Children in ...ijtsrd
This study aimed at investigating mother tongue-based bilingual education and concept formation of children in Bafut in the North West Region of Cameroon. A quasi-experimental design was adopted whereby 20 male and female children were purposefully selected for the study. An adapted version of the Mayer and Mayer 1975 picture description task, a language comprehension test, as well as a sociolinguistic Questionnaire were used to measure the language proficiency of participants. Both the bilingual and monolingual samples were administered the symbol substitution task, the Dimension Change Card Sort DCCS , Test of Linear measurement and object classification task to measure their concept formation abilities. Data were analyzed using a pre-designed EpiData Version 3.1, SPSS version 21.0, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearmans Rho correlation test. Results indicate that there was no bilingual advantage in the various tasks. The main explanation for no bilingual advantage lies in the fact that a predominantly subtractive bilingual sample was used. Recommendations were made to stake holders, as well as suggestions for further research and conclusion. Angu Roland Nji "Mother Tongue-Based Bilingual Education and Concept Formation in Children in Bafut Sub-Division" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20276.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/20276/mother-tongue-based-bilingual-education-and-concept-formation-in-children-in-bafut-sub-division/angu-roland-nji
Annotated bibliography prespared for a special education class. Ten papers presented. This bibliography involves hearing loss, with which I have some prior employment experience.
Running head LEARNING TO READ1LEARNING TO READ6.docxwlynn1
Running head: LEARNING TO READ 1
LEARNING TO READ 6
Learning to Read
Mary Williams
CSU
3/10/19
Learning to Read
Learning to read entails a complicated process progressing continuously from childhood. Orthographic knowledge and phonological awareness are ideal in the acquisition of reading and related writing skills. Their learning to read attributes to the ability of an individual and the information stored on memory to encode a spoken language. Also, the ability to comprehend, as well as detect the sound, and any units even small of distinct sounds in a speech postulate the process of learning that is unique to each.
From the empirical studies by Gray (2010), I have got to acknowledge that individuals, especially children take their primary step early in life to learn how to write and read. They develop fundamental concept understanding revolving around literacy and its importance before exhibiting production skill of reading and writing. Research postulates that children acknowledge the use of symbols, incorporating oral language, prints, pictures, and take part incoherent combination, therefore, facilitating their communication and creation of meaning in various contexts.
Children acquire substantial knowledge attributing to systems of the alphabet; begin to process the relationship between letters and sounds, as well as reading words, from their initial interaction and experiences with adults. In their continuous learning process, they effectively incorporate these formulations into structures and patterns that in turn facilitate fluency, as well as automaticity in learning. The all or nothing analogy defines the developmental continuum, thus conceptualizing acquisition of the learning skills.
Affirmatively, research on “learning to read” shows that the process develops naturally only after careful instruction and planning. Active and regular interactions with prints are of the essenceof this process. Immediate experiences with written and oral language lead to the required specific abilities critical for writing and reading. The skills one has early in their lives define the expectations and assumptions concerning inspiring a child to practice learning and becoming literate. From differentbackgrounds, the young person gets to acknowledge that writing and reading are significant elements that enable them to execute different things in their lives.
Moreover, children begin experimenting with language in their first periods of life. For instance, toddlers produce sounds imitating rhythms and tones of adult talk as they read facial expressions and gestures. Therefore, associating sequences of sounds with words frequently heard also, children delight in listening to familiar rhymes and jingles, manipulate objects like alphabet blocks and board books, as well as playing along with games such as pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo in their play. As a result, children learn to use several symbols from these first beginnings.
.
Running Head MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM IN CHILDREN .docxcowinhelen
Running Head: MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM IN CHILDREN 1
MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM IN CHILDREN 2
Autism spectrum disorder in Toddlers
Name of student
Institution Affiliation
Literature review
After conducting an investigation on the connection of social skills, adaptability limitations, emotional and behavioural challenges among school children (Pack, C.J, et al., 2012) came to the conclusion that, kids diagnosed with autism had challenges related to daily social skills and behavioural complications. He proposed that physical conversation abilities are mostly related to practical and developmental effects rather than basic communication skills. However, according to a study by (Tager-Flusberg, et al., 2010) and (Ellawadi, A.B, et al., 2015), from their investigation on socialisation abilities of autistic toddlers and the variances in variables assumed to affect communication advancements at various ideal stages. They organised the toddler’s based on verbal communication standards to survey the variances on the chosen variables through the standardisation groupings. From the investigation they found that verbal communication standards are essential in describing premature communication outlines as well as determining factors that affect effective language development.
