The document discusses an engineering module on safety and workplace rights. It covers topics like risk assessment, reducing risk, acceptable risk, voluntary risk, job-related risks, and analytical methods for testing safety like scenario analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, and event tree analysis. The document provides examples and explanations of these various safety concepts and methods. It emphasizes that safety should be an integral part of engineering design and discusses an engineer's responsibility to ensure safety.
unit4.pptx professional ethics in engineeringPoornachanranKV
Is a morality or standard of righteous behaviour in relationship to citizen’s involvement in society.
Cultivation of individual habits important for a communities success.
CHALLENGES IN THE WORK PLACE
• The biggest workplace
challenge is said to be the
employee’s work ethics.
• interest in work and
attendance
• Punctuality
• commitment to the job,
and getting along with
others
• Demands inculcation of
good character in the
workplace by employees.
• good character
• The Four Temperaments
• Types of Character
• the sensitive
• the active (great and the
mediocre)
• the apathetic (purely
apathetic or dull),
• the intelligent.
• Ethics and Character
• Education and Character
• Building Character in the
Workplace
Building Character in the Workplace
1. Employee Hiring, Training, and Promotion Activities
– Institute and adopt an organization policy statement to
positive character in the workplace.
– Prominently and explicitly include character
considerations in recruiting procedures
– Emphasize the importance of character and adherence to
the ‘six pillars’ of character(trustworthiness, respect,
responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship)
– Include evaluation of fundamental character values
– Institute recognition and reward system for the employees
– Think of your employees
Building Character in the Workplace
2. Internal Communication
– to create a friendly environment that praises positive role
modeling
– Through Internal newsletters, Workplace posters in canteens
and recreation rooms, Mailers, Electronic mails.
3. External Communication
– In relations with customers, vendors and others.
– Advertise and market honoring consensual values (the six
pillars),
– Assure that none of your products and services undermines
character building,
– Include positive messages about voluntarism and celebrate, and
– ‘Character counts’ week in advertising, billings and other
mailers.
Building Character in the Workplace
4. Financial and Human Resources
– Support local and national ‘character’ projects and the
activities of the members
– Sponsor ‘character’ movement through financial
support.
5. Community Outreach
– Use public outreach structures to encourage
mentoring and other character-building programs.
– Encourage educational and youth organizations to
become active in character building.
– Use corporate influence to encourage business groups
and other companies to support ‘character’ building.
SPIRITUALITY
• Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the constant
awareness and recognition of the spiritual dimension (mind and its
development) of nature and people, with a dynamic balance
between the material development and the spiritual development.
• spirituality includes the faith or belief in supernatural power
• Spirituality includes creativity, communication, recognition of the
individual as human being, respect to others, acceptance, vision,
and partnership
• Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the colleagues to perform
better. Cr
Ethics is the discipline concerned with moral principles of good and bad, right and wrong. Risk is the potential for unwanted, harmful consequences and includes dangers from events like accidents, economic losses, or environmental harm. The acceptability of risk depends on factors like voluntary vs involuntary nature, short and long term effects, probability, and reversibility. While some risks like traffic accidents are commonly accepted, reducing risks through measures like security systems, fire prevention, and medical care can decrease losses. Risk analysis involves identifying hazards, evaluating failure risks and scenarios, and assessing consequences, while risk reduction techniques actively work to prevent or lessen the chance of losses occurring.
This document discusses safety, risk, and risk assessment in engineering. It defines safety and risk, and explains how they are related but different. Safety is when risks are known and judged as acceptable, while risk is the potential for something harmful to occur. There are various types of risks, including acceptable risks, voluntary risks, job-related risks, and public risks. Properly assessing safety and risk is important for engineers. It involves understanding uncertainties, testing for safety, and analyzing how safety, risk, and costs are interrelated for different types of products and projects. The overall goal of risk assessment is to evaluate hazards and minimize risks through added control measures to create a safer environment.
Week 1 of the course introduces key concepts of safety, health and the environment. It discusses the importance of prioritizing safety and health, as not doing so can result in criminal penalties for companies and individuals. Employers have a duty to conduct risk assessments, provide training and advice to employees, and assess risks that may disproportionately impact certain groups. Accidents are discussed, including near misses which should be addressed as they can indicate risks that could lead to future injuries if not corrected. Hazards in the workplace must be recognized, evaluated, and controlled through formal inspections, procedures, training, and open reporting of issues. Loss control is important to prevent occupational injuries, illnesses and property damage through prompt response to evidence of hazards,
This document discusses safety, risk assessment, and testing for engineering designs. It provides information on different definitions of safety and risk, factors that influence risk acceptability, and challenges in assessing risk and safety due to uncertainties and lack of information. The document emphasizes that thorough testing of prototypes and finished products is essential to determine safety and ensure risks are minimized.
This document discusses safety, responsibilities, and rights in engineering. It covers topics like safety and risk assessment, risk benefit analysis, reducing risk, respect for authority, collective bargaining, and more. It provides definitions of key terms, discusses factors that influence risk perception and acceptance of risk. It also examines how engineers can ensure safety is integrated into design processes and their role in risk communication and management.
Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority – Collective Bargaining – Confidentiality – Conflicts of Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional Rights – Employee Rights – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination
This document discusses various topics related to safety, responsibilities, and rights in the workplace. It begins by defining safety and risk, and explaining concepts like risk assessment, risk-benefit analysis, and reducing risk. It also discusses respect for authority, collective bargaining, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and occupational crimes. The document then covers professional rights like employee rights and intellectual property rights. It provides definitions and examples for many of these workplace topics.
unit4.pptx professional ethics in engineeringPoornachanranKV
Is a morality or standard of righteous behaviour in relationship to citizen’s involvement in society.
Cultivation of individual habits important for a communities success.
CHALLENGES IN THE WORK PLACE
• The biggest workplace
challenge is said to be the
employee’s work ethics.
• interest in work and
attendance
• Punctuality
• commitment to the job,
and getting along with
others
• Demands inculcation of
good character in the
workplace by employees.
• good character
• The Four Temperaments
• Types of Character
• the sensitive
• the active (great and the
mediocre)
• the apathetic (purely
apathetic or dull),
• the intelligent.
• Ethics and Character
• Education and Character
• Building Character in the
Workplace
Building Character in the Workplace
1. Employee Hiring, Training, and Promotion Activities
– Institute and adopt an organization policy statement to
positive character in the workplace.
– Prominently and explicitly include character
considerations in recruiting procedures
– Emphasize the importance of character and adherence to
the ‘six pillars’ of character(trustworthiness, respect,
responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship)
– Include evaluation of fundamental character values
– Institute recognition and reward system for the employees
– Think of your employees
Building Character in the Workplace
2. Internal Communication
– to create a friendly environment that praises positive role
modeling
– Through Internal newsletters, Workplace posters in canteens
and recreation rooms, Mailers, Electronic mails.
3. External Communication
– In relations with customers, vendors and others.
– Advertise and market honoring consensual values (the six
pillars),
– Assure that none of your products and services undermines
character building,
– Include positive messages about voluntarism and celebrate, and
– ‘Character counts’ week in advertising, billings and other
mailers.
