Permanent teeth Anatomy.pptx

MORPHOLOGY
OF
PRIMARY
DENTITION
By
Dr. Aishwaryaa

• Primary teeth are called ‘Deciduos teeth’. Deciduous comes from
latin word ‘Decidere’ means to ‘to fall off’
• Dental formulae
Incisors 2/2 Canines 1/1 Molars 2/2= 5 Maxillary teeth per quadrant
5 Mandibular teeth per quadrant
• FDI Tooth numbering system – 55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65
85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75
• Sequence of eruption – A B D C E
Introduction

FUNCTIONS OF PRIMARY TEETH
• Mastication
• Esthetics and appearance
• Speech
• Maintainance of space
• Growth of jaws

Difference between primary and permanent teeth
Criteria Primary Permanent
No of Teeth 20 32
Colour • Less pigmented
• Whiter due to opaque
enamel
• Refractive index- 1
• More pigmented
• Darker due to
transleucent enamel
Composition • Mineral- 92.5%
• Ca- 37.6%
• P- 17.9%
• Co2- 2.47%
• Organic- 2-4%
• Water- 2.8%
• Mineral- 95.4%
• Ca – 36.8%
• P- 19.2%
• Co2 – 2.52%
• Organic – 0.5% - 2.0%
• Water- 2% - 2.3%
Crown • Small and more bulbous
• Wider Mesiodistally
• Molars are sharply
constricted
• Mamelons absent
• 1st Molar is smaller than
2nd Molar
• Larger
• Larger Cervicoincisally
• Molars have less
constriction of neck
• Mamelons present
• 1st Molar is larger than
2nd Molar

Cingulum More pronounced Less pronounced
Contact Broad and flat contact
areas situated gingivally
Rounded contact points
situated occlusally
Cervical constriction Marked cervical
constriction
Less marked cervical
constriction
Enamel thickness Thin (0.5 – 1mm)
Uniform thickness
Thickness twice that of
primary (2.5mm)
Dentin thickness Less bulk Thicker
Enamel rods on the
gingival third of crown
Extend in an occlusal
direction from the DEJ
Extend in a cervical
direction
Cervical ridges More pronounced Less pronounced

Pulp • The pulp chambers are
large
• Pulp horns are located at
a higher level- Mesial
pulp horns
• The root canals are
narrower and torturous
• The pulp is highly
vascular and has high
potential for repair
• Pulp chambers are small
• Pulp horns are relatively
away from enamel
• The root canals wider
• The pulp is not highly
vascular and the potential
defence is less compared
to primary tooth
Roots • Roots of anterior are
narrower mesiodistally
• Roots are longer and
slender
• Flaring of roots is more
• Undergoes physiological
resorption
• Roots are wider
mesiodistally
• Roots are shorter
• Roots do not flare at the
cervical region
• Do not undergo
physiologic resorption

PRIMARY MAXILLARY CENTRAL INCISOR
Measurements
 Overall Length – 16.0mm
 Length of Crown – 6.0mm
 Length of Root – 10.0mm
 Mesiodistal diameter of crown – 6.5mm
 Mesiodistal diameter of crown at cervix – 4.5mm
 Labiolingual diameter of crown – 5.0mm
 Labiolingual diameter of crown at cervix – 4.0mm
0

Labial Aspect- Crown
 The crown is wider mesiodistally than cervicoincisal
length
 The incisal surface of the deciduous maxillary central
incisor slopes towards the distal aspect.
 The mesioincisal angle is sharp and the distoincisal
angle is rounded.
Labial Aspect- Root
 The root is single and conical in shape with even taper
sides.

Lingual Aspect- Crown
 Lingual aspect of crown shows well developed
marginal ridges and highly developed cingulum.
 The cingulum extends up towards the incisal
ridge, dividing it into mesial and distal fossa
Lingual Aspect- Root
 The root is narrower on the lingual side
 The cross section through the root where it joins
the crown shows an outline that is somewhat
triangular in shape

PRIMARY MAXILLARY CENTRAL
INCISOR
Mesial Aspect - Crown
 Curvature is more distinct on the mesial aspect
of the tooth
 The crown at the cervical third is wide in its
relation to its total length
 The cervical portion of the crown has well-
developed cervical ridges of enamel. This
feature is visible both from the mesial and distal
aspects
Mesial Aspect – Root
 The root appears more blunt from this aspect,
with even taper and shape of a long cone
 The mesial surface of the root has either a
developmental depression or groove.