Besides, (Ellis Weimer, et al., 2010) described premature socialisation abilities among children suffering from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD, n=257) by use of multiple communication advancement measures, in comparison to children with non-spectrum Developmental Delay (DD, N=69. Results of ASD presented substantial variance in the outline of receptive-sensitive communication skills for autism children in comparison to the development delay (DD). Children with autism had moderately more serious receptive verbal delays than expressive. These results contradict those of (Ventola, P, et al., 2007) in their study. Ventola related the conduct of children suffering from autism spectrum disorder to general developmental delay. They came to the conclusion that the two categories of children shared a variety of related characteristics but still there were specific behavioural change that distinguished the two categories of children’s.
Another study by (Drew, A, et al 2007) through the means of Social Communication Assessment for Toddlers with Autism (SCATA) which measured communication skills on the two groups of children found to be suffering from the autism spectrum disorder came to the conclusion that the regularity and persistence of verbal acts of communications during childhood determined their communication abilities in the future. Socialisation acts provided a more prediction to association than replies and appeals.
Problem statement
Complains by parents about their growing children especially of age 4-12 years having a challenge on social skills with people have i ...
The Role and Strategy to Stimulate Language Development in Early Childhood Du...EvaniaYafie
The development of aspects of language in human life is very important. A
language is a tool of education and interaction between individuals. Language development
problems in early childhood that often arise are late language emergence (LLE). From some
previous studies, stimulation and education factors become guidelines for teachers and
parents in providing appropriate stimulation through the principle of play while learning and
adapted to the development and age of the child. The purpose of this study is to describe the
role and strategy of stimulating children's language development during the COVID
pandemic. The design of this study uses the method of literature study or literature review.
The results and discussion of strategies for developing children's language for 1-2 years old
can be done by 1) Mothering, 2) Recasting, 3) Echoing 4) Expanding 5) Labeling. While
strategies for developing children's language for ages 3-6 years 1) Increasing Interaction and
Communication with Children 2) Reading aloud, 3) Involving Children in Storytelling, 4)
Providing literacy activities.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSISIMPROVING SOCIAL SKILL.docxcroysierkathey
JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
IMPROVING SOCIAL SKILLS AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN
CHILDREN WITH AUTISM THROUGH SELF-MANAGEMENT
LYiNN KERN Koiwom, ROBERT L. KoEGia, CsmI HuRuLy, AND
WIn"IAM D. F"A
UNIVERSITY OF CAORNIA AT SANTA BARBARA
The literature suggests that children with autism typically are unresponsive to verbal initiations
from others in community settings, and that such unresponsiveness can lead to problematic social
interactions and severely disruptive behavior. The present study assessed whether self-management
could be used as a technique to produce extended improvements in responsiveness to verbal initiations
from others in community, home, and school settings without the presence of a treatment provider.
The results showed that children with autism who displayed severe deficits in social skills could
learn to self-manage responsivity to others in multiple community settings, and that such improve-
ments were associated with concomitant reductions in disruptive behavior without the need for
special intervention. The results are discussed in terms of their significance for improved development
of social skills in children with autism.
DESCRIPTORS: autism, self-management, social skills, language, disruptive behavior
Although language researchers traditionally have
been concerned with syntax (i.e., structure) and
semantics (i.e., referential meaning), a shift in the
field has gradually emerged that emphasizes a func-
tional approach to understanding communicative
competence and stresses a social perspective of lan-
guage use (Kaiser & Warren, 1985). With the
shift toward pragmatics, a greater emphasis is now
being placed on the social interaction of commu-
nicators within a given context, thus resulting in
the study of larger units of conversation. Some
questions of prime concern for pragmatic assess-
Funding for this research was provided in part by Cali-
fornia State Department of Education Special Study Grant
No. 42-03651-N27 1-00-33 that funded pilot work (USPHS
MH28210 and MH39434 from the National Institutes of
Mental Health) and by NIDRR Cooperative Agreement
G0087CO234 from the U.S. Department of Education. The
authors thank Alfred Bimbela, Yong Cho, Amanda Damron,
Diane De la Riva, Sherri Goldstein, Trina Gravelle, Julie
Jacobson, Kimberly Mullen, Teresa Paslawski, Deborah Ru-
more Parks, Annette Smith, Jodi Smith, Kimi Stahler, Shel-
ley Weichman, Laura Wilde, school personnel, and parents
for their assistance throughout the study. In addition, we
thank Rob Homer, Ted Canf, Wayne Sailor, and Glen Dun-
lap for their feedback on earlier drafts of this study.