Building Character in the Workplace
4. Financial and Human Resources
– Support local and national ‘character’ projects and the
activities of the members
– Sponsor ‘character’ movement through financial
support.
5. Community Outreach
– Use public outreach structures to encourage
mentoring and other character-building programs.
– Encourage educational and youth organizations to
become active in character building.
– Use corporate influence to encourage business groups
and other companies to support ‘character’ building.
SPIRITUALITY
• Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the constant
awareness and recognition of the spiritual dimension (mind and its
development) of nature and people, with a dynamic balance
between the material development and the spiritual development.
• spirituality includes the faith or belief in supernatural power
• Spirituality includes creativity, communication, recognition of the
individual as human being, respect to others, acceptance, vision,
and partnership
• Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the colleagues to perform
better. Cr
Ethics is the discipline concerned with moral principles of good and bad, right and wrong. Risk is the potential for unwanted, harmful consequences and includes dangers from events like accidents, economic losses, or environmental harm. The acceptability of risk depends on factors like voluntary vs involuntary nature, short and long term effects, probability, and reversibility. While some risks like traffic accidents are commonly accepted, reducing risks through measures like security systems, fire prevention, and medical care can decrease losses. Risk analysis involves identifying hazards, evaluating failure risks and scenarios, and assessing consequences, while risk reduction techniques actively work to prevent or lessen the chance of losses occurring.
This document discusses safety, risk, and risk assessment in engineering. It defines safety and risk, and explains how they are related but different. Safety is when risks are known and judged as acceptable, while risk is the potential for something harmful to occur. There are various types of risks, including acceptable risks, voluntary risks, job-related risks, and public risks. Properly assessing safety and risk is important for engineers. It involves understanding uncertainties, testing for safety, and analyzing how safety, risk, and costs are interrelated for different types of products and projects. The overall goal of risk assessment is to evaluate hazards and minimize risks through added control measures to create a safer environment.
Week 1 of the course introduces key concepts of safety, health and the environment. It discusses the importance of prioritizing safety and health, as not doing so can result in criminal penalties for companies and individuals. Employers have a duty to conduct risk assessments, provide training and advice to employees, and assess risks that may disproportionately impact certain groups. Accidents are discussed, including near misses which should be addressed as they can indicate risks that could lead to future injuries if not corrected. Hazards in the workplace must be recognized, evaluated, and controlled through formal inspections, procedures, training, and open reporting of issues. Loss control is important to prevent occupational injuries, illnesses and property damage through prompt response to evidence of hazards,
This document discusses safety, risk assessment, and testing for engineering designs. It provides information on different definitions of safety and risk, factors that influence risk acceptability, and challenges in assessing risk and safety due to uncertainties and lack of information. The document emphasizes that thorough testing of prototypes and finished products is essential to determine safety and ensure risks are minimized.
This document discusses safety, responsibilities, and rights in engineering. It covers topics like safety and risk assessment, risk benefit analysis, reducing risk, respect for authority, collective bargaining, and more. It provides definitions of key terms, discusses factors that influence risk perception and acceptance of risk. It also examines how engineers can ensure safety is integrated into design processes and their role in risk communication and management.
Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority – Collective Bargaining – Confidentiality – Conflicts of Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional Rights – Employee Rights – Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination
This document discusses various topics related to safety, responsibilities, and rights in the workplace. It begins by defining safety and risk, and explaining concepts like risk assessment, risk-benefit analysis, and reducing risk. It also discusses respect for authority, collective bargaining, confidentiality, conflicts of interest, and occupational crimes. The document then covers professional rights like employee rights and intellectual property rights. It provides definitions and examples for many of these workplace topics.
Unit 4-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
This document discusses various topics related to safety, responsibilities, and rights in the workplace. It begins by defining safety and risk, and explaining concepts like risk assessment, risk-benefit analysis, and reducing risk. It also discusses responsibilities like respecting authority, engaging in collective bargaining, and maintaining confidentiality to avoid conflicts of interest. The document then covers rights in the workplace, including occupational health and safety rights, employee rights, and professional rights and ethics for engineers.
This document discusses safety concepts, risk assessment, and methods to determine risk. It covers the following key points:
1. It defines safety, risk, and different types of risks like acceptable risk, voluntary vs involuntary risk, and job-related vs personal risks.
2. It explains factors that influence risk and how risk is assessed using concepts like probability and magnitude of harm.
3. It outlines goals of risk assessment to identify hazards and minimize risk through control measures to create a safer workplace.
4. It describes different methods used to determine risk, including testing safety systems, dealing with uncertainties in design, and various testing approaches like destructive, prototype, and simulation testing.
This document discusses safety, risk, and ethics in engineering. It covers definitions of safety and risk, methods for assessing safety and risk, factors that influence risk acceptability, and uncertainties in product design. Safety is defined as acceptable risk, while risk is the probability and consequence of potential harm. Engineers must consider various uncertainties and test products thoroughly to minimize risk and ensure safety. Proper risk assessment and management require effective communication between experts and the public.
Type your short title here 1Running head Safety at work.docxwillcoxjanay
Type your short title here 1
Running head: Safety at work1Levels of Safety in Organizations and how to Deal with Acceptable RisksStudent’s nameUniversity Affiliations
QUESTION 1
Due to the collapse of a building during its construction arising from negligence my previous company ascended to NORM (naturally occurring reactive management) from SWAMP (safety without any management process). Before the catastrophe the construction company had no safety policies at all apart from wearing required safety gear by employees. The working conditions were not safe. Quite a number of employees had been involved in accidents. The company thus had begun to suffer losses. As usual the blame was on the employees for their lack of insight and safety protection during working hours. The complaints were everywhere. The employees thought that the management had squanderedall the money instead of thinking of better ways to keep them safe. There was even an attempt to boycott work until the working conditions were improved. Instead of a positive response from the management what the employees got were threats to end their contracts if they ever thought of boycotting work. Left with no option the employees returned back to work reluctantly. On top of the growing bill of insurance costs the company was also handling a number of unending law suits filed by former employees seeking compensation after being involved in accidents. The management was feeling the pain. It was then the major accident happened.
After the collapse of a whole building the company had to act fast. Nearly every employee was suing the company. The company was forced to start abiding to safety regulations. Safety managers were employed to ensure that regulations weren’t broken. Every employee was being virtually supervised. Their every move had to be watched. There were numerous programs and training sessions to inform the employees of the best safety regulations. At this point the insurance costs reduced but most of the costs were now being redirected into training and payment of the safety managers. Thus the focus shifted from the hazardous working environment to employees who were breaking safety rules. These employees were considered to be the sole cause of all the lack of safety in the company. Thus disciplinary action became a common norm.
For the construction companies to reach the EXCELLENCE level a lot of change has to occur. First the focus should shift from discipline and adherence to safety rules to what the roots of the accidents are. Safety should not be an abstract topic only discussed in meetings and displayed by huge banners in every corner of the business premises. It should be a serious thing practiced even by the management. When this happens it will be easier to have safety as a culture and not as a rule. Safety would have been integrated to become one of the success factors of the company. When any accidents happen the management would immediately deal with it and try ...
All employers have a legal responsibility to manage health and safety in the workplace. This includes ensuring a risk assessment is completed to identify hazards and implement control measures.