Distal Aspect
 The curvature of the cervical line(CEJ) on the
distal aspect is less distinct compared to the
mesial aspect.
 The mesial and distal surfaces of the tooth are
relatively broad to make good contact areas
with the adjoining teeth
 The crown and the root on the distal aspect are
convex and there is no developmental
depression or groove.

Incisal Aspect
 The incisal ridge is straight mesiodistally.
 The crown appears wider as compared to the
labiolingual dimension.
 The labial surface of the tooth is more broad and
smooth as compared to the lingual surface.
 The lingual surface tapers towards cingulum
 The incisal edge joins the mesial surface at an acute
angle and distal surface at an obtuse angle

Pulp cavity
 Consists of 3 slight projections on incisal border
i.e., 3 pulp horns
 The pulp canal tapers evenly till the apical
foramen
 No distinct demarcatioon between canal and
chamber

PRIMARY MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR
Measurements
 Mesiodistal diameter of crown at crevix – 3.7mm
11.4

Labial Aspect - Crown
 This tooth is longer cervicoincisally as compared to
the mesiodistal dimensions.
 The distoincisal angles are more rounded as
compared to the deciduous central incisor
Labial Aspect – Root
 The root is longer and sharp
 Usually the apex is deflected distally

Lingual Aspect - Crown
 The mesial and the distal marginal ridges
cingulum are less pronounced as compared to
the central incisor.
Lingual Aspect - Root
 Mesial and distal surfaces of the root are visible
from this aspect.

Proximal Aspect
 Mesial and distal surfaces are convex
 The mesial surface being slightly longer and
more convex than the distal surface
 The curvature of cervical line is less distally
compared to the mesial aspect.

Incisal Aspect
 The incisal edge is relatively straight with
rounded distoincisal angles.

Pulp cavity
 The pulp chamber and canal follows the
contour of the tooth
 There is no distinct demarcation of the pulp
chamber and the canal
 The distance from incisal edge to the pulp
is 2.6mm and 0.9mm from DEJ.

Primary Maxillary Central
Incisor
Primary Maxillary
Lateral Incisor
Labial • Wider Mesiodistally
• Distoincisal angle is
rounded and obtuse
• Longer
Cervicoincisally
• Distoincisal angle is
more rounded than
centrals
Lingual More pronounced cingulam
and marginal ridges
Less pronounced
cingulam and marginal
ridges
Proximal Convex Convex
Incisal • Wider mesiodistally • Wider labiolingually
Root Single, conical, Rounded
apex
Single long gradually
tapering apex. The apex
is deflected distally

PRIMARY MANDIBULAR CENTRAL INCISOR
Measurements
9.0
5.0

 The crown is wide mesiodistally as compared to
the cervico-incisal length of the crown
 The mesioincisal angle and the distoincisal angle
are sharp and the Incisal edge is straight with no
irregularities so the tooth appears more
symmetrical.
Labial Aspect - Root
 The root is long and evenly tapered. The root of
the tooth is twice the length of its crown.

Lingual Aspect
 The mesial and the distal marginal ridges and cingulum
are not very well developed
 Shallow lingual fossa is present
 The crown and the root converge towards the lingual
aspect.

Mesial Aspect
 The incisal ridge from the mesial aspect is centered
over the root apex.
 The cervical third portion of the crown is more
convex.
 The mesial surface of the root is almost flat with no
developmental groove or depression
Distal Aspect
 The cervical line has a little curvature towards the
incisal ridge as compared to the mesial aspect.
 A shallow developmental depression is present on the
root surface.