Requests for reprints should be addressed to Lynn Kern
Koegel, Autism Research Center, Counseling/Clinical/
School/Psychology Program, Graduate School of Education,
University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-
9490.
ment are: (a) Does the child relay a message ac-
curately? (b) Can the child adhere to a topic without
abrupt transitions to ne ...
JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSISIMPROVING SOCIAL SKILLkarenahmanny4c
JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
IMPROVING SOCIAL SKILLS AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN
CHILDREN WITH AUTISM THROUGH SELF-MANAGEMENT
LYiNN KERN Koiwom, ROBERT L. KoEGia, CsmI HuRuLy, AND
WIn"IAM D. F"A
UNIVERSITY OF CAORNIA AT SANTA BARBARA
The literature suggests that children with autism typically are unresponsive to verbal initiations
from others in community settings, and that such unresponsiveness can lead to problematic social
interactions and severely disruptive behavior. The present study assessed whether self-management
could be used as a technique to produce extended improvements in responsiveness to verbal initiations
from others in community, home, and school settings without the presence of a treatment provider.
The results showed that children with autism who displayed severe deficits in social skills could
learn to self-manage responsivity to others in multiple community settings, and that such improve-
ments were associated with concomitant reductions in disruptive behavior without the need for
special intervention. The results are discussed in terms of their significance for improved development
of social skills in children with autism.
DESCRIPTORS: autism, self-management, social skills, language, disruptive behavior
Although language researchers traditionally have
been concerned with syntax (i.e., structure) and
semantics (i.e., referential meaning), a shift in the
field has gradually emerged that emphasizes a func-
tional approach to understanding communicative
competence and stresses a social perspective of lan-
guage use (Kaiser & Warren, 1985). With the
shift toward pragmatics, a greater emphasis is now
being placed on the social interaction of commu-
nicators within a given context, thus resulting in
the study of larger units of conversation. Some
questions of prime concern for pragmatic assess-
Funding for this research was provided in part by Cali-
fornia State Department of Education Special Study Grant
No. 42-03651-N27 1-00-33 that funded pilot work (USPHS
MH28210 and MH39434 from the National Institutes of
Mental Health) and by NIDRR Cooperative Agreement
G0087CO234 from the U.S. Department of Education. The
authors thank Alfred Bimbela, Yong Cho, Amanda Damron,
Diane De la Riva, Sherri Goldstein, Trina Gravelle, Julie
Jacobson, Kimberly Mullen, Teresa Paslawski, Deborah Ru-
more Parks, Annette Smith, Jodi Smith, Kimi Stahler, Shel-
ley Weichman, Laura Wilde, school personnel, and parents
for their assistance throughout the study. In addition, we
thank Rob Homer, Ted Canf, Wayne Sailor, and Glen Dun-
lap for their feedback on earlier drafts of this study.
Requests for reprints should be addressed to Lynn Kern
Koegel, Autism Research Center, Counseling/Clinical/
School/Psychology Program, Graduate School of Education,
University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-
9490.
ment are: (a) Does the child relay a message ac-
curately? (b) Can the child adhere to a topic without
abrupt transitions to ne ...
Response 1· Explain how socioeconomic factors affect the lmickietanger
Response 1
·
Explain how socioeconomic factors affect the language development of children and adolescents Consider the impact of socioeconomic status and social class on both positive and negative child and adolescent development and language development. Think about how language development may differ between socioeconomic groups.
Socioeconomic status is a difficult demographic to discuss in child development. Many times it can be viewed at a crutch and other times as a legitimist hindrance to the child’s success. Mise explores the impact of SES as it pertains to child language development (2012). Specifically it was noted that the hours spent in child care had not impact on language development, positive or negative (Mise, 2012). Many times parents who are required to work so many hours to provide for their families need to leave their children with daycare workers longer than other parents, it is nice to know this has no negative impact on language development (Mise, 2012). A negative impact of lower SES means less resources available, specifically for extra curricular activities such as music or art classes. As Paquette discussed, there are benefits to exploring language in a creative sense (2008). A child may be struggling to learn language in it’s traditionally taught manner, thus there is potential for learning in these more creative outlets (Paquette, 2008).