Risk assessments must be carried out by a competent person with the necessary training, skills, experience and knowledge to identify hazards, determine the likelihood of harm, and decide on suitable controls.
The risk assessment process requires identifying potential hazards, evaluating the risks, recording the findings, and regularly reviewing and updating the assessment. Employers must provide instruction and information to employees so they understand the risks and can work safely.
Unit-3 Professional Ethics in EngineeringNandakumar P
This document discusses safety and risk assessment in engineering. It defines safety and risk, and examines factors that influence risk perception such as voluntarism, control, and information. It also discusses techniques for assessing and reducing risk, including fault tree analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, and scenario analysis. The document concludes with case studies on the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear accidents and emphasizes the importance of disaster planning, training, and ensuring safe exits in product design.
Risk refers to the possibility of harm or loss from hazards or errors. In engineering, safety and risk management aim to protect the public from danger. A key part of any engineering work is identifying and removing potential risks through various safety measures. Such measures include visual inspections for defects, testing materials, implementing safety protocols, training, and examining activities to reduce stress or improve productivity. The overall goal is for designs, products, and systems to be reliable and safe for their intended uses.
MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 1 Course .docxpoulterbarbara
MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Apply occupational safety and health concepts to workplace scenarios.
2.1 Explain the steps required to perform a risk assessment of a mechanical hazard.
2.2 Explain the steps required to perform a risk assessment of a fall hazard.
5. Evaluate common workplace hazards.
5.1 Perform a risk assessment using a risk-assessment matrix or a risk-assessment decision tree.
5.2 Evaluate the acceptability of risk after performing a risk assessment.
6. Formulate hazard abatement strategies for common workplace hazards.
6.1 Recommend controls to reduce the risks associated with a mechanical hazard.
6.2 Recommend controls to reduce the risks associated with a fall hazard.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307–326
Unit V Scholarly Activity
2.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15, pp. 329–357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307–326
Chapter 15, pp. 329–357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
5.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307–326
Chapter 15, pp. 329–357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307–326
Unit V Scholarly Activity
6.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15, pp. 329–357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 14: Mechanical Hazards and Machine Safeguarding, pp. 307–326
Chapter 15: Falling, Impact, Acceleration, and Vision Hazards with Appropriate PPE, pp. 329–357
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Hazard Assessment and Control of
Mechanical Hazards and Falls
MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
So far in the course, we have discussed the history of safety, causation models for safety, how to perform
an investigation, and the role of human factors in accidents. In this unit, we start to look at how those
variables apply to some hazards that you might face in your safety job—specifically mechanical hazards and
fall hazards.
Two important concepts that students must be familiar with in this course are hazards and risks. While at first
glance, these terms appear to be relatively easy to understand, many students are easily confused, using the
terms interchangeably. Hazard and risk are not identical variables. A hazard is anything that has the potential
to cause harm. The harm can be to an individual, the environment, or physical property like a structure. There
are several common definitions of risk, but the most common is the probability that the hazard will cause harm
and the severity that would be associated with the harm.
Part of the safety professional’s job is to identify hazards that are present at a workplace. There are multiple
methods for the safety professional to identify hazards, commonly referred to as a hazard analysis. We will go
into some specific hazard assessments in greater detail in Un.
This online training course covers the process of conducting risk assessments in the workplace. It explains that risk assessments are required by law and outline the five steps to conducting one: 1) identify hazards, 2) identify those at risk, 3) evaluate risks, 4) record findings, and 5) review assessments. The training provides examples of how to evaluate likelihood and severity of risks to determine level of risk. It emphasizes controlling risks by eliminating or reducing hazards through measures like safe work procedures and PPE. The goal is to understand risk assessments and how to incorporate them to safely manage risks.
Risk Assessment Program For Young Safety Professionals (YSP)Muizz Anibire
This document outlines a risk assessment training program led by Mr. Muizz Anibire. It introduces risk assessment, explaining hazards, risks, and the process for conducting a risk assessment according to ISO 31010.3. Key steps include identifying hazards and risks, assessing likelihood and severity, controlling risks using a hierarchy of controls, and documenting the assessment. Career paths for risk specialists are also listed. The trainer's background in safety education and industry is provided.
The document discusses risk assessment, job safety analysis, and hazard identification for construction site work. It provides definitions and guidelines for conducting risk assessments and job safety analysis (JSA). The key points are:
1) Major accidents on construction sites are often due to lack of knowledge about job hazards and controls. JSA helps by training workers on task hazards and safe work procedures.
2) JSA involves breaking jobs into steps, identifying hazards for each step, and developing control measures. It improves safety understanding and ensures written work methods.
3) Examples of a risk assessment and JSA are provided to demonstrate how they identify hazards for activities like scaffold erection and dismantling, and establish preventive measures.
This document summarizes an article from the journal Professional Safety about bringing safety expectations to a common denominator among project stakeholders. It discusses how recent reductions in occupational injury rates have primarily affected minor incidents, while serious injury and fatality rates decline more slowly. One reason for this is that operational leadership often treats all safety risks equally, regardless of their potential severity. The article explores risk assessment techniques for zero-harm programs and how to better align safety expectations to focus on preventing serious incidents. It also outlines the different safety expectations of clients, contractors, employers and regulators, and debates the pros and cons of the zero-harm philosophy.
Construction Safety Training_Session 10_Risk Assessment, Hierarchy of Control...Muizz Anibire
Learning Objectives
Describe the risk assessment process.
Carry out risk assessment studies of construction tasks.
Highlight control measures for identified risks.
Understand Methods Statement as a part of the risk assessment process.
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not feel comfortable generating a summary without the full context of the topic being discussed. Summaries can unintentionally omit or distort important information if taken out of context.
This document discusses risk assessment and job safety analysis (JSA) for construction projects. It provides definitions and processes for identifying hazards, assessing risks, and analyzing jobs to reduce accidents. Key points include:
- Major construction accidents are often due to lack of knowledge about job steps, hazards, and controls. JSA covers this gap by training workers.
- JSA shall be conducted for critical, non-routine, permit-to-work, and routine tasks. It breaks jobs into detailed safe procedures.
- Risk assessment identifies hazards and evaluates risks to prevent injuries. It is done proactively through risk assessments and reactively through accident investigations.
- The risk assessment process involves identifying hazards and people
The document provides information on risk assessment, job safety analysis (JSA), and how to conduct them properly. It discusses that the majority of construction accidents are due to lack of knowledge about job hazards and controls. JSA covers this gap by training workers on each job task and how to perform it safely. It outlines the steps to conduct a JSA, including selecting a job, breaking it into steps, identifying hazards for each step, developing controls, and monitoring. The benefits of JSA include improved safety understanding and ensuring written work methods for all jobs.
