Botanical description,type of fruit,plantingflowering & etc. About Jack fruit

2. Index :
◈ Botanical description
◈ Introduction
◈ Origin
◈ Type of fruit
◈ Nutritional value
◈ Area production
◈ Soil & climate
◈ Propagation
◈ Planting
◈ Flowering
◈ Manure & fertilizer

3. ◈ Weed management
◈ Varieties
◈ Uses
◈ Species & cultivers
◈ Flowering
◈ Harvesting & yield
◈ Pests & diseases
◈ Cultural significance
◈ Post harvest management .

4. Jack fruit :
Botanical description :
Botanical name : Artocarpus heterophyllus
Genus Artocarpus
Family : Moraceae
Chromosome number : 2n = 56.
Edible portion Bracts and perianths

5. Introduction:
◈ Jackfruit is a common and popular fruit crop
of the low land tropics of eastern and
southern parts of India.
◈ This fruit tree grows well without much
care. It is the largest edible fruit (20-40
kg), In Srilanka a fruit of about 120 kg was
harvested and created the world record.
◈ The fruit is also called as poor man’s fruits
in eastern and southern part.

6. ◈ The tree has considerable potential, but
it is yet to receive due attention in India
it is not generally cultivated in regular
plantations and is mainly grown in
homestead for domestic uses & as a
shade tree in coffee or cardamom
plantations.
◈ A mature jack tree produces some 200
fruits per year, with older trees bearing
up to 500 fruits in a year.

7. ◈ The jackfruit is a multiple fruit composed
of hundreds to thousands of individual
flowers, and the fleshy petals of the
unripe fruit are eaten.
◈ The immature fruit (unripe)has a mild
taste and meat-like texture that lends
itself to being a meat substitute for
vegetarians and vegans.
◈ The jackfruit is the national
fruit of Bangladeshand Sri Lanka and the
state fruit of the Indian
statesof Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

8. Origin :
◈ Its origin is in the region between
the Western Ghats of southern India and the
rainforests of malaysia .
◈ It spread early on to other parts of India,
southeast Asia, the East Indies and
the Philippines. It is often planted in
eastern Africa and is fairly popular in
Surinam.

9. Type of fruit :
◈ Jackfruit is the largest tree-borne fruit in
the world, reaching 80 pounds in weight
and up to 36 inches long and 20 inches in
diameter. The exterior of the compound
fruit is green or yellow when ripe. The
interior consists of large edible bulbs of
yellow, banana-flavored flesh that
encloses a smooth, oval, light-brown
seed. The seed is 3/4 to 1-1/2 inches long
and 1/2 to 3/4 inches thick and is white
and crisp within. .

10. ◈ There may be 100 or up to 500 seeds in a
single fruit, which are viable for no more
than three or four days. When fully ripe, the
unopened jackfruit emits a strong
disagreeable odor, resembling that of
decayed onions, while the pulp of the opened
fruit smells of pineapple and banana.
◈ There are two main varieties. In one, the
fruits have small, fibrous, soft, mushy, but
very sweet carpels with a texture somewhat
akin to a raw oysters. The other variety is
crisp and almost crunchy though not quite as
sweet. This form is the more important
commercially and is more palatable to

11. Nutritional value :

13. Area production :
Country Area Production
India 102.00 (1992) 1436.00
Sri Lanka 50.00 (2011) *

16. Soil and climate :
◈ Proper drainage is ideal for cultivation.
◈ The fruit tree is very well suited for dry land
conditions.
◈ It can be grown under wide range of soils rich deep
and well drained soil is good for its cultivation.
◈ The fruit tree comes up well under humid and warm
climate of hill slopes, arid warmer plains of south
India.
◈ It is grown up to 1500m from main sea level and
sensitive to frost and drought.

17. Propagation :
◈ Soking seeds in NAA(25ppm)for 24 hours
enhence percentage of germination and
seedling growth.
◈ The seedling trees may take 10 years to bear.
In India most of the plantations are still raised by
seeds.
-The seedlings can be raised in pots/poly bags
which are ready for transplanting after one year.
-The freshly extracted seeds are sown for higher
% of germination.

18. ◈ Vegetative methods :
◈ Presence of gum/latex – layering, building, grafting
is difficult to carry out. Cuttings were found to root
easily under mist by treating with 1BA at 3,000ppm
and ferulic acid at 200ppm also used.
◈ Recent years softwood grafting is commonly
practiced, patch budding 100% success provided
there must be sufficient sap present in scion and
root stock.

19. ◈ Air layering is the earliest vegetative propagation,
pretreatment of stock plant with ethrel (250ppm) 15
days before the air layers preparation and treating
the layers with 1BA at 3000 or 5000ppm at the time
of air layering caused 100% rooting.
◈ Seed rate : 2.5 k.g. of seed required are required
for a hactar.