Explain how socioeconomic factors affect the language development of children and adolescents Think about possible long-term effects of socioeconomic status on language development. Explain how these factors further influence the development of child and adolescent linguistic identities.
Some of the long-term impacts of SES on language development could be “closeminded-ness”. Typically, those in lower SES neighborhoods experience more diversity than those in higher SES neighborhoods. By placing value on diversity and learning from other’s differences, those families who lack diversity can increase their understanding of those around them (Souto-Maning, 2006). Staying in one’s own SES bubble will only limit language development in that vocabulary will be limited to that cultural group (Souto-Manning, 2006). Studies have show that through diversity, vocabulary and phonological understanding begin to grow (Souto-Manning, 2006) (Gorman, 2012).
Mise, T. M., & Hupp, J. M. (2012). The influence of socioeconomic status, home environment, and childcare on child language abilities.
Current Psychology, 31
(2), 144–159.
Paquette, K. R., & Rieg, S. A. (2008). Using music to support the literacy development of young English language learners.
Early Childhood Education Journal, 36
(3), 227–232.
Souto-Manning, M. (2006). Families learn together: Reconceptualizing linguistic diversity as a resource.
Early Childhood Education Journal, 33
(6), 443–446.
Gorman, B. (2012). Relationships between vocabulary size, working memory, and phonological awareness in ...
Foreign-language experience in infancy Effects ofshort-termShainaBoling829
Foreign-language experience in infancy: Effects of
short-term exposure and social interaction on
phonetic learning
Patricia K. Kuhl*, Feng-Ming Tsao, and Huei-Mei Liu†
Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning, and Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Mailstop 357920, Seattle, WA 98195
Communicated by Michael M. Merzenich, University of California, San Francisco, CA, May 13, 2003 (received for review March 19, 2003)
Infants acquire language with remarkable speed, although little is
known about the mechanisms that underlie the acquisition pro-
cess. Studies of the phonetic units of language have shown that
early in life, infants are capable of discerning differences among
the phonetic units of all languages, including native- and foreign-
language sounds. Between 6 and 12 mo of age, the ability to
discriminate foreign-language phonetic units sharply declines. In
two studies, we investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions
for reversing this decline in foreign-language phonetic perception.
In Experiment 1, 9-mo-old American infants were exposed to
native Mandarin Chinese speakers in 12 laboratory sessions. A
control group also participated in 12 language sessions but heard
only English. Subsequent tests of Mandarin speech perception
demonstrated that exposure to Mandarin reversed the decline
seen in the English control group. In Experiment 2, infants were
exposed to the same foreign-language speakers and materials via
audiovisual or audio-only recordings. The results demonstrated
that exposure to recorded Mandarin, without interpersonal inter-
action, had no effect. Between 9 and 10 mo of age, infants show
phonetic learning from live, but not prerecorded, exposure to a
foreign language, suggesting a learning process that does not
require long-term listening and is enhanced by social interaction.
Language acquisition poses profound questions about thehuman mind and brain that have prompted an ongoing
debate (1). Recently, experimental studies on young infants
suggest a new view of the language acquisition process that goes
beyond classic theories.
Studies show that, during the first year of life, infants acquire
detailed information about the regularities of their native lan-
guage (2–5). Moreover, there is increasing evidence that infant
learning relies on sensitivity to the statistical properties con-
tained in language input. By 6 mo, infants recognize native-
language phonetic categories based on the distributional char-
acteristics of the speech they hear (6, 7). Between 6 and 8 mo,
infants segment words from ongoing speech by detecting tran-
sitional probabilities between syllables (8, 9) and extract the
arithmetic regularity of syllable combinations from sentences
(10). At 9 mo of age, infants are sensitive to the phonotactic rules
governing words, responding to the probability of occurrence of
phonetic sequences (11, 12). By the end of the first year of life,
infants’ perception of speech has been d ...
Running title Communication disorders 3NameUniversit.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running title: Communication disorders 3
Name:
University:
Professor:
Date:
Explain how understanding the conceptual model of working memory helps you in selecting strategies to take in helping a child that may have a communicative disorder. Please give an example of a strategy that you might use with a child with a specific communicative disorder.