Risk and Procurement ManagementDr Paul BaguleyClass Slides.docxlillie234567
Risk and Procurement Management
Dr Paul Baguley
Class Slides
Contents
Definition of Risk
Context of Projects
Risk Management Process
Risk Id
Risk Assessment
Risk Evaluation
Cost Risk
Monte-Carlo Simulation
Management Reserve and Contingency
Risk Management by Procurement
Examples of Contracts to Manage Risk
Learning Objectives
Define Project Risk and identify stages of project risk management
Understand Risk Response Strategy Selection process using risk matrix
Identify characteristics of procurement routes and map risk allocation amongst project stakeholders
Appreciate a more risk informed procurement route selection
What makes project management a risky business
Organisations take risks to compete through projects making projects risky
Indeed risk appetite is the term used to describe the amount of risk an organisation is willing to take
And risk tolerance is the amount of risk an organisation can absorb
Risk is an important subject in APM BoK7 and PMBoK Guide (Chapter 11)
Institute of risk management; the Orange Book from the UK Gov
Communication between stakeholders in the project, suppliers and customer
VUCA (Volatility Uncertainty Complexity Ambiguity) environment
Risks in Projects
https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/top-50-projects-sydney-opera-house-11757
Lack of process and
Large budget over run
Safety regulations
O Ring
Safety disaster
Case: impact of culture on risk
The Nimrod Accident
Case: the conspiracy of optimism
Optimism bias is a known phenomenon which has been described as a psychological factor in estimators. In the defence industry it is recognised there is political pressure for projects to deliver more and cost less.
Activity: What projects do you know failed?
What projects do you know from your own experience which failed in some way and how did they fail? For example “Potters Bar safety disaster”
Definition of Risk and Uncertainty
Before ISO 31000 a working definition of risk was an event that may or may not happen
Uncertainty is variation in something that has happened
For example a machine breakdown may or may not happen
Schedule delay is variation in the delay schedule in terms of time
Risk is defined as an uncertain event or set of circumstances, that should it occur, will have an effect on achievement of one or more objectives, by APM Body of Knowledge 2012
ISO 31000 (2018) definition of risk
ISO 31000 defines risk as the effect of uncertainty on project objectives
Note 1 to entry: an effect is a deviation from the expected. It can be positive, negative or both, and can address, create or result in opportunities and threats
Note 2 to entry: Objectives can have different aspects and categories, and can be applied at different levels
Note 3 to entry: Risk is usually expressed in terms of risk sources, potential events, their consequences and their likelihood
Project objectives are influenced by the iron triangle and trade-off space between cost, quality and time
This means that cost ris.
This document provides an overview of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodology and worldwide risk tolerability criteria. It discusses conducting a QRA, which involves gathering data, identifying hazard scenarios, estimating frequencies and consequences, calculating risks, and comparing results to risk criteria. Key QRA outputs like individual and societal risk contours and graphs are presented. Risk tolerability criteria from organizations in the US, UK, France and Canada are reviewed, with examples shown of acceptable risk limits for public and workforces.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Similar to Personality and Individual Differences: Determinants of Personality - Major Personality Attributes influencing OB - The Big Five Model, MBTI Theory
Unit 4-GE 6075 – PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING ...Mohanumar S
This document discusses various topics related to safety, responsibilities, and rights in the workplace. It begins by defining safety and risk, and explaining concepts like risk assessment, risk-benefit analysis, and reducing risk. It also discusses responsibilities like respecting authority, engaging in collective bargaining, and maintaining confidentiality to avoid conflicts of interest. The document then covers rights in the workplace, including occupational health and safety rights, employee rights, and professional rights and ethics for engineers.
This document discusses safety concepts, risk assessment, and methods to determine risk. It covers the following key points:
1. It defines safety, risk, and different types of risks like acceptable risk, voluntary vs involuntary risk, and job-related vs personal risks.
2. It explains factors that influence risk and how risk is assessed using concepts like probability and magnitude of harm.
3. It outlines goals of risk assessment to identify hazards and minimize risk through control measures to create a safer workplace.
4. It describes different methods used to determine risk, including testing safety systems, dealing with uncertainties in design, and various testing approaches like destructive, prototype, and simulation testing.
This document discusses safety, risk, and ethics in engineering. It covers definitions of safety and risk, methods for assessing safety and risk, factors that influence risk acceptability, and uncertainties in product design. Safety is defined as acceptable risk, while risk is the probability and consequence of potential harm. Engineers must consider various uncertainties and test products thoroughly to minimize risk and ensure safety. Proper risk assessment and management require effective communication between experts and the public.
Type your short title here 1Running head Safety at work.docxwillcoxjanay
Type your short title here 1
Running head: Safety at work1Levels of Safety in Organizations and how to Deal with Acceptable RisksStudent’s nameUniversity Affiliations
QUESTION 1
Due to the collapse of a building during its construction arising from negligence my previous company ascended to NORM (naturally occurring reactive management) from SWAMP (safety without any management process). Before the catastrophe the construction company had no safety policies at all apart from wearing required safety gear by employees. The working conditions were not safe. Quite a number of employees had been involved in accidents. The company thus had begun to suffer losses. As usual the blame was on the employees for their lack of insight and safety protection during working hours. The complaints were everywhere. The employees thought that the management had squanderedall the money instead of thinking of better ways to keep them safe. There was even an attempt to boycott work until the working conditions were improved. Instead of a positive response from the management what the employees got were threats to end their contracts if they ever thought of boycotting work. Left with no option the employees returned back to work reluctantly. On top of the growing bill of insurance costs the company was also handling a number of unending law suits filed by former employees seeking compensation after being involved in accidents. The management was feeling the pain. It was then the major accident happened.
After the collapse of a whole building the company had to act fast. Nearly every employee was suing the company. The company was forced to start abiding to safety regulations. Safety managers were employed to ensure that regulations weren’t broken. Every employee was being virtually supervised. Their every move had to be watched. There were numerous programs and training sessions to inform the employees of the best safety regulations. At this point the insurance costs reduced but most of the costs were now being redirected into training and payment of the safety managers. Thus the focus shifted from the hazardous working environment to employees who were breaking safety rules. These employees were considered to be the sole cause of all the lack of safety in the company. Thus disciplinary action became a common norm.
For the construction companies to reach the EXCELLENCE level a lot of change has to occur. First the focus should shift from discipline and adherence to safety rules to what the roots of the accidents are. Safety should not be an abstract topic only discussed in meetings and displayed by huge banners in every corner of the business premises. It should be a serious thing practiced even by the management. When this happens it will be easier to have safety as a culture and not as a rule. Safety would have been integrated to become one of the success factors of the company. When any accidents happen the management would immediately deal with it and try ...
All employers have a legal responsibility to manage health and safety in the workplace. This includes ensuring a risk assessment is completed to identify hazards and implement control measures.
Risk assessments must be carried out by a competent person with the necessary training, skills, experience and knowledge to identify hazards, determine the likelihood of harm, and decide on suitable controls.
The risk assessment process requires identifying potential hazards, evaluating the risks, recording the findings, and regularly reviewing and updating the assessment. Employers must provide instruction and information to employees so they understand the risks and can work safely.
Unit-3 Professional Ethics in EngineeringNandakumar P
This document discusses safety and risk assessment in engineering. It defines safety and risk, and examines factors that influence risk perception such as voluntarism, control, and information. It also discusses techniques for assessing and reducing risk, including fault tree analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, and scenario analysis. The document concludes with case studies on the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear accidents and emphasizes the importance of disaster planning, training, and ensuring safe exits in product design.