Incisal Aspect
 The incisal ridge is straight and bisects the crown
labiolingually.
 The labial surface is slightly convex and smooth.
 The lingual surface is slightly concave because of less
development of marginal ridges, cingulum, and
shallow lingual fossa.

Pulp cavity
 Pulp cavity conforms to the general surface
contour of the tooth. The pulp chamber is
widest mesiodistally at the roof of the chamber.
 The pulp canal is oval in appearance and tapers
towards the apex

PRIMARY MANDIBULAR LATERAL INCISOR
Resembles Primary maxillary CENTRAL INCISOR
Measurements
 Labiolingual diameter of crown at crevix - 3.5mm
10.0

 The labial surface is smooth with no developmental
depression or groove
 The Crown is wider and longer
 The incisal ridge slopes towards the distal side.
 The distoincisal angle is more rounded
 In the apical third the root has a slight curvature
towards the distal side of the tooth
 The root of this tooth is longer than the root of the
deciduous mandibular central incisor

Lingual Aspect
 The cingulum , the mesial and the distal marginal
ridges are more well developed as compared to the
cingulum of the deciduous mandibular central
incisor.
 The lingual fossa is slightly deeper
 The mesial and the distal aspect of the crown and
the root are slightly visible because of the crown
and the root convergence towards the lingual aspect

Mesial Aspect
 Pronounced convexity at the cervical third of the
crown on the buccal and lingual aspect
 The mesial surface of the root is flat and evenly
tapered towards the apex of the root
Distal Aspect
 The cervical line on the distal aspect of the deciduous
mandibular lateral incisor is less curved towards the
incisal aspect.
 A longitudinal developmental groove or depression is
present on the root surface.

PRIMARY MANDIBULAR LATERAL
INCISOR
Incisal Aspect
 The incisal edge slopes towards the distal aspect of
the tooth
 Asymmetry in shape is because of the curvature of
the incisal ridge and position of the cingulum which
is offset more towards the distal side.
 The labial surface of the crown is more convex as
compared to the deciduous mandibular central
incisor.
 The center of the lingual surface of the crown is
more concave because of well-developed marginal
ridges and cingulum.

Pulp cavity
 Follows the anatomy of the tooth
 The chamber is widest mesiodistally at the roof
of the chamber
 The pulp is present 2.6mm from the incisal edge

Primary Mandibular Central Incisor Primary Mandibular Lateral Incisor
Narrow and smallest incisors except
Labiolingually
Larger in all dimension except
Labiolingually
Cingulum Less pronounced Cingulum is more pronounced
Mesial and distal aspects convex Mesial and distal aspects convex
Incisal edge is straight Incisal edge slope towards distal aspect
Pulp chamber is widest mesiodistally with
definite demarcation between pulp
chamber and canal
Pulp chamber is widest mesiodistally
with ill defined demarcation

PRIMARY MAXILLARY CANINE
Measurements
5
13.5
0.7
0.7

Labial Aspect
 The cusp tip of the deciduous maxillary canine is
sharper than permanent maxillary canine.
 The labial outline of the crown is a diamond shape.
 The mesiodistal dimension of the crown is slightly
more as compared to incisocervical length of the
crown.
 The mesial slope is larger as compared to the distal
cusp slope.
 Three lobes are present – the central, the mesial and
the distal. Two developmental grooves namely
mesiolabial and distolabial
 A single conical root is present that inclines towards
the distal aspect
 The root of the deciduous maxillary canine is long as
compared to all deciduous teeth

Lingual Aspect
 The mesial and the distal marginal ridges and
cingulum are well developed
 A lingual ridge is present that divides the lingual
fossa into two fossae namely mesiopalatal fossa
and distopalatal fossa

Mesial Aspect
 The mesial and distal surfaces are convex
 The labial cervical ridge is prominent
 The curvature of the cervical line is more
pronounced
Distal Aspect
 The curvature of the cervical line is less on the
distal aspect as compared to the mesial aspect.
 The root of the deciduous maxillary canine
appears bulky. The greater bulk of the root is in
the cervical and middle third of the crown.

