Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) are a kind of energy harvester that generates electricity due to pressure or vibration. Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is a method that utilized wind energy and bluff body to generate the vibration in PEH. The objective of this research was to study the output voltage that generates in different bluff bodies with various airflow velocities. Experimental and simulation have done in this study. Experimental used PEH that consists of piezoelectric bimorph and rectangular-trapezoid fin. Bluff bodies with various cross-sectional areas, namely rhombus, square, and triangle were set up in front of the PEH at a distance of 80 cm. The various air velocities are set up to 5, 7, and 9 m/s in the wind tunnel with a cross-section of 250 mm × 250 mm. The simulation used the finite element method in explore the fluid flow pattern. The rhombus cross-sectional bluff body can generate voltage with an average of 1.5 volts. It is more voltage generated than a square and triangle. A vortex is formed near the rhombus bluff body and generates pressure fluctuation in its wake region. This pressure fluctuation takes place until airflow hits and leads PEH to vibrate and generate the voltage.
Triboelectric generator using mesoporous polydimethylsiloxane and gold layerjournalBEEI
This paper presents a triboelectric generator using mesoporous (PDMS) polydimethylsiloxane and gold layer which was demonstrated in energy harvesting applications. The performance of power generation by the means of triboelectric principle at a small dimension, namely triboelectric generator is characterized. In this paper, triboelectric generator device adapted vertical contact-separation operation mode, whereby the device derives power generation based on contact electrification caused by cyclic tapping motion. Being primarily a two-layer structure, this device comprises a top layer of aluminum (Al) electrode coated with mesoporous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and another bottom layer of Al electrode coated with gold (Au) deposit. The characterization of this device is done by varying frequencies and cyclic compression force applied to triboelectric generator. The optimal performance of the 2 cm x 2 cm triboelectric generator contact surface area generated an open-circuit voltage of 4.4 V and a current of 0.1 µA at 5 Hz frequency. This research and device can be improved by magnifying the effective surface area of triboelectric generator to generate significant power for small base area.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
Exergy Assessment of Photovoltaic Thermal with V-groove Collector Using Theor...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The solution of the environmental problems because of fuel fossil is to use new and renewable
energy. There are many studies about energy analysis of solar collector with v-groove but exergy analysis
of photovoltaic thermal system with v-groove is still less especially by theoretical study. Photovoltaic
thermal with v-groove collector has been conducted the exergy analysis by theoretical assessment. The
matrix inversion methods were used to analyze the energy balance equation. The theoretical assessment
was conducted under the solar intensity of 385 W/m2, 575 W/m2, and 875 W/m2 and mass flow rate
between 0.01 and 0.05 kg/s. The maximum exergy efficiency and exergy of PVT system with v -groove
collector were 17.80% and 86.32 Watt at the solar intensity of 875 W/m2.
Piezoelectric energy harvesting based on vibration Ravi Kannappan
This document reviews piezoelectric energy harvesting from mechanical vibration. It discusses various piezoelectric energy harvesting device designs including cantilever, cymbal, stack, shell, and new material designs. Common piezoelectric materials like PZT are reviewed as well as new materials like aluminum nitride. Circuit designs for harvesting energy from the alternating current output of piezoelectric materials are also summarized, including full wave rectification and synchronized switching rectification. The document concludes that while vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesting has potential, challenges remain in low power circuit activation and energy storage from the small amounts of harvested energy.
This document discusses the optimization of a piezo-fibre composite with integrated digitated electrodes (PFC-W14) embedded in a multilayer glass fibre composite for energy harvesting. Eight composites were fabricated with PFC-W14 placed at different layers and in different numbers to study their strain and voltage output. Vibration testing at various frequencies found the maximum voltage generated for each composite. Results provide guidelines for designing energy harvesting structures by optimizing piezo placement and layer thickness.