Risk refers to the possibility of harm or loss from hazards or errors. In engineering, safety and risk management aim to protect the public from danger. A key part of any engineering work is identifying and removing potential risks through various safety measures. Such measures include visual inspections for defects, testing materials, implementing safety protocols, training, and examining activities to reduce stress or improve productivity. The overall goal is for designs, products, and systems to be reliable and safe for their intended uses.
MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 1 Course .docxpoulterbarbara
MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Apply occupational safety and health concepts to workplace scenarios.
2.1 Explain the steps required to perform a risk assessment of a mechanical hazard.
2.2 Explain the steps required to perform a risk assessment of a fall hazard.
5. Evaluate common workplace hazards.
5.1 Perform a risk assessment using a risk-assessment matrix or a risk-assessment decision tree.
5.2 Evaluate the acceptability of risk after performing a risk assessment.
6. Formulate hazard abatement strategies for common workplace hazards.
6.1 Recommend controls to reduce the risks associated with a mechanical hazard.
6.2 Recommend controls to reduce the risks associated with a fall hazard.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
2.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307–326
Unit V Scholarly Activity
2.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15, pp. 329–357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307–326
Chapter 15, pp. 329–357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
5.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307–326
Chapter 15, pp. 329–357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
6.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 14, pp. 307–326
Unit V Scholarly Activity
6.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 15, pp. 329–357
Unit V Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 14: Mechanical Hazards and Machine Safeguarding, pp. 307–326
Chapter 15: Falling, Impact, Acceleration, and Vision Hazards with Appropriate PPE, pp. 329–357
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Hazard Assessment and Control of
Mechanical Hazards and Falls
MOS 5101, Safety and Accident Prevention 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
So far in the course, we have discussed the history of safety, causation models for safety, how to perform
an investigation, and the role of human factors in accidents. In this unit, we start to look at how those
variables apply to some hazards that you might face in your safety job—specifically mechanical hazards and
fall hazards.
Two important concepts that students must be familiar with in this course are hazards and risks. While at first
glance, these terms appear to be relatively easy to understand, many students are easily confused, using the
terms interchangeably. Hazard and risk are not identical variables. A hazard is anything that has the potential
to cause harm. The harm can be to an individual, the environment, or physical property like a structure. There
are several common definitions of risk, but the most common is the probability that the hazard will cause harm
and the severity that would be associated with the harm.
Part of the safety professional’s job is to identify hazards that are present at a workplace. There are multiple
methods for the safety professional to identify hazards, commonly referred to as a hazard analysis. We will go
into some specific hazard assessments in greater detail in Un.
This online training course covers the process of conducting risk assessments in the workplace. It explains that risk assessments are required by law and outline the five steps to conducting one: 1) identify hazards, 2) identify those at risk, 3) evaluate risks, 4) record findings, and 5) review assessments. The training provides examples of how to evaluate likelihood and severity of risks to determine level of risk. It emphasizes controlling risks by eliminating or reducing hazards through measures like safe work procedures and PPE. The goal is to understand risk assessments and how to incorporate them to safely manage risks.
Risk Assessment Program For Young Safety Professionals (YSP)Muizz Anibire
This document outlines a risk assessment training program led by Mr. Muizz Anibire. It introduces risk assessment, explaining hazards, risks, and the process for conducting a risk assessment according to ISO 31010.3. Key steps include identifying hazards and risks, assessing likelihood and severity, controlling risks using a hierarchy of controls, and documenting the assessment. Career paths for risk specialists are also listed. The trainer's background in safety education and industry is provided.
The document discusses risk assessment, job safety analysis, and hazard identification for construction site work. It provides definitions and guidelines for conducting risk assessments and job safety analysis (JSA). The key points are:
1) Major accidents on construction sites are often due to lack of knowledge about job hazards and controls. JSA helps by training workers on task hazards and safe work procedures.
2) JSA involves breaking jobs into steps, identifying hazards for each step, and developing control measures. It improves safety understanding and ensures written work methods.
3) Examples of a risk assessment and JSA are provided to demonstrate how they identify hazards for activities like scaffold erection and dismantling, and establish preventive measures.
This document summarizes an article from the journal Professional Safety about bringing safety expectations to a common denominator among project stakeholders. It discusses how recent reductions in occupational injury rates have primarily affected minor incidents, while serious injury and fatality rates decline more slowly. One reason for this is that operational leadership often treats all safety risks equally, regardless of their potential severity. The article explores risk assessment techniques for zero-harm programs and how to better align safety expectations to focus on preventing serious incidents. It also outlines the different safety expectations of clients, contractors, employers and regulators, and debates the pros and cons of the zero-harm philosophy.
Construction Safety Training_Session 10_Risk Assessment, Hierarchy of Control...Muizz Anibire
Learning Objectives
Describe the risk assessment process.
Carry out risk assessment studies of construction tasks.
Highlight control measures for identified risks.
Understand Methods Statement as a part of the risk assessment process.
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not feel comfortable generating a summary without the full context of the topic being discussed. Summaries can unintentionally omit or distort important information if taken out of context.
This document discusses risk assessment and job safety analysis (JSA) for construction projects. It provides definitions and processes for identifying hazards, assessing risks, and analyzing jobs to reduce accidents. Key points include:
- Major construction accidents are often due to lack of knowledge about job steps, hazards, and controls. JSA covers this gap by training workers.
- JSA shall be conducted for critical, non-routine, permit-to-work, and routine tasks. It breaks jobs into detailed safe procedures.
- Risk assessment identifies hazards and evaluates risks to prevent injuries. It is done proactively through risk assessments and reactively through accident investigations.
- The risk assessment process involves identifying hazards and people
The document provides information on risk assessment, job safety analysis (JSA), and how to conduct them properly. It discusses that the majority of construction accidents are due to lack of knowledge about job hazards and controls. JSA covers this gap by training workers on each job task and how to perform it safely. It outlines the steps to conduct a JSA, including selecting a job, breaking it into steps, identifying hazards for each step, developing controls, and monitoring. The benefits of JSA include improved safety understanding and ensuring written work methods for all jobs.
Risk and Procurement ManagementDr Paul BaguleyClass Slides.docxlillie234567
Risk and Procurement Management
Dr Paul Baguley
Class Slides
Contents
Definition of Risk
Context of Projects
Risk Management Process
Risk Id
Risk Assessment
Risk Evaluation
Cost Risk
Monte-Carlo Simulation
Management Reserve and Contingency
Risk Management by Procurement
Examples of Contracts to Manage Risk
Learning Objectives
Define Project Risk and identify stages of project risk management
Understand Risk Response Strategy Selection process using risk matrix
Identify characteristics of procurement routes and map risk allocation amongst project stakeholders
Appreciate a more risk informed procurement route selection
What makes project management a risky business
Organisations take risks to compete through projects making projects risky
Indeed risk appetite is the term used to describe the amount of risk an organisation is willing to take
And risk tolerance is the amount of risk an organisation can absorb
Risk is an important subject in APM BoK7 and PMBoK Guide (Chapter 11)
Institute of risk management; the Orange Book from the UK Gov
Communication between stakeholders in the project, suppliers and customer
VUCA (Volatility Uncertainty Complexity Ambiguity) environment
Risks in Projects
https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/top-50-projects-sydney-opera-house-11757
Lack of process and
Large budget over run
Safety regulations
O Ring
Safety disaster
Case: impact of culture on risk
The Nimrod Accident
Case: the conspiracy of optimism
Optimism bias is a known phenomenon which has been described as a psychological factor in estimators. In the defence industry it is recognised there is political pressure for projects to deliver more and cost less.