20. ◈ Planting : (distance & time)
Jack fruit is planted as a shade tree in coffee garden
or as mixed plant, as avenue plant.
◈ spacing of 12 x 12 m accommodating 70 plants per
hectare will suffice for this fruit crop.
◈ Pits of 1m3 is prepared, 20-30kg FYM, ½ kg SSP
and phorate granules (10-20gm) are filled in pits and
planted during June –July.
◈ During summer supplementary irrigation should be
provided.

21. Flowering :
◈ Male and female flowers are borne in separate
flower-heads. Male flower-heads are on new
wood among the leaves or above the female.
They are swollen, oblong, from an inch to four
inches long and up to an inch wide at the widest
part. They are pale green at first, then darken.

22. ◈ When mature the head is covered with yellow
pollen that falls rapidly after flowering. The
female heads appear on short, stout twigs that
emerge from the trunk and large branches, or
even from the soil-covered base of very old
trees. They look like the male heads but without
pollen, and soon begins to swell. The stalks of
both male and female flower-heads are
encircled by a small green ring

23. ◈ Manures and fertilizers
The manures and fertilizers should be applied in
two splits during May - June and September -
October.

24. Weed management :
◈ Weed is not a serious problem for jackfruit. But,
for the proper utilization of nutrient and light, the
field should be free from weeds. Manual
weeding with khurpi or mechanical weeding by
hoe is the best way to keep the field free from
weed population.
◈ Inter-space may also be kept clean to avoid the
harbouring of insect-pests and diseases. No
research has been done on this aspect but
general recommendation of weed management
is being advocated.

25. ◈ Varieties
Though no distinct type could be identified, the
cultivated types are broadly classified into two groups.
Those producing fruits with firm flesh and crispy in
nature.
◈ Those bearing fruits with soft flesh and very juicy.
• The variety Singapore or Ceylon Jack is remarkable for
its early bearing in 21/2 to 3 years; the fruits are medium
in size (7-10 kgs). The flesh is sweet and crispy. The
carpels are compacts, yellow and firm with strong
aroma, the fruit contain about 80 seeds.

26. ◈ Some types with local names like ‘gulabi’(rose
scented), ‘Champa’, Hazari, Rudrakshi (small
roundish fruits) are also available. A genotype (No.7)
was selected from Uttar Pradesh, with moderate
yields. A variety GKVK-1 and Swarna with superior
quality fruits were released from Karnataka and
Gumless jack, Muttan Varica from Kerala also found
to perform better.
GKVK-1 Ceylone Jack Swarna

27. ◈ PPI 1 Jack : Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
(TNAU) has developed this improved variety in
1996.
◈ The flakes are sweet and tasty with pleasant
aroma. The maximum bearing takes place on
tree trunks. This variety is suitable for
commercial planting and home gardens.
◈ PLR (J) 2 : Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
(TNAU) developed this improved variety during
2007.

28. ◈ It possesses good quality and bigger size fruits,
and highly palatable and edible flakes and fetch
more price due to attractive characters and
better keeping quality resulting in increased
income to the farmers. This is having less
incidence of major insect–pests and diseases.
This can be planted during June–December.
This is suitable for growing in tropical climates of
deep well drained loam soils. This variety yields
95–110 fruits/tree/year weighing an average of
1600–1950 kg. This is suitable for growing in
tropical climates and deep well drained loam
soils.

29. ◈ Palur 1 Jack or PLR, 1 : Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University (TNAU) in India developed this improved
variety in 1992.
◈ It is high yielding with medium height, less
spreading and suitable for high density planting. In
addition to regular bearing season (March-June), it
produces fruits during off season (October-
December) also.
◈ The annual yield per tree is about 80 fruits
weighing around 900 kg.
◈ The average fruit weight is 12 kg containing 115-
120 flakes

31. ◈ Swarna : The University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka (India),
released a jackfruit selection Swarna in 2010.
Swarna is a very good yielder that bears fruits in
bunches on the trunk, primary branches and
also on the secondary branches. The medium
sized fruits weigh 6-8 kg each.

32. ◈ Gumless Type (Pre-released) : The gumless
type developed at the Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, India
has medium to low latex with medium fruits (6.4-
9.0 kg) having oblong fruit shape containing
120-140 flakes/fruit withflakes: fruit ratio of 0.45-
0.50. The flakes are light yellow, sweet in taste .

34. Uses and Composition :
◈ The immature tender fruits and the seeds of ripe fruits are used
for culinary purposes.
◈ Ripe fruits are used for table purpose, nectars, dehydrated
leathers, jelly and chips etc. Pickles from immature tenders fruits.
◈ The skin of the ripened fruits & other wastes of the fruits & leaves
are the excellent source for cattle feeds.
◈ Produces valuable timbers- furnitures, Musical instruments, toys,
carvings, crates.
◈ The ripe fruits are very nutritious. It cantains fairly large amount
of proteins (1.9%), Ascorbic acid, carbohydrates (19%), carotene
pectin, P, Fe, K & Ca. The seeds contain 7.22% crude protein.