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The most efficient and connected alternative for increasing the use of local renewable energy sources is a hybrid microgrid, these systems face additional challenges due to the integration of power electronics, energy storage technologies and traditional power plants. The hybrid alternating currentdirect current (AC-DC) microgrid that is the subject of this research uses a primary-droop control system to regulate state variables and auxiliary services, thus, it is composed of batteries, solar panels and a miniature wind turbine (PDC) and controls how each energy source in a microgrid contributes to the final product. To achieve the given objectives, this paper will create appropriate models for each part of the microgrid design and define, among them, the energy storage batteries and power electronic converters required for each level of each of these systems. Finally, the dynamic nature of the system will be critically evaluated and characterized, to distribute the load and reduce imbalances, modify the primary drop of the resulting microgrid using MATLAB simulation.
This document discusses various methods of wireless electrical power generation including piezoelectric, induction, pyroelectric, electrodynamic induction, electrostatic induction, and electrical conduction methods. Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical strain energy into electrical charge through the direct and converse piezoelectric effects. Induction uses electromagnetic coupling through mutual induction to transfer energy between circuits without direct connection. Pyroelectric materials convert temperature changes into electric current or voltage. Electrodynamic induction uses resonant inductive coupling to improve efficiency over distance compared to non-resonant induction. Future applications discussed include powering wearable electronics and generating electricity from human motion at train stations.
Airfoil linear wind generator (alwg) as a novel wind energy extraction approachijmech
Linear wind generator (LWG) is a sufficient way of wind energy harnessing process. However, complicated
LWG energy extraction mechanism such as complex system for transferring linear motion to rotational
motion and problems related to changing the angle of attack is resulted to energy dissipation. In the other
hand the linear generator that delivers ocean wave energy to electricity has been developed as a new renewable energy extraction method. Some of the problems associated with this technology are corrosion,
high cost of manufacturing, high requirement for installation and construction, economical consideration,etc. In the most recent works, low dissipation energy in mechanism, low cost, simplicity and high performance are highly regarded as environmentally friendly methods for wind energy extraction mechanisms. In the current study, we would like to introduce a new and efficient method to extract wind energy using airfoil linear wind generator(ALWG). ALWG is a new method that produces liner reciprocating motion via attached airfoils to a mover in a magnetic field in order to generate electricity.The most important advantage of ALWG is its simplicity and its compatibility to all wind situations that can be more controllable relative to ocean-based and also relative to LWG that become challengeable problem.
Triboelectric generator using mesoporous polydimethylsiloxane and gold layerjournalBEEI
This paper presents a triboelectric generator using mesoporous (PDMS) polydimethylsiloxane and gold layer which was demonstrated in energy harvesting applications. The performance of power generation by the means of triboelectric principle at a small dimension, namely triboelectric generator is characterized. In this paper, triboelectric generator device adapted vertical contact-separation operation mode, whereby the device derives power generation based on contact electrification caused by cyclic tapping motion. Being primarily a two-layer structure, this device comprises a top layer of aluminum (Al) electrode coated with mesoporous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and another bottom layer of Al electrode coated with gold (Au) deposit. The characterization of this device is done by varying frequencies and cyclic compression force applied to triboelectric generator. The optimal performance of the 2 cm x 2 cm triboelectric generator contact surface area generated an open-circuit voltage of 4.4 V and a current of 0.1 µA at 5 Hz frequency. This research and device can be improved by magnifying the effective surface area of triboelectric generator to generate significant power for small base area.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
Exergy Assessment of Photovoltaic Thermal with V-groove Collector Using Theor...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The solution of the environmental problems because of fuel fossil is to use new and renewable
energy. There are many studies about energy analysis of solar collector with v-groove but exergy analysis
of photovoltaic thermal system with v-groove is still less especially by theoretical study. Photovoltaic
thermal with v-groove collector has been conducted the exergy analysis by theoretical assessment. The
matrix inversion methods were used to analyze the energy balance equation. The theoretical assessment
was conducted under the solar intensity of 385 W/m2, 575 W/m2, and 875 W/m2 and mass flow rate
between 0.01 and 0.05 kg/s. The maximum exergy efficiency and exergy of PVT system with v -groove
collector were 17.80% and 86.32 Watt at the solar intensity of 875 W/m2.