Activity: What projects do you know failed?
What projects do you know from your own experience which failed in some way and how did they fail? For example “Potters Bar safety disaster”
Definition of Risk and Uncertainty
Before ISO 31000 a working definition of risk was an event that may or may not happen
Uncertainty is variation in something that has happened
For example a machine breakdown may or may not happen
Schedule delay is variation in the delay schedule in terms of time
Risk is defined as an uncertain event or set of circumstances, that should it occur, will have an effect on achievement of one or more objectives, by APM Body of Knowledge 2012
ISO 31000 (2018) definition of risk
ISO 31000 defines risk as the effect of uncertainty on project objectives
Note 1 to entry: an effect is a deviation from the expected. It can be positive, negative or both, and can address, create or result in opportunities and threats
Note 2 to entry: Objectives can have different aspects and categories, and can be applied at different levels
Note 3 to entry: Risk is usually expressed in terms of risk sources, potential events, their consequences and their likelihood
Project objectives are influenced by the iron triangle and trade-off space between cost, quality and time
This means that cost ris.
This document provides an overview of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) methodology and worldwide risk tolerability criteria. It discusses conducting a QRA, which involves gathering data, identifying hazard scenarios, estimating frequencies and consequences, calculating risks, and comparing results to risk criteria. Key QRA outputs like individual and societal risk contours and graphs are presented. Risk tolerability criteria from organizations in the US, UK, France and Canada are reviewed, with examples shown of acceptable risk limits for public and workforces.
Similar to Personality and Individual Differences: Determinants of Personality - Major Personality Attributes influencing OB - The Big Five Model, MBTI Theory (20)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressions
Personality and Individual Differences: Determinants of Personality - Major Personality Attributes influencing OB - The Big Five Model, MBTI Theory
1. Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
Module II – Engineer's Responsibility For Safety
and Work Place Rights
Subject Code & Title: 16EE215 – Organizational Behaviour
and Ethics
1/8/2024 1
2. Safety and Risk
Assessment of Safety and Risk
Risk-Benefit Analysis
Reducing Risk
The Government Regulator’s Approach to Risk
Chernobyl Case Study
2
OBE
3. Imagine you are a fresh graduate.
You get a job as an engineer in a large atomic
power plant.
Would you take it or not?
Under what conditions would you take it?
Under what conditions would you not?
Why?
3
OBE
4. One of the main duties of an engineer is to
ensure the safety of the people who will be
affected by the products that he designs.
The code of ethics of the professional
engineering societies make it clear that safety is
of paramount importance to the engineer.
The engineering codes of ethics show that
engineers have a responsibility to society to
produce products that are safe.
Nothing can be 100% safe, but engineers are
required to make products as safe as reasonably
possible.
Thus safety should be an integral part of any
engineering design.
4
OBE
5. What may be safe for one person may not be safe for
another person.
Ex 1: A Power Saw in the hands of a child is
unsafe, but it is safe in hand of adult.
Ex 2:A sick adult is more prone to ill effects from
air pollution than a healthy adult.
What is safe to Entrepreneurs, may not be so to
Engineers.
e.g., Pilots: “Indian Airports are not safe; Low
Vision in Fog”
What is safe to Engineers, may not be so to Public.
Typically several groups of people are involved in
safety matters but have their own interests at stake.
Each group may differ in what is safe and what is not.
5
OBE
6. “A ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what ships
are built for”
“A thing is safe if its risks are judged to be
acceptable”
Definition for Safety
“A thing is safe (to a certain degree) with respect
to a given person or group at a given time if,
were they fully aware of its risks and
expressing their most settled values, they
would judge those risks to be acceptable (to that
certain degree).
6
OBE
7. Safety must be an integral part of any engineering
design.
In other words of William W. Lawrence, “A thing is
safe if its risks are justified to be acceptable”.
So a design or thing is said be safe, if for the person
who judges, the perceived risk is high. In short,
safety means an acceptable risk.
But, the drawbacks of definition of Lawrence are
Under estimation of risks
Over estimation of risks
No estimation of risks
OBE 7
8. Under estimation of risks
Example: We judge that the local made bread
toster is safe to use.
Over estimation of risks
Example: We judge fluoride in drinking water
can kill lots of people.
No estimation of risks
Example: We hire a taxi, without thinking
about its safety.
A thing is NOT SAFE, if it exposes us to
unacceptable danger or hazard
OBE 8
9. Risk in technology could include dangers of
bodily harm
economic loss
environmental degradation
a situation involving exposure to danger
RISK is the potential that something unwanted and
harmful may occur.
Absolute safety is not possible.
Any improvement in making a product safe involves an
increase in the cost of production.
It is very important for the manufacturer and the user to
have some understanding to know about the risk
connected with any product and know how much it will
cost to reduce those risk.
We take a risk when we undertake something or use a
product that is not safe.
9
OBE
11. Acceptable risk refers to the level of human and property
injury or loss from an industrial process that is considered
to be tolerable by an individual, household, group,
organization, community, region, state, or nation in view of
the social, political, and economic cost-benefit analysis.
Example: For instance, the risk of flooding can be
accepted once every 500 years but it is not acceptable in
every ten years.
It is management's responsibility to set their company's
level of risk. As a security professional, it is your
responsibility to work with management and help them
understand what it means to define an acceptable level of
risk.
Each company has its own acceptable risk level, which is
derived from its legal and regulatory compliance
responsibilities.
OBE
11
13. A person is said to take ‘VOLUNTARY RISK’
when he is subjected to risk by either his own actions
or action taken by others
volunteers to take that risk without any apprehension
(fear).
Voluntary risks have to do with lifestyle choices. They are
the risks that people take knowing that they may have
consequences. These risks include smoking tobacco,
driving a car, skydiving and climbing a ladder.
Involuntary risks are the risks that people take either not
knowing that they are at risk, or they are unable to
control the fact that they are at risk, such as secondhand
smoke. These risks often include environmental hazards
such as lightning, tsunamis and tornadoes.
OBE 13
16. Many workers are taking risks in their jobs in their stride
(complete team communication).
Exposure to risks on a job is in one sense of voluntary
nature since one can always refuse to submit to the
work or may have control over how the job is done.
But generally workers have no choice other than what
they are told to do since they want to stick to the only job
available to them.
But they are not generally informed about the exposure
to toxic substances and other dangers which are not
readily seen, smelt, heard or otherwise sensed.
Occupational health and safety regulations and unions
can have a better say in correcting these situations but
still things are far below expected safety standards.
OBE 16
17. The study of risk analysis covers other areas such as
Risk identification
Risk analysis
Risk assessment
Risk rating
Suggestions on risk control
Risk mitigation
OBE 17
19. OBE 19
P – Primary cost of products, including cost of safety measures involved.
S- Secondary costs including warranty, loss of customer goodwill and
maintenance cost
T – total cost = P + S
Minimum total cost occurs at M.
H – Highest acceptable risk may fall below risk at least cost M.