35. 1. Uses as food :
• Ripe jackfruit is naturally sweet, with subtle
pineapple- or banana-like flavoring
• For the traditional breakfast dish in southern India, idlis,
the fruit is used with rice as an ingredient and jackfruit
leaves are used as a wrapping for steaming.
Jackfruit dosas can be prepared by grinding jackfruit flesh
along with the batter. Ripe jackfruit arils are sometimes
seeded, fried, or freeze-dried and sold as jackfruit chips.

36. ◈ The seeds from ripe fruits are edible, and are said to
have a milky, sweet taste.
◈ The edible pulp is 74% water, 23% carbohydrates,
2% protein, and 1% fat. The carbohydrate component is
primarily sugars, and is a source of dietary fiber. In a
100 grams (3.5 oz) portion, raw jackfruit provides
400 kJ (95 kcal), and is a rich source (20% or more of
the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B6 (25% DV). It contains
moderate levels (10-19% DV) of vitamin
C and potassium, with no other micronutrients in
significant content.

37. Uses of wood and manufacturing :
◈ The golden yellow timber with good grain is used for
building furniture and house construction in India.
◈ The wood of the jackfruit tree is important in Sri Lanka
and is exported to Europe. Jackfruit wood is widely used
in the manufacture of furniture, doors and windows, in
roof construction,and fish sauce barrels.
◈ The wood of the tree is used for the production of
musical instruments.
◈ is also used to make the body of the Indian string
instrument veena and the drums mridangam, thimila,
and kanjira.

38. Species and cultivers :
◈ The A. hetrophyllus previously known as A.
integnifolia. The other related jack fruit species are
A. altilis - bread fruit- small sized round fruit, found in
TN, Assam, Mah & Kerala.
◈ A. lakoocha- Monkey Jack- Small edible fruits- it grows
wild in Assam, WB, UP & Western ghats.
◈ A. hirsute- is a semi-wild edible species, native to
India.
◈ A. champeden- edible fruit with strong odour like
durian.

39. Flowering :
◈ Flowering starts in December and continues up to March.
◈ It is monoecious plant with spike type of inflorescence.
◈ Male and female inflorescence present in same plant.
◈ The flowers are cross pollinated by honey beers.
◈ A multiple fruit, known as sorosis develops following
pollination and fertilization.
◈ The pericarp around the seed and the fleshy perianth are
edible.
◈ The fruits takes about 90-110days after appearance of the
spike, mature in June-July and are available almost
throughout the year in Assam & South India.

40. Harvesting and yield :
◈ Harvesting
It is a climacteric fruit; harvesting is done by cutting the fruit
along with stalk after developing sweet and good flavour.
◈ Change in fruit colour from green to light yellow, harvesting
is done by cutting off the stalk carrying the fruits
◈ Yield
An 15 year old tree yields about 250 fruits, the individual fruit
may weigh from 1kg to about 20 kg.
◈ Storage
Fruits are stored for 2-3 months at 50C with 85-90% relative
humidity and 1 week under room temperature.

41. Pests and diseases :
◈ Pests
Although a number of pests are known to attack
jack fruit, the most important are
◈ Shoot and trunk borer- Margaronia caesalis,
brown weevil, mealy bug, Jack scale etc.are
found to attack jack fruit which can be controlled
by use of suitable contact insecticide.
◈ Diseases
Stem rot, male inflorescence.

44. Cultural Significance:
◈ The jackfruit has played a significant role in Indian
agriculture for centuries. Archeological findings in India have
revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3000 to 6000
years ago.It has also been widely cultivated in Southeast
Asia.
◈ The ornate wooden plank called avani palaka, made of the
wood of the jackfruit tree, is used as the priest's seat during
Hindu ceremonies in Kerala. In Vietnam, jackfruit wood is
prized for the making of Buddhist statues in temple .Thee
heartwood is used by Buddist forest monastics in Southeast
Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those
traditions their distinctive light-brown color.

48. Production and marketing:
◈ In 2017, India produced 1.4 million tonnes of
jackfruit, followed by Bangladesh, Thailand,
and Indonesia.
◈ The marketing of jackfruit involves three groups:
producers, traders, and middlemen, including
wholesalers and retailers. The marketing
channels are rather complex. Large farms sell
immature fruit to wholesalers, which helps cash
flow and reduces risk, whereas medium-sized
farms sell the fruit directly to local markets or
retailers.

50. ◈ Packed jackfruit sold in a market.• Extracting the jackfruit arils and separating the seeds
from the flesh

51. References :
◈ www.icarecourse.com
◈ Wikipedia.org
◈ http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in.
◈ https://www.academia.edu/36433318/Postharve
st_Handling_of_Jackfruit.
◈ http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_TNAU
_varieties_fc_jack.html.