Piezoelectric energy harvesting based on vibration Ravi Kannappan
This document reviews piezoelectric energy harvesting from mechanical vibration. It discusses various piezoelectric energy harvesting device designs including cantilever, cymbal, stack, shell, and new material designs. Common piezoelectric materials like PZT are reviewed as well as new materials like aluminum nitride. Circuit designs for harvesting energy from the alternating current output of piezoelectric materials are also summarized, including full wave rectification and synchronized switching rectification. The document concludes that while vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesting has potential, challenges remain in low power circuit activation and energy storage from the small amounts of harvested energy.
This document discusses the optimization of a piezo-fibre composite with integrated digitated electrodes (PFC-W14) embedded in a multilayer glass fibre composite for energy harvesting. Eight composites were fabricated with PFC-W14 placed at different layers and in different numbers to study their strain and voltage output. Vibration testing at various frequencies found the maximum voltage generated for each composite. Results provide guidelines for designing energy harvesting structures by optimizing piezo placement and layer thickness.
Modelling and simulation for energy management of a hybrid microgrid with dro...IJECEIAES
The most efficient and connected alternative for increasing the use of local renewable energy sources is a hybrid microgrid, these systems face additional challenges due to the integration of power electronics, energy storage technologies and traditional power plants. The hybrid alternating currentdirect current (AC-DC) microgrid that is the subject of this research uses a primary-droop control system to regulate state variables and auxiliary services, thus, it is composed of batteries, solar panels and a miniature wind turbine (PDC) and controls how each energy source in a microgrid contributes to the final product. To achieve the given objectives, this paper will create appropriate models for each part of the microgrid design and define, among them, the energy storage batteries and power electronic converters required for each level of each of these systems. Finally, the dynamic nature of the system will be critically evaluated and characterized, to distribute the load and reduce imbalances, modify the primary drop of the resulting microgrid using MATLAB simulation.
This document discusses various methods of wireless electrical power generation including piezoelectric, induction, pyroelectric, electrodynamic induction, electrostatic induction, and electrical conduction methods. Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical strain energy into electrical charge through the direct and converse piezoelectric effects. Induction uses electromagnetic coupling through mutual induction to transfer energy between circuits without direct connection. Pyroelectric materials convert temperature changes into electric current or voltage. Electrodynamic induction uses resonant inductive coupling to improve efficiency over distance compared to non-resonant induction. Future applications discussed include powering wearable electronics and generating electricity from human motion at train stations.
Airfoil linear wind generator (alwg) as a novel wind energy extraction approachijmech
Linear wind generator (LWG) is a sufficient way of wind energy harnessing process. However, complicated
LWG energy extraction mechanism such as complex system for transferring linear motion to rotational
motion and problems related to changing the angle of attack is resulted to energy dissipation. In the other
hand the linear generator that delivers ocean wave energy to electricity has been developed as a new renewable energy extraction method. Some of the problems associated with this technology are corrosion,
high cost of manufacturing, high requirement for installation and construction, economical consideration,etc. In the most recent works, low dissipation energy in mechanism, low cost, simplicity and high performance are highly regarded as environmentally friendly methods for wind energy extraction mechanisms. In the current study, we would like to introduce a new and efficient method to extract wind energy using airfoil linear wind generator(ALWG). ALWG is a new method that produces liner reciprocating motion via attached airfoils to a mover in a magnetic field in order to generate electricity.The most important advantage of ALWG is its simplicity and its compatibility to all wind situations that can be more controllable relative to ocean-based and also relative to LWG that become challengeable problem.
Investigate the maximum power point of photovoltaic system at different envi...IJECEIAES
The main objective of this work is to implement a circuit-based simulation model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell in order to investigate the electrical behavior of the practical cell with respect to some changes in weather parameters. The simulation model consists of three subsystems: photovoltaic cells, DC/DC converter and MPPT controller based logic fuzzy control. The maximum power control function is achieved with the appropriate power control of the power inverter. Fuzzy logic controller has been used to perform MPPT functions to get maximum power from the PV panel. The proposed circuit was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The obtained results show that the output sequence is non-linear and almost constant current to the open circuit voltage and the power has maximum motion to voltage for certain environmental conditions.