Construct a scenario of a team approach that could be developed when working with a child that has a specific communicative disorder. You should identify the communicative disorder that the child has in this scenario and provide research and techniques/strategies that are known to be effective with this type of communicative disorder.
Evaluate the benefits for family and children in being connected to organizations associated with a specific communicative disorder. These organizations can be found from the list in your chapter reading or from an internet search.
Explain how understanding the conceptual model of working memory helps you in selecting strategies to take in helping a child that may have a communicative disorder. Please give an example of a strategy that you might use with a child with a specific communicative disorder.
Understanding the communication disorder is quite convenient towards the selection of the best mode of commiunication with a disabled child. (Sigman & Norman,1999). When am able to know some causes of communication disorders that the child is facing and this includes hearing loss in a child, neurological disorders, brain injury, mental retardation, drug abuse, physical impairments such as cleft lip or palate, emotional or psychiatric autism, and developmental disorders (Howlin, Mawhood, & Rutter, 2000), I will be able to freely interact with the child with the disorder without making him feel bad. This might include the use of include joint attention, imitation, and toy play to socialize with the autistic disorder. (Adamson & Bakeman,1985,1991)
At 14 years, 8 months of age, Sam spontaneously imparted his aims, through nonverbal means, which included outward appearances (e.g., looking to staff to demand a nibble), physical motions (e.g., pulling his educators' hands to his head to demand a head rub), and more ordinary signals (e.g., indicating solicitation and a head shake to reject). He likewise utilized offbeat nonverbal flags that included gnawing his hand to impart positive and negative feelings and squeezing to dissent. Sam every so often utilized a couple of verbal word rough guesses (e.g., "no," "yes," "more," and "inflatable"), the sign for "help," and picture images on a voice yield gadget. Be that as it may, he commonly utilized these images latently, regularly because of a direct verbal brief from his social accomplice. From research, this shows that this is Autistic Disorder due to the fact that, he uses a variety of communication modes including speech, facial expressions, conventional gestures (e.g., pointing), unconvent.
Preschool Children With Special Needs:communication and language developmentArianny Calcagno
Preschool Children With Special Needs:communication and language development.Presented by:
Gloria Rodriguez * Yessenia Rosario
* Phil Cabasino * Arianny Savinon * Renuka Persaud
Similar to Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (20)
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
1. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol 4, 2012
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified: A
case study on Mother- Child interaction
Remya P Nair (Corresponding author)
Assistant Professor, Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Kasturba Medical
College (Unit of Manipal University), Mangalore
Tel: 9844579471 E-mail: remyachaithanya@gmail.com
Dr. Jayashree S. Bhat
Professor & Head, Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Kasturba Medical
College (Unit of Manipal University), Mangalore
E-mail: bhat.js@manipal.edu
Abstract
Autism Spectrum disorders (ASD) are group of disorders exhibits triads of symptoms like deficits in
communication, social interaction and presence of stereotypic behaviors. Deficits in social reciprocity skills
are the core feature of ASD. Studies have reported that parents being important participants in a
communication context; the nature of parent-child interaction would be one of the important components
that would affect the language acquisition process in children. The present study attempted to explore
patterns of mother’s interaction with her child with Pervasive Developmental Disorders-Not Otherwise
Specified and findings revealed that the style of mother’s interaction is different compared to normal
children. So it can be hypothesized that the inadequate language in child was maintained because of
mother’s poorer language modeling.
Keywords: Autism, Parent Child interaction, social reciprocity, Pervasive Developmental Disorders- Not
Otherwise Specified.
1. Introduction
Contemplative deficit in social reciprocity skills is the core, underlying feature of the autism spectrum
disorders (ASD). Socialization deficits are a major source of impairment regardless of cognitive or
language ability for individuals with ASD (Carter, Davis, Klin & Volkmar, 2005). Furthermore, social
skill deficits do not remit with development. Certainly, impairment and distress may increase as
children approach adolescence because the social environment becomes more complex and the child
becomes more aware of their social disability (Schopler & Mesibov, 1983; Tantam, 2003). The social
impairments in individuals with ASD are diverse and involve speech, linguistic conventions and
interpersonal interaction.