Incisal Aspect
 The cusp tip of this tooth is offset more towards the
distal side.
 The cingulum is usually present in the center on the
lingual aspect but sometimes slightly offset towards
the distal aspect.
 The mesial portion of the incisal edge is longer for
better intercuspation with the mandibular canine

Pulp cavity
 There are three pulp horns- Mesial,
Central and Distal
 The central horn is longest and mesial is
the shortest
 The central pulp horn is 3.2mm from the
incisal edge
 The pulp canal shows marked
constriction at the apical third of the root

PRIMARY MANIBULAR CANINE
Measurements
 Labiolingual diameter of crown at crevix - 4.0mm
6.0
11.5

Labial Aspect
 The cusp tip is more towards the mesial
side. Due to the mesial shift of the cusp tip
the distal cusp slope is larger as compared
to the mesial cusp slope.
 The cervical ridge is not prominent as
compared to the deciduous maxillary
canine.
 The tooth has a single conical root. In the
apical half, there is a slight curvature
towards the distal aspect.

Lingual Aspect
 The cingulum, lingual ridge, the marginal
ridges are less developed
 The lingual surface of the crown is smooth
with shallow lingual fossae.
 The crown and the root tapers towards the
lingual aspect

Mesial Aspect
 The cervical ridges that are present on the labial
and the lingual portion of the crown are less
prominent as compared to the deciduous maxillary
canine
 The mesial root surface is smooth with no
developmental depression
Distal Aspect
 The cervical line curvature is towards the incisal
aspect. The extent of the curvature is less in distal
as compared to the mesial aspect
 The root surface has a shallow developmental
depression

Incisal Aspect
 The labiolingual dimension of the tooth is
slightly less as compared to the deciduous
maxillary canine.
 The labial surface is convex at the cervical
third of the crown.
 The cusp tip is more towards the mesial aspect.
 The lingual surface of the tooth from the incisal
aspect appears smooth.

Pulp cavity
 The pulp cavity conforms to the contour of
the tooth
 There is no differentiation between pulp
chamber and root canal
 The root canal terminates with an abrupt
constriction at the apical foramen
 The pulp is 3mm from the incisal edge

Maxillary Canine Mandibular Canine
Mesiodistally wider. Labial surface
convex with mesial slope longer than
distal
Cervicoincisally longer. Labial surface
convex with Distal slope longer than
mesial
Prominent lingual ridge and marginal
ridges
Less prominent lingual ridge and
marginal ridges
Proximal surfaces are convex Proximal surfaces are convex
• Diamond shaped, Cingulum, mesial
and distal angle and cervical ridge
are more pronounced
• The tip of the cusp is centered
• Cingulum, mesial and distal angle
and cervical ridge are less
pronounced
• The tip of the cusp is distal to the
centre of the crown
Long and large root. The apex is
deflected towards distaly and labialy
Sharp apex, broader labiolingual
diameter with straight root

PRIMARY MAXILLARY 1ST MOLAR
Measurements
• Overall Length – 15.2mm
• Length of Crown – 5.1mm
• Length of Root – 10.0mm
• Mesiodistal diameter of crown – 7.3mm
• Mesiodistal diameter of crown at crevix – 5.2mm
• Labiolingual diameter of crown – 8.5mm
• Labiolingual diameter of crown at crevix – 6.9mm

Labial Aspect- Crown
 Wider mesiodistally than its cervico-occlusal
height.
 Constricted at the neck, with proximal walls
diverging occlusally.
 `The buccal surface is smooth, evidence of
developmental grooves present wich divides into
mesiobuccal(Larger) and distobuccal cusp
 The buccal cervical ridge, is prominent on
primary 1st molar both maxillary and
mandibular
Labial Aspect- Root
 Roots are slender long and widely spread
 Distal root is considerably shorter than the
mesial one
 Bifurcation begins almost at CEJ

Lingual Aspect – Crown
 Crown converges in lingual direction
 The mesiolingual cusp is the most prominent,
longest and sharpest cusp
 The distolingual cusp is poorly defined, it is
small and rounded
Lingual Aspect – Root
 All three roots are seen from this aspect
 The lingual root is larger than others