Coordination of blade pitch controller and battery energy storage using firef...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Utilization of renewable energy sources (RESs) to generate electricity is increasing significantly in recent years due to global warming situation all over the world. Among RESs type, wind energy is becoming more favorable due to its sustainability and environmentally friendly characteristics. Although wind power system provides a promising solution to prevent global warming, they also contribute to the instability of the power system, especially in frequency stability due to uncertainty characteristic of the sources (wind speed). Hence, coordinated controller between blade pitch controller and battery energy storage (BES) system to enhance the frequency performance of wind power system is proposed in this work. Firefly algorithm (FA) is used as optimization method for achieving better coordination. From the investigated test systems, the frequency performance of wind power system can be increased by applying the proposed method. It is noticeable that by applying coordinated controller between blade pitch angle controller and battery energy storage using firefly algorithm the overshoot of the frequency can be reduced up to -0.2141 pu and accelerate the settling time up to 40.14 second.
Sensors 2014, 14, 12497-12510; doi:10.3390/s140712497
sensors
ISSN 1424-8220
www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
Article
A Shoe-Embedded Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for
Wearable Sensors
Jingjing Zhao 1,2,3 and Zheng You 1,2,3,*
1 Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University,
Beijing 100084, China
3 Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
E-Mail: [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected];
Tel./Fax: +86-10-6277-6000.
Received: 1 June 2014; in revised form: 28 June 2014 / Accepted: 7 July 2014 /
Published: 11 July 2014
Abstract: Harvesting mechanical energy from human motion is an attractive approach for
obtaining clean and sustainable electric energy to power wearable sensors, which are
widely used for health monitoring, activity recognition, gait analysis and so on. This paper
studies a piezoelectric energy harvester for the parasitic mechanical energy in shoes
originated from human motion. The harvester is based on a specially designed sandwich
structure with a thin thickness, which makes it readily compatible with a shoe. Besides,
consideration is given to both high performance and excellent durability. The harvester
provides an average output power of 1 mW during a walk at a frequency of roughly 1 Hz.
Furthermore, a direct current (DC) power supply is built through integrating the harvester
with a power management circuit. The DC power supply is tested by driving a simulated
wireless transmitter, which can be activated once every 2–3 steps with an active period
lasting 5 ms and a mean power of 50 mW. This work demonstrates the feasibility of
applying piezoelectric energy harvesters to power wearable sensors.
Keywords: energy harvester; wearable sensors; power supply; wearable energy harvester
OPEN ACCESS
Sensors 2014, 14 12498
1. Introduction
Wearable sensors are becoming smaller and increasingly widely used, resulting in an increasing
need for independent and compact power supplies. Electrochemical batteries, the most common power
supplies for wearable sensors, cannot meet the need because of their limited energy storage capacity
and potential environmental and health risks, emerging as a critical bottleneck for wearable sensors.
This has driven the development of wearable energy harvesters, which harvest the mechanical energy
dissipated in human motion to provide renewable and clean energy [1]. Several concepts of wearable
energy harvesters based on different mechanisms have been studied, such as electromagnetic [2–5],
electrostatic [6], thermoelectric [7], nano-triboelectric [8] and piezoelectric [9–13]. Piezoelectric
energy harvesters and nano-triboelectric generators can convert mechani.
Electricity from vibration & its impactSagardwip das
With the growing demands of human needs the utilisation of conventional energy has increased tremendously. Consequently environmental issues like global warming etc. have risen. Keeping these facts in view this model has been prepared to present an idea on how the daily energy requirement can be fulfilled in a more practical, feasible and economical way by converting mechanical energy of vibration into electric energy
This paper presents a study analysis of a complete wind energy conversion system, the system based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); a vector control with stator flux orientation of the DFIG is also used to control independently the active and reactive powers. A comparative study have been performed between the conventional PI controller and fuzzy logic control to investigate its dynamic and static performances. This research work involves the study of a phase in advance, to provide effective assistance, to all those who have to make decisions regarding the planning and implementation of wind energy projects. The main objective is to model the wind chain and the use of two types of strategies for the control of this generator to ensure a good regulation we started with the modeling of the wind chain then the modeling of the DFIG and then the use of the two strategies for the regulation of the latter .The complete system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB/ Simulink. The performance and robustness are analyzed and compared by Matlab / Simulink .Simulation results prove the excellent performance of fuzzy control unit as improving power quality and stability of wind turbine.