20. Some commonly used testing methods:
Using the past experience in checking the
design and performance.
Prototype testing. Here the one product
tested may not be representative of the
population of products.
Tests simulated under approximately
actual conditions to know the performance
flaws on safety.
Routine quality assurance tests on
production runs.
OBE 20
21. The above testing procedures are not always
carried out properly.
Hence we cannot trust the testing procedures
uncritically.
Some tests are also destructive and obviously it
is impossible to do destructive testing and
improve safety.
In such cases, a simulation that traces
hypothetical risky outcomes could be applied.
OBE 21
22. Several analytical methods are adopted in testing
for safety of a product/project.
1. Scenario Analysis
2. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
3. Fault-Tree Analysis
4. Event Tree Analysis
OBE 22
23. Hazards identification
Failure modes and frequencies evaluation from
established sources and best practices.
Selection of credible scenarios and risks.
Fault and event trees for various scenarios.
Consequences-effect calculations with work out from
models.
Individual and societal risks.
ISO risk contours superimposed on layouts for various
scenarios.
Probability and frequency analysis.
Established risk criteria of countries, bodies, standards.
Comparison of risk against defined risk criteria.
Identification of risk beyond the location boundary, if
any.
Risk mitigation measures.
OBE 23
24. This is the most common method of analysis.
Starting from an event, different consequences are
studied.
This is more a qualitative method.
This exposure analysis can be most effectively
carried out using “loss scenarios”.
A scenario is a synopsis of events or conditions
leading to an accident and subsequent loss.
Scenarios may be specified informally, in the form
of narrative, or formally using diagrams and flow
charts.
OBE 24
25. What can go wrong that could lead to an outcome
of hazard exposure? (identification and
characterization of risk)
How likely is this to happen? (quantification of
risk, likelihood, and magnitude)
If it happens, what is the consequences? Scenario
are constructed and the ways and means of facing
the consequences are designed.
OBE 25
26. Identify the hazard of interest
State the question to be investigated
Develop a planned scenario
Develop a scenario tree
Collect evidence to evaluate the nodes of the
scenario tree
Quantify the number of scenario tree
Link the information generated by scenario analysis
with empirical evidence.
OBE 26
27. In the method, various parts or components of the
system and their modes of failure are studied.
The causes of failure or the interrelationships
between the components are not studied.
FMEA is one of the qualitative tools, which
support proactive quality strategies.
Successful implementation of FMEA requires
relevant knowledge and insight as well as
engineering judgment.
OBE 27
28. FMEA is defined as a systematic tool
a) To identify possible failure modes in the
products/process,
b) To understand failure mechanism (process
that leads to failure),
c) For risk analysis,
d) To plan for action on elimination or reduction
of failure modes.
OBE 28
29. 1. Product/process and its function must be understood first. This
is the most fundamental concept to be adopted in this
methodology. This understanding helps the engineer to identify
product/process function that fall with the intended and
unintended users.
2. Block diagram of product/process is created and developed. The
diagram shows the major components or process steps as
blocks, identifies their relations namely, input, function and
output of the design. The diagram shows logical relationship of
components and establishes a structure for FMEA. The block
diagram should always be included in the FMEA form.
3. Header on FMEA form is completed. FMEA form includes
part/process name, model date, revision date, and responsibility.
4. The items/functions are listed logically in the FMEA form, based
on the block diagram.
5. Then failure modes are identified. A failure mode is defined
wherein a component, subsystem, system, and process could
potentially fail to meet the design intent.
6. A failure mode in one component can cause failure in another.
Each failure should be listed in technical terms. Listing should be
done component- or process-wise.
OBE 29
30. 7. Then the effects of each risk/failure mode are
described. This is done as perceived by both internal
and external customers. The examples of risk/failure
effect may include injury to the user, environment,
equipment, and degraded performance. Then a
numerical ranking is assigned to each risk or failure. It
depends upon the severity of the effect. Commonly, in
the scale, No.1 is used to represent no effect and 10 to
indicate very severe failure, affecting system of
operation and user. By this, the failures can be
prioritized and real critical risks can be addressed
first.
8. Then the causes of each failure mode have to be
identified. A cause is defined as a design weakness
that results in a failure. The potential causes for each
failure mode are identified. The potential causes, for
example, may be improper torque or contamination or
excessive loading or external vibration.
OBE 30
31. 9. The probability factor indicating the frequency of occurrence is
considered. A numerical weightage can be assigned to each cause
depending upon the probability of occurrence.
10. Design or process mechanism has to be identified, which can
prevent the cause of failure or detect failure, before it reaches
customer. Accordingly, the item has to identify tests, analysis,
monitoring and other techniques to detect the risk or failure.
11. Assessment of detection rating is done by assigning a numerical
weightage. Value 1 indicates design control will certainly detect
the potential causes, 10 indicates design control will not detect the
cause or mechanism. A normal scale of 1 – 10 is used.
12. Risk Priority Number (RPN) is calculated and reviewed .
RPN = Severity * Probability * Detection
13. Recommended actions are determined to address potential risks
or failures with high RPN.
14. Revalidate each action by reassessing severity, probability and
detection and review the revised RPN. Check any further action is
needed. FMEA has to be updated as and when the design or
process is modified or changed.
OBE 31
33. This is a qualitative method and was originated by
Bell Telephones.
It is technology-based deductive logic.
The failure (undesirable event) is initially defined,
and the events (causal relationships) leading to that
failure are identified at different components level.
This method can combine hardware failures and
human failures.
Example 1: Consider the failure of the steam
flow in a thermal station. The water is pumped
from a big reservoir nearby. The details are
shown in Figure.
OBE 33
35. OBE 35
The common mode event in this case is an earthquake. This
quake has affected many systems or components at the same
time. Hence, we can call the “earthquake” as the common
mode/cause.
36. Example 2: An automobile car does not start.
The details of this case are shown in Fig.
OBE 36
37. Event tree analysis evaluates potential accident
outcomes that might result following an equipment
failure or process upset known as an initiating event.
It is a “forward-thinking” process, i.e. the analyst
begins with an initiating event and develops the
following sequences of events that describes potential
accidents, accounting for both the successes and
failures of the safety functions as the accident
progresses.
OBE 37
38. 1. Identify an initiating event of interest.
2. Identify the safety functions designed to deal with
the initiating event.
3. Construct the event tree.
4. Describe the resulting accident event sequences.
OBE 38
39. Oxidation reactor high temp. Alarm alerts
operator at temp T1.
Operator reestablish cooling water flow to the
oxidation reactor.
Automatic shutdown system stops reaction at
temp. T2. T2 > T1
These safety functions are listed in the order in
which they are intended to occur.
OBE 39
40. Construct the Event Tree
a. Enter the initiating event and safety functions.
SAFETY
FUNCTION
Oxidation reactor
high temperature
alarm alerts
operator
at temperature T1
Operator
reestablishes
cooling water flow
to oxidation
reactor
Automatic
shutdown system
stops reaction at
temperature T2
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
FIRST STEP IN CONSTRUCTING EVENT TREE
OBE 40
41. Construct the Event Tree
b. Evaluate the safety functions.