Language is a social act that develops under social influence. To develop good language skills in
children, parent- child interaction is very important. Difficulties with social interaction and
understanding are the core features of autism (Fein, Pennington, Markowitz, Braverman &
Waterhouse, 1986). The poor interaction of mother with the child was presumed to be the main cause
of autism in early 1940s. The “Refrigerator mother hypothesis” proposed by Bruno Bettelheim, in the
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year 1949 states that autism was caused by maternal coldness towards their children. However this
theory was rejected in the later years.
The importance of parent interaction in language acquisition is well defined by the social interaction
theory (Vygotsky, 1962) of language acquisition. The theory states that language develops because;
human beings are motivated to interact socially to develop concepts of self and others. Language
acquisition usually occurs in the context of dyadic, dynamic interactions, which are motivated by the
child’s drive to develop a concept of self and to interact with others socially. Parents contribute
significantly to the language acquisition process by adjusting their linguistic input to be compatible
with the child’s developing linguistic and communicative abilities and by supplying a scaffold to allow
the child to communicate despite primitive abilities (Bruner, 1978). Bruner (1968) reported that
children will develop a kind of symbolic communication in infancy by involving communicative
eye-gaze, smiling, and vocalizing patterns, which could be distinguished from language and he noted
the importance of the parental role in establishing this code early in infancy. Parents respond to their
child’s initiative by converting some feature of the spontaneous behavior into a signal. As
development continues, caregivers modify their speech so that it is comprehensible at the assumed
level of the child, and systematically advances in complexity. This process by which adults mediate
experiences to assist young children to be more competent than they could be by themselves is called
scaffolding (Bruner, 1975, 1977; Cazden, 1983). Thus scaffolding is a requirement for the normal
language development.
According to Gallagher and Prutting (1993), the mother as a communicative partner can potentially
affect a child's language performance significantly. It would be true probably because the maternal
speech would be the child's primary source of linguistic data (Cross, 1979). Parents, particularly the
mother, would use the methods of fine tuning semantic contingency and predictable routine to
facilitate the children's language learning. Thus, the nature of parent-child interaction and the
linguistic input the parents provided would be one of the important components that would affect the
language acquisition process of the children.
A study by Noh, Dumas, Wolf and Fisman (1989) revealed that parents of children with autism were at
much greater risk for parenting stress when compared with that of the parents of normal children.
Autism is characterized by deficits in language, socialization and behavior. The behavior of these
children, together with developmental delays and minimal parental reinforcement, would result in
considerable caretaker stress. Batshaw (1997) and Moes (1995) have also pointed out that looking
after of a child with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is enormously stressful for the family.
Since mothers are generally the primary caretakers, it would be probably true that they would
experience greater stress and psychological distress in parenting exceptional children. Such additional
stress may affect their parenting style. One of the core features of autism is the qualitative impairment
in verbal and non-verbal skills. The children with autism would produce echoed speech of his/her own
utterances in an inappropriate manner, fail to give verbal responses to the simple questions and have
breakdown in social interaction (Biklen, et al., 1992; Batshaw, 1997). This frustrates the mother,
which would reduce communication during interaction (Frankel, 1982) and thereby affecting the style
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of interaction of mother and the child. Early studies (Goldfarb, Goldfarb, & Scholl, 1966; Goldfarb,
Levy, & Meyers, 1972; Goldfarb, Yudkovitch, & Goldfarb, 1973 cited in Wolchik, 1983) suggested
that the mothers of the children with autism would provide poorer language models and give less
response to their children's requests when compared with that of the mothers of the normal children.
The inaccuracies in the children's language were preserved by the mother's poorer language modeling
skills. The mothers of children with autism may have to put more effort in controlling the behaviors of
these children which could further affect the language patterns of the mother. So it is important to
study the style of mother-child interaction in children with autism. Thus the present paper discusses
the patterns of mother-child interaction in a child with PDD NOS. The objective of the study was to
explore the patterns of mother’s interaction with her child with Pervasive Developmental Disorders-
Not Otherwise Specified.
2. Materials and Methods
A client aged 2year 3months approached the Department of Audiology and Speech Language
Pathology at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore with the complaint of delay in speech acquisition
and no response to name call for the past three months. The father works as an engineer and the
mother is a house wife, the client being the only offspring for the parents. Child was born and brought
up in a multi-lingual environment where she was exposed to three languages Konkani, Kannada and
English. The prenatal, natal and postnatal period was uneventful. The child’s mode of communication
was restricted to inconsistent gestures supplemented with vocalization only for the basic needs.