Design and Simulation of Array of Rectangular Micro Cantilevers Piezoelectric...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design, analysis and simulation of MEMS based array of bimorph rectangular microcantilever piezoelectric energy harvester structure with and without tip mass, to analyze their sensitivity. The microcantilever beams are made up of piezoelectric material and Aluminium as a substrate material. The analytical simulation of design is done by FEM (COMSOL Multiphysics). The simulation results of bimorph cantilever structure, applied force of 0.1 N and obtained end displacement and electric potential developed are given. The analytical model of the cantilever beam will be analyzed and the process of its construction will be discussed. The changes in the sensitivity of a cantilever beam with respect to change in its shape for the same applied force of 0.1N are denoted.
Design Optimization of Linear Generator for a Hydrokinetic Energy ConverterIOSR Journals
This document discusses the design optimization of a linear generator for a hydrokinetic energy converter. It describes the challenges of operating a linear generator in water, including waterproofing and corrosion protection. It details the design of the linear generator's magnet array housing using neodymium magnets in a Halbach configuration within a housing made of high density polyethylene. It also describes the design of the core-coil assembly, including the use of spacers and additional windings to reduce the air gap between the magnet array and coils. Experimental results show that the optimized design with decreased air gap and additional windings increased output voltage from 80mV to 800mV.
device generating elecricity by footstep using peizoelectic materialNihir Agarwal
This document summarizes a method for generating electricity from human footstep using piezoelectric materials. It discusses how piezoelectric sensors in footwear or flooring can convert the mechanical energy from walking or running into electrical energy. The document evaluates different piezoelectric materials and connection configurations to determine the most effective design. A series-parallel connection of piezoelectric crystals is found to generate both a usable voltage and current from footstep force. This approach aims to harness wasted human energy for power generation in a cleaner and more sustainable way.
This pretension present several piezo electric material, which can be used for energy harvesting.
the simulation of this project has done by several software such as Comsol Multiphysics to study the reaction of Piezo material ,CFD computational fluid dynamic
Prototype of human footstep power generator using ultrasonic sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document summarizes a research study that developed a prototype human footstep power generator using an ultrasonic sensor. The prototype was designed to convert the mechanical energy from human footsteps into electrical energy. It uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect footstep distance and activate a motor and generator. Testing showed that deeper footstep compressions generated higher voltages, from 7.5V for light steps to 8.8V for heavy steps. The generated power was able to power two LED lamps for approximately 5 hours from a single charge. The goal of the research was to provide a low-cost alternative energy source from human foot traffic.
Topology network effects for double synchronized switch harvesting circuit on...nooriasukmaningtyas
Energy extraction takes place using several different technologies, depending on the type of energy and how it is used. The objective of this paper is to study topology influence for a smart network based on piezoelectric materials using the double synchronized switch harvesting (DSSH). In this work, has been presented network topology for circuit DSSH (DSSH Standard, Independent DSSH, DSSH in parallel, mono DSSH, and DSSH in series). Using simulation-based on a structure with embedded piezoelectric system harvesters, then compare different topology of circuit DSSH for knowledge is how to connect the circuit DSSH together and how to implement accurately this circuit strategy for maximizing the total output power. The network topology DSSH extracted power a technique allows again up to in terms of maximal power output compared with network topology standard extracted at the resonant frequency. The simulation results show that by using the same input parameters the maximum efficiency for topology DSSH in parallel produces 120% more energy than topology DSSH-series. In addition, the energy harvesting by mono-DSSH is more than DSSH-series by 650% and it has exceeded DSSHind by 240%.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AN ENERGY HARVESTING TILEIJCI JOURNAL
This paper presents development and experimental analysis of a piezoelectric mounted flexible beam
attached with an oscillating tile that can be used to scavenge energy from footsteps in crowded places. The
energy harvesting system consists of a piezoelectric bimorph cantilever beam inside a hollow box which
connects to the ground with the help of springs. Multiple piezoelectric patches are pasted on the beam.
When the foot is placed on the tile and removed, the hollow box displaces in turn causing the beam to
oscillate harvesting electrical power. A prototype is developed and the performance of the piezoelectric
energy scavenging tile is tested. The variations of power output for different load resistances are obtained
and the optimal load resistance is suggested.