Mesial Aspect – Crown
 The dimension at the cervical third is greater
than the dimension at occlusal third
 The mesiolingual cusp is longer and sharper than
the mesiobuccal cusp
 The mesiobuccal and lingual roots are visible
only when looking at the mesial side
 The lingual root is long, slender and curves
sharply in a buccal direction above the middle
third

Distal Aspect – Crown
 The crown is narrower distally than mesially
 The distobuccal cusp is long and sharp
 The distal surface is more convex than the mesial
 The cervical line is less curved or straight on this
aspect
Distal Aspect – Root
 All three roots are seen from this angle, but the
distobuccaal root is superimposed on the
mesiobucccal root

Occlusal Aspect
 Occlusal outline is roughly quadrilateral. The
groove pattern is often describe as a H-pattern.
 Four cusps- mesiolingual> Mesiobuccal>
Distobuccal> Distolingual
 Three fossae—a central fossa, a mesial
triangular fossa(Large) and a distal triangular
fossa
 The mesial and distal marginal ridges form the
2 smaller sides/arms of the occlusal
quadrilateral form.
 A well developed triangular ridge connects the
mesiolingual and distobuccal cusp and is called
the oblique ridge.
 The buccal developmental groove separates the
mesiobuccal and distobuccal cusps and may
extend onto buccal surface. The distal
developmental groove divides the smaller
distolingual cusps

Pulp Cavity
 Consists of a pulp chamber and 3 pulp canals
corresponding to 3 root
 The pulp chamber has three or for pulp horns
corresponding to the cusps
 MB>ML>DB
 The occlusal view of pulp chamber resembles
triangle with round corners

PRIMARY MAXILLARY 2nd MOLAR
Measurements
 Labiolingual diameter of crown at cervix - 8.3mm

Buccal Aspect – Crown
 Resembles Permanent maxillary 1st molar
 The buccal surface is divided by Buccal
developmental groove into mesiobuccal
cusp(Large) and distobuccal cusp
 There is a prominent cervical ridge and the
buccal surface is widest mesiodistally at the
contact areas and constricts towards cervix
Buccal Aspect – Root
 The roots are slender, longer and heavier
 Point of bifurcation is close to CEJ

 Three cusps
1. Mesiolingual cusp – Largest
2. Distolingual cusp
3. Supplemental cusp or Cusp of carabelli or
fifth cusp - poorly developed cusp, seen apical to the
mesiolingual cusp
 A well defined Lingual developmental groove
seperates the mesio lingual and distolingual cusp
 The mesial marginal ridge is well developed and
the cervical line is straighter.
Lingual Aspect – Root
 All three roots are visible
 Lingual root is large and thick

 Resembles permanent molar
 The crown appears short as the buccolingual
width is greater than the height of the crown.
 Mesiolingual cusp with its 5th cusp appears
large
 Contact area is broad and inverted cresent in
shape.
 The mesiobuccal root is broad and flat
 The bifurcation between the mesiobuccal root
and palatal root is 2-3mm from the cervical line

 The distobuccal and distolingual cusps are
almost at the same level.
 The contact area is broad and inverted cresent
shaped.
 The cervical line is approximately straight
Distal Aspect – Root
 All three roots are seen
 The bifurcation between the distobuccal and
palatal root is even more apical

Occlusal Aspect – Crown
 Resembles the first permanent first molar
 Rhomboidal in shape with 4 well developed cusps
and one supplemental cusps mesiolingual >
mesiobuccal > distobuccal > distolingual > fifth
cusp
 Both the mesial and distal triangular fossa are well
defined next to mesial and distal marginal ridge
 The prominent oblique ridge connects the
mesiopalatal cusp with the distobuccal cusp
 Well developmental Central groove is present at the
bottom of sulcus. The buccal and the lingual
developmental grooves arise from the central pit,
and ends on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the
crown respectively

Pulp cavity
 Pulp chamber confines to the outline of the
tooth and has 4 pulpal horns
 A 5th horn from lingual aspect of mesiolingual
horn may be present
 Mesiobuccal pulp horn is largest and is
2.8mm from cusp tip.