Speech and language milestones were reported to be delayed, with poor interaction in social
environment. A detailed communication evaluation was carried out. The child had poor pre-linguistic
skills and on language evaluation using Receptive Expressive Emergent Language Scale-Third Edition
developed by Kenneth. R. Bzoch and Richard League (1991), the child had receptive language age of
10-11 months and expressive language age of 8-9 months. There were no complaints about sensory
deficits, and the clinical evaluation confirmed the same. Oral structure mechanism examination
revealed normal structure and function. There were no deficits in feeding skills either reported or
observed. On clinical observation, the child was found to have features of autism. However the
Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores showed below average probability for autism.
However, based on DSM IV criteria, a diagnosis of Child with Receptive Expressive Language
Disorder secondary to Pervasive Developmental Disorder- Not Otherwise specified was given.
To explore the parental interaction pattern, mother-child interaction was video recorded, transcribed
and analyzed. The dyadic interaction of the child with her mother took place in a distraction free
environment. The toys familiar to the child were used during the interaction. The suggestions made by
Konstantareas, Mandel and Homatidis (1988) were followed while analyzing language functions used
by the mother in the interaction. The cultural difference in language was also considered during
analysis. Each utterance was assigned to only one functional category in line with earlier studies
(Howlin et al., 1973, Konstantareas, Mandel and Homatidis, 1988). A total of 143 utterances were
transcribed for analysis. An utterance is defined as the any statement that can be differentiated from
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the previous one with a significant pause.
3. Results
The present paper attempted to study the interaction patterns of a mother with her child diagnosed as
Pervasive Developmental Disorder- Not Otherwise Specified. The transcribed mother child interaction
was analyzed for the frequency and the percentage of the occurrence of different language functions.
The results are summarized (table I).
The frequency of each language function category was calculated by dividing total of each category by
total number of scorable utterances. From the results it was observed that the language function
categories like language modeling, prompts, residual language, labels, reinforcement for language,
indirect modeling, answer and unclassified utterance were the least used with the frequency of
occurrence less than 5%, followed by descriptive language, open questions and closed questions
where the frequency of occurrence was between 7% to 18% and the direct directives were the most
used language category with the frequency of occurrence of more than 40%.
4. Discussion
The present study aimed to explore the language function categories favored by mother during the
interaction with her child diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder- Not Otherwise Specified
through a case study. The result of the study revealed that the language function categories like
indirect modeling, answer, unclassified utterances, language modeling, prompts, residual language,
labels and reinforcement for language were the least used ones followed by descriptive language, open
questions and closed questions and the direct directives are the most recurrently used language
category.
Direct directives had the highest frequency of occurrence in the interaction and it is known as a
functional language category where the mother directs the child to speak or to respond motorically. It
is well known that children with PDD exhibit poor social interaction; and mothers try to involve these
children more in social interaction by verbal or non-verbal mode of communication through direct
directives. The study results also revealed that the frequency of occurrence of direct directives was
followed by closed and open questions. Mak Lai Yina and Doris (2000) obtained a similar finding
where the mothers of children with autism used more of open questions in the interaction. Open
questions are regarded as a strategy to encourage the child to speak or to elicit the children’s language
(Howlin et al., 1973). The children with autism are passive and interact in a strange way, so questions
are the effective ways to call their attention and let them take an active participation in the
communication (Kagan, 1972 cited in Depaulo & Bonvillian, 1978). The other language function
categories like prompts, language modeling, reinforcement for language; indirect modeling were of
low frequency in occurrence in the interaction which could be due to the presence of qualitative
impairments in verbal communication and reciprocal social interaction which is seen in children with
PDD-NOS. On contrary, Mak Lai Yina and Doris (2000) have reported that mothers of children with
autism use more of language modeling, which was not observed in the present study.