Thick PZT Films Used to Develop Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters by ...Teresa Porter
Thick PZT films were evaluated for use in piezoelectric energy harvesters. 5-6 micron thick PZT layers were deposited on nickel foil substrates using RF magnetron sputtering. Analysis showed the thick PZT films had strong {100} orientation without pyrochlore phases or microcracking. Thicker PZT films can increase energy harvester power output by providing more piezoelectric material volume, though they risk cracking under stress. This study evaluated thick films to determine their viability for energy harvesting applications.
Effect analysis of the different channel length and depth of photovoltaic the...IJECEIAES
The document analyzes the effect of different channel lengths and depths on the electrical and thermal performance of a photovoltaic thermal system with a ∇-groove collector. A mathematical model is developed and simulations are conducted below 800 W/m2 solar intensity and 0.0069-0.0491 kg/s mass flow rates. Results show thermal efficiency increases nonlinearly with mass flow rate, reaching a maximum of 39.05% at 2.4m length. Electrical efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 10.43% at 2.4m length due to higher photovoltaic panel temperatures at longer lengths. Increasing mass flow rate improves both thermal and electrical performance of the ∇-groove collector.
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING adeij1
In this paper, the modeling, optimization and simulation results of the piezoelectric energy harvesting using bond graph approach are presented. Firstly, a lightweight equivalent model derived from the bond graph is proposed. It’s a comprehensive model, which is suitable for piezoelectric seismic energy harvester investigation and power optimization. The optimal charge impedance for both the resistive load and complex load are given and analysed. Finally a bond graph approach is proposed to allow optimization of the extracted energy while keeping simplicity and standalone capability. The proposed model does not rely on any inductor and is constructed with a simple switch. The power harvested is more than twice the conventional technique one on a wide band of resistive load. The bond graph model is valid close to the analysed mode centre frequency and delivers results compared to experimental and analytical data. Furthermore, we also show that the harvester can be electrically tuned to match the excitation frequency. This makes it possible to maximize the power output for both linear and non-linear loads.
Getting Electric Power For Piezoelectricitytheijes
This work presents the design and the implementation of a floor tile piezoelectric to obtain electric power and to feed a system of low power. To obtain the electric power across the floor tile, it is necessary to know the phenomenon called the piezoelectric effect, which is used as way that produces the electric power to a material ceramic call PZT-4 that operates as a generator, which produces the electric power for the application of mechanical energy to the material, that is to say, on having deformed the material piezoelectric for the mechanical action this one generates electric power.
Hybrid wind solar energy system : a new rectifier stage topologyPradeep Avanigadda
This document describes a project presenting a new rectifier stage configuration for a hybrid wind/solar energy system. The proposed design fuses a Cuk converter and SEPIC converter, allowing the two intermittent energy sources to power loads separately or simultaneously. This configuration eliminates the need for input filters, reducing harmonics that decrease generator lifespan and increase power losses. Maximum power point tracking can also be implemented for each source to extract optimal power. The objectives are to improve efficiency, reduce harmonics, and enable energy savings compared to existing hybrid energy system rectifier designs.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
Improved backtracking search optimization algorithm for PV/Wind/FC systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper uses a novel optimization method based on the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm (IBSA). The study is conducted for a hybrid stand-alone system composed of photovoltaic panel (PV), wind turbine generator and fuel cell electrolyzer (FC). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the IBSA, four benchmark functions are used. The result shows the better exploration and exploitation of the improved backtracking search optimization algorithm in terms of convergence and speed for system comprinsing PV panel wind, turbine generator and fuel cell. The proposed algorithm is used to optimize the annual total cost (ATC) of the energy produced and feed up the load demand. The economic evaluation of the Hybrid PV/Wind/FC system is done throughout hourly demand and daily wind speed and insulation. The simulation results justify the robustness of the IBSA.
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
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Sensors 2014, 14, 12497-12510; doi:10.3390/s140712497
sensors
ISSN 1424-8220
www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors
Article
A Shoe-Embedded Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for
Wearable Sensors
Jingjing Zhao 1,2,3 and Zheng You 1,2,3,*
1 Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tsinghua University,
Beijing 100084, China
3 Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
E-Mail: [email protected]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected];
Tel./Fax: +86-10-6277-6000.