PRIMARY MANDIBULAR 1ST MOLAR
Measurements

Labial Aspect – Crown
 From the buccal aspect, the mesial outline is almost
straight and the distal outline converges at the cervix.
 The distal portion of the crown is shorter than the
mesial portion.
 The mesiobuccal(larger) and distobuccal cusps are
distinct but has no developmental groove between
them.
 The cervical outline is distinct, it is slightly convex near
the distal surface of tooth
 Marked buccogingival ridge which reaches its greatest
curvature at the mesiobuccal angle of the crown.
 The roots are long slender and spread widely at the
apical third beyond the outline of the crown
 Resembles fusion of two teeth ended in straight single
combination

 The sharp and prominent mesiolingual cusp is an
outstanding characteristic feature
 The lingual developmental groove divides the
surface into larger mesiolingual cusp and smaller
distolingual cusp
 The mesial marginal ridge is well developed and
the cervical line is straighter

 From the mesial aspect, extreme curvature buccally
at the cervical third is visible.
 The mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusps are present
with a well defined mesial marginal ridge.
 The cervical line drops buccally due to the
prominent mesiobuccal ridge.
Mesial Aspect - Root
 The mesial root tapers only slightly at the apical
third and has a flat root end with a developmental
groove on its mesial surface.

 The cervical line does not drop buccally.
 Distal cusps are not as long and sharp as the mesial
cusps and the distal marginal ridge is not well
defined.
Distal Aspect - Root
 The distal root is rounder and shorter and tapers
more apically when compared to mesial root.

Occlusal Aspect
 The occlusal form is rhomboidal due to the
prominence present mesiobuccally.
 The mesiolingual cusp is the largest, followed
by the mesiobuccal cusp.
 Buccal and lingual developmental grooves
divide the buccal and lingual cusps occlusally.
 Among Mesial pit, central pit, distal pit, the
central pit is the deepest and all these pits are
connected by the central developmental groove.
 The mesial triangular fossa is more prominent
compared to the distal triangular fossa.

Pulp Cavity
 There are three or four pulp horns, the largest
being the mesiobuccal pulp horn
 Mesiolingual being the second longest in height
is long and pointed
 Two canals lie in the mesial root and one canal
lies in distal root
 The mesial and distal root canals are broad
buccolingually and fine mesiodistally.

PRIMARY MANDIBULAR 2nd MOLAR
Measurements
9

Labial Aspect – Crown
 Two developmental grooves - mesiobuccal and
distobuccal, divides the buccal surface into three
cusps distobuccal, mesiobuccal and distal in
descending order
 Well developed cervical ridge extends along
entire width of the buccal surface just above the
neck of the tooth
Labial Aspect – Root
 The roots are slender and long and flare
mesiodistally
 The bifurcation starts immediately below CEJ

Lingual Aspect
 The two lingual cusps are not quite as wide as
the three buccal cusps, this arrangement
narrows the crown lingually.
 The cervical line is relatively straight
 Two cusps are divided almost equally by a
lingual developmental groove

Mesial Aspect
 The surface is convex and flattens cervically.
 The buccal and the lingual outlines occlusally
constrict with a high mesial marginal ridge.
 The mesiolingual cusp is longer than the
mesiobuccal cusp.
 The mesial root is unusually broad and flat with
a blunt apex.

Distal Aspect
 The crown is not as wide distally as mesially.
 The distolingual cusp is well developed and a
triangular ridge arises from the tip into the occlusal
surface.
 Contact area is not broad and has a round contact.
 The distal root is as broad as mesial root but tapers
more at the apical end.

Primary Mandibular Second Molar
Occlusal Aspect
 The occlusal form is somewhat rectangular
with three buccal and two lingual cusps.
 Well defined triangular ridges arise from each
cusp tip that ends in the central developmental
groove.
 The mesial and distal marginal ridges are well
developed.
 Distal triangular fossa is not as well defined as
the mesial triangular fossa.
 The buccal and lingual developmental grooves
arise from the central groove, divide the buccal
and lingual cusps and end on the respective
surfaces.