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The findings from the present study advocate that the interaction patterns of mother with the child
diagnosed as PDD- NOS is atypical in some ways which is supported by the studies done by Frank,
Allen, Stein and Meyers, 1976; Wolchik and Harris, 1982 cited in Howlin and Rutter, 1989. This can
be accredited to the behaviors exhibited by the child. Studies have reported that taking care of child
with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is stressful for the family (Batshaw, 1997; Moes,
1995) and since mothers are the primary caretakers this would significantly affect the parenting style
in turn reflecting in the mother-child interaction patterns. Raising a child with autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) is uniquely challenging to parents. The children’s restricted social, communicative and
emotional competencies, their uneven cognitive development, and their maladaptive behavior place
tremendous stress on parents of children with ASD (Davis & Carter, 2008; Hastings & Johnson, 2001).
In comparison to mothers of typically developing (TD) children and mothers of children with other
disabilities, mothers of children with ASD report elevated stress levels (Eisenhower, Baker, & Blacher,
2005; Montes & Halterman, 2007;Estes, et al., 2009; Rao & Beidel, 2009) and they are at an increased
risk for depression (Olsson & Hwang, 2001). The children with autism have impaired verbal and
non-verbal communication, echolalia and impairment in social interaction (Biklen et al., 1992;
Batshaw, 1997) which hinders mother’s interaction, resulting in the use of less facilitative
communication during interaction (Frankel, 1982). This can result in the use of different language
stimulating strategies by mothers of children with autism compared to normal.
The results of the present study also showed that the frequency of language function categories like
reinforcement for the language and language modeling skills that are essential for the language
acquisition were used less. So it can also be hypothesized that the inadequate language as well as the
inaccuracies in the child’s language were maintained because of mother’s poorer language modeling
or by a lack of corrections or prompts that would provide children some feedback on the mistakes in
their language.
5. Conclusion
The present study attempted to analyze the language function used by mother during the interaction
with her child diagnosed as PDD-NOS. The findings of the study revealed that the patterns of
interaction involved significantly more of direct directives, open and closed questions compared to
other language function categories. The frequency of other language function categories like
reinforcement for language and language modeling was less. These observations need to be advanced
with similar such studies done on a larger population.
References
Batshaw, M.X. (1997). Children with Disabilities. (4 th ed.) . Baltimore: Paul. H. Brookes Publishing
Co,Biklen, D., Morton, M. W., Gold, D., Berrigan, C, & Swaminathan, S. (1992). Facilitated
communication: Implications for individuals with autism. Topics In Language Disorders, 12, 4, 1-2.
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Cross, T. G. (1979). Mothers' Speech Adjustments and Child Language Learning: Some Methodology
Considerations. Language Sciences, 1, 1-25.
Depaulo, B. M. & Bonvillian, J. D. (1978). The effect on Language development of the special
characteristics of speech addressed to children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 7, 3, 189-211.
Frankel, R. M. (1982). Autism for all practical purposes: a micro-interactional view. Topics in
language disorders, 2, 33-42.
Gallagher, T. M. & Fruiting, C. A. (1983). Pragmatic Assessment and Intervention Issues in
Language. San Diego: College-Hill Press.
Konstantareas, M. M., Mandel, L., & Homatidis, S. (1988). The language patterns mothers and fathers
employ with their autistic boys and girls. Applied Psycholinguistics, 9, 403-414.
Moellman-Landa, R, & Olswang, L. B. (1984). Effects of adult communication behaviors on language
impaired children's verbal output. Applied Psycholinguistics, 5, 117-134.
Koegel, R. L & Koegel, L. K. (1995), Teaching Children with Autism: Strategies for Initiating Positive
Interaction and Improving Learning Opportunities. Baltimore: Paul. H. Brookes Publishing Co.
Noh, S., Dumas, J. E., Wolf, L. C, & Fisman, S. N. (1989). Delineating Sources of Stress in Parents of
Exceptional Children. Family Relations, 38, 456-461.
Wolchik, S. A. (1983). Language Patterns of Parents of Young Autistic and Normal Children, Journal
of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 2, 287-297.
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Table 1. The results are summarized in the table
Language function categories Frequency Percentage
Direct directives 64 44.75
Descriptive language 13 9.09
Open Questions 21 14.68
Closed Questions 25 17.48
Prompts 1 0.69
Language modeling 0 0
Residual language 7 4.89
Labels 6 4.19
Reinforcement for language 2 1.39
Indirect Modeling 1 0.69
Answer 0 0
Unclassified utterances 3 2.09
Total number of utterances 143
Frequency and percentage of different language function categories observed in the interaction of mother
with her child diagnosed as PDD-NOS
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