SAFETY
FUNCTION
Oxidation reactor
high temperature
alarm alerts
operator
at temperature T1
Operator
reestablishes
cooling water flow
to oxidation
reactor
Automatic
shutdown system
stops reaction at
temperature T2
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
REPRESENTATION OF THE FIRST SAFETY FUNCTION
Success
Failure
OBE 41
42. Construct the Event Tree
c) Evaluate the safety functions.
SAFETY
FUNCTION
Oxidation reactor
high temperature
alarm alerts
operator
at temperature T1
Operator
reestablishes
cooling water flow
to oxidation
reactor
Automatic
shutdown system
stops reaction at
temperature T2
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
REPRESENTATION OF THE SECOND SAFETY FUNCTION
Success
Failure
If the safety function does not affect the course of
the accident, the accident path proceeds with no
branch pt to the next safety function.
OBE 42
43. d. Evaluate safety functions.
SAFETY
FUNCTION
Oxidation reactor
high temperature
alarm alerts
operator
at temperature T1
Operator
reestablishes
cooling water flow
to oxidation
reactor
Automatic
shutdown system
stops reaction at
temperature T2
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
COMPLETED EVENT TREE
Success
Failure
Completed !
OBE 43
44. Describe the Accident Sequence
SAFETY
FUNCTION
Oxidation reactor
high temperature
alarm alerts
operator
at temperature T1
Operator
reestablishes
cooling water flow
to oxidation
reactor
Automatic
shutdown system
stops reaction at
temperature T2
INITIATING EVENT:
Loss of cooling water
to oxidation reactor
ACCIDENT SEQUENCES
Success
Failure
Safe condition,
return to normal
operation
Safe condition,
process shutdown
Unsafe condition,
runaway reaction,
operator aware of
problem
Unstable condition,
process shutdown
Unsafe condition,
runaway reaction,
operator unaware
of problem
B
A
C D
A
AC
ACD
AB
ABD
OBE 44
45. Reactor
TIA
TIC
Alarm
at
T > TA
Figure 11-8 Reactor with high temperature alarm and temperature controller.
Cooling Coils
Thermocouple
High Temperature Alarm
Temperature
Controller
Reactor Feed
Cooling Water Out
Cooling
Water In
OBE 45
47. Risk-benefit analysis is the comparison of the risk
of a situation to its related benefits.
Exposure to personal risk is recognized as a
normal aspect of everyday life.
We accept a certain level of risk in our lives as
necessary to achieve certain benefits.
In most of these risks we feel as though we have
some sort of control over the situation.
For example, driving an automobile is a risk most
people take daily.
"The controlling factor appears to be their
perception of their individual ability to manage
the risk-creating situation."
OBE 47
48. Analyzing the risk of a situation is, however, very
dependent on the individual doing the analysis.
When individuals are exposed to involuntary risk,
risk which they have no control, they make risk
aversion their primary goal.
Under these circumstances individuals require the
probability of risk to be as much as one thousand
times smaller than for the same situation under
their perceived control.
OBE 48
49. Real future risk as disclosed by the fully matured
future circumstances when they develop.
Statistical risk, as determined by currently
available data, as measured actuarially for
insurance premiums.
Projected risk, as analytically based on system
models structured from historical studies.
Perceived risk, as intuitively seen by individuals. It
is not so reliable.
OBE 49
50. Flight insurance company - statistical risk.
Passenger - perceived risk.
Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) - projected
risks.
Hopefully the real risks turn out to be less than the
projected risks.
Although many people feel that flying is more risky
than driving, statistics show otherwise.
Perception of control is a very important factor that
explains why voluntary activities have risks of 100
to 1000 times greater than involuntary activities.
OBE 50
51. Risk communication involves communicating risks that
are involved in a situation.
People are generally apathetic when it comes to risks,
and it is difficult to get them concerned.
Catch phrases such as, "Watch out!" and "Stop
worrying" reflect the poles of risk communication.
The former demonstrates an urgent need, whereas the
latter demonstrates no urgent need.
Assumptions about risk communication:
One-way communication, with an identifiable
audience to be warned and a source to do the
warning.
The source knows more about the risk than the
audience.
The audience's interests are at heart.
The source's recommendations are based on real
information, not values or preferences.
OBE 51
52. Risk communication, as described above, does not
always follow these assumptions.
Therefore, risk communication should be multi-
directional rather than one-directional.
Industry, government, and the media should talk
less and listen more. Using a multi-directional
approach, "...it is easier to design effective
messages if the source pays attention to what the
prospective audience thinks and feels.“
Another approach, although not multidirectional, is
to measure success by what the audience knows
and not by what the audience decides.
Just by letting people know puts pressure on the
companies to keep risk below a certain point.
OBE 52
53. Risk management is the consideration of social, economical and
political factors in the decision making process of controlling risks.
The basic task of a risk manager is to take a risk assessment and
integrate it with the best available sociological, economical and
political information.
In reality, the reliability of the data on which risk and cost calculations
are leads to risk management to cross the line of risk assessment.
Theoretically, however, a risk assessor should stick to his or her
scientific approach and present the reliable and objective information
to the risk manager while the risk manager should take the
assessment at its face value for integrating other factors and making
decisions.
A risk manager should start with setting priorities on the factors
below:
the degree to which the risk can be controlled;
the costs of control;
the social and political feasibility and acceptability of the control;
the benefits of the product;
the degree to which the risk-taking activities is voluntary or
involuntary.
OBE 53
54. Pond dipping is a fun and simple way for children to
explore an aquatic habitat.
Children will be able to observe a diversity of different
creatures from leeches to dragonfly nymphs.
OBE 54
57. The risk management has to be viewed in a wider
angle at times when sudden disasters occur due to
lack of proper care and assessment.
The government which has the responsibility to
take care of all the public needs to take some risk.
The government’s approach towards the public
lies in saving as many lives as possible.
OBE 57
58. The two major approaches of the government are −
Lay person − Wants to protect himself or herself
from risk.
The government regulator − Wants as much
assurance as possible that the public is not being
exposed to unexpected harm.
For example, at the times of flood or some fire
accident, the government of any place should aim at
protecting as many lives as possible rather than
looking for a benefit or protecting some property.
It will count as a successful attempt towards facing
risk if the authority is able to protect its people
even after the destruction of property.
OBE 58
60. Be prepared to evacuate
Discuss flood management plan
Decide where you will meet if separated
Identify alternative travel routes that are not prone
to flooding
Plan what to do with your precious belongings and
hazardous materials
Fill your car’s gas tank
Seal vents to basements to prevent flooding
If told to leave, do so quickly
OBE 60
61. Such as sudden drop-offs, fallen trees or fallen
power lines.
Do not drive through flood water.
Flood water is dangerous there may be hidden
hazards.
Do not turn on electricity and gas supplies until a
qualified electrician / engineer has checked them.
Be alert for gas leaks – do not smoke or use candles
or open flames.
OBE 61
62. In the study of safety, the ‘safe exit’ principles are
recommended.
The conditions referred to as safe exit are:
The product, when it fails, should fail safely.
The product, when it fails, can be abandoned safely.
(it does not harm others by explosion or radiation.
The user can safely escape the product. (e.g. ships
need sufficient number of life boats for all passenger
and crew)
OBE 62