Pulpal Cavity
 Five pulp horns- mesiobuccal and
mesiolingual are at higher position than
the distobuccal and distolingual pulp
horns.
 The mesiobuccal pulp horn is 2.8mm from
the cusp tip whereas the distobuccal horn
is 3.1mm from the cusp tip.

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Pulp horns are higher and closer to outer
surface, thus depth of cavity preparation has
to be shallow
• Especially the mesiobuccal pulp horn in
mandibular 1st primary molar
• Thinner Enamel so there will be less
retention from acid etching compared to
permanent teeth
• At the cervical third the rods are occlusally
directed. So in class II preparation gingival
bevel is not required

 Cervical ridges are more pronounced for
better retention of stainless steel crowns
 Narrow occlusal table - the buccolingual
width of cavity should be less and cuspal
strength has to be maintained.
 Cervical constriction is more - Special
care has to be taken while gingival floor of
class II cavity preparation.
 Supplemental grooves are more so more
prone to caries due to easy food
lodgement. Pit and fissure sealants
advisable

Contact areas
Contact areas between the primary molars are
broad flat and farther situated gingivally. The
clinical significance are:
 Interproximal caries will be extensive
before they are clinically observable
 Buccal and lingual margins of proximal
box in class II restoration should extend
towards embrasure to make them
accessible for self cleansing
 As the proximal caries starts below the
contact area, gingival seat must be taken
below the contact areas

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
 Gozde Ozcan et al in 2015
 Evaluation of root canal morphology of human primary
molars by using CBCT
 Primary molars showed variability in the number of roots
and root canals.
 As far as length of the roots was concerned, the palatal
root of the maxillary molar was found to be longest, while
the distobuccal root was shortest. In mandibular molars,
the mesial root was longer than the distal root
 The number of roots and root canals varied from two to
four and three to four, respectively

 MORPHOLOGICAL
VARIATIONS
 Navin hadadi krishnamurthy et al (2017)
 Anatomical Configuration of Roots and Canal Morphology
of Primary Mandibular First Molars: A CBCT Study
 Majority of the primary mandibular first molars (68.3%)
had two roots and three canals, 20.0% had two roots and
four canals and 11.7% had three roots and three canals.
 There was no statistical difference between genders in the
variance of root and canal number and morphology.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
 Jesús Ticona Flores et al in 2022
 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Applied to the Study of
Root Morphological Characteristics of Deciduous Teeth
 Two supernumerary roots were found in the mandibular first molars
in a lingual position. All of the roots of the maxillary first molar
present only one canal was found in a high percentage of the sample,
and the frequency with which the two mesial and distal canals are
presented is 51.1% and 38.2%, respectively.
 Weine’s type I is the most frequent in all of the molars. The
mesiobuccal canal of the second molar is the one that presents a
considerable angulation with greater frequency.

REFRENCES
 Marwah N. Textbook of pediatric dentistry. JP Medical Ltd; 2018.
 Nelson. Textbook of Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology and
Occlusion. Elsevier health sciences; 2007.
 Sridhar Premkumar. Manual of Pediatric Dentistry. Jaypee; 2014.
 MS Muthu. Pediatric dentistry principles and practice. Elsevier
health sciences; 2014.
 SN Bhaskar. Orban’s Oral Histology and Embryology. Elsevier
health sciences; 2015.
 Navin hadadi krishnamurthy et al. Anatomical Configuration of
Roots and Canal Morphology of Primary Mandibular First Molars:
A CBCT Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017
Nov, Vol-11(11): ZC09-ZC11

REFRENCES
 Ticona-Flores, J.; Diéguez-Pérez, M. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
(CBTC) Applied to the Study of Root Morphological Characteristics of
Deciduous Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health 2022, 19, 9162.
 Ozcan G et al. Evaluation of root canal morphology of human primary
molars by using CBCT and comprehensive review of the literature.Acta
Odontol Scand. 2016;74(4):250-8.

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