Received: 1 June 2014; in revised form: 28 June 2014 / Accepted: 7 July 2014 /
Published: 11 July 2014
Abstract: Harvesting mechanical energy from human motion is an attractive approach for
obtaining clean and sustainable electric energy to power wearable sensors, which are
widely used for health monitoring, activity recognition, gait analysis and so on. This paper
studies a piezoelectric energy harvester for the parasitic mechanical energy in shoes
originated from human motion. The harvester is based on a specially designed sandwich
structure with a thin thickness, which makes it readily compatible with a shoe. Besides,
consideration is given to both high performance and excellent durability. The harvester
provides an average output power of 1 mW during a walk at a frequency of roughly 1 Hz.
Furthermore, a direct current (DC) power supply is built through integrating the harvester
with a power management circuit. The DC power supply is tested by driving a simulated
wireless transmitter, which can be activated once every 2–3 steps with an active period
lasting 5 ms and a mean power of 50 mW. This work demonstrates the feasibility of
applying piezoelectric energy harvesters to power wearable sensors.
Keywords: energy harvester; wearable sensors; power supply; wearable energy harvester
OPEN ACCESS
Sensors 2014, 14 12498
1. Introduction
Wearable sensors are becoming smaller and increasingly widely used, resulting in an increasing
need for independent and compact power supplies. Electrochemical batteries, the most common power
supplies for wearable sensors, cannot meet the need because of their limited energy storage capacity
and potential environmental and health risks, emerging as a critical bottleneck for wearable sensors.
This has driven the development of wearable energy harvesters, which harvest the mechanical energy
dissipated in human motion to provide renewable and clean energy [1]. Several concepts of wearable
energy harvesters based on different mechanisms have been studied, such as electromagnetic [2–5],
electrostatic [6], thermoelectric [7], nano-triboelectric [8] and piezoelectric [9–13]. Piezoelectric
energy harvesters and nano-triboelectric generators can convert mechani.
Electricity from vibration & its impactSagardwip das
With the growing demands of human needs the utilisation of conventional energy has increased tremendously. Consequently environmental issues like global warming etc. have risen. Keeping these facts in view this model has been prepared to present an idea on how the daily energy requirement can be fulfilled in a more practical, feasible and economical way by converting mechanical energy of vibration into electric energy
This paper presents a study analysis of a complete wind energy conversion system, the system based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); a vector control with stator flux orientation of the DFIG is also used to control independently the active and reactive powers. A comparative study have been performed between the conventional PI controller and fuzzy logic control to investigate its dynamic and static performances. This research work involves the study of a phase in advance, to provide effective assistance, to all those who have to make decisions regarding the planning and implementation of wind energy projects. The main objective is to model the wind chain and the use of two types of strategies for the control of this generator to ensure a good regulation we started with the modeling of the wind chain then the modeling of the DFIG and then the use of the two strategies for the regulation of the latter .The complete system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB/ Simulink. The performance and robustness are analyzed and compared by Matlab / Simulink .Simulation results prove the excellent performance of fuzzy control unit as improving power quality and stability of wind turbine.
Design and Simulation of Array of Rectangular Micro Cantilevers Piezoelectric...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design, analysis and simulation of MEMS based array of bimorph rectangular microcantilever piezoelectric energy harvester structure with and without tip mass, to analyze their sensitivity. The microcantilever beams are made up of piezoelectric material and Aluminium as a substrate material. The analytical simulation of design is done by FEM (COMSOL Multiphysics). The simulation results of bimorph cantilever structure, applied force of 0.1 N and obtained end displacement and electric potential developed are given. The analytical model of the cantilever beam will be analyzed and the process of its construction will be discussed. The changes in the sensitivity of a cantilever beam with respect to change in its shape for the same applied force of 0.1N are denoted.
Design Optimization of Linear Generator for a Hydrokinetic Energy ConverterIOSR Journals
This document discusses the design optimization of a linear generator for a hydrokinetic energy converter. It describes the challenges of operating a linear generator in water, including waterproofing and corrosion protection. It details the design of the linear generator's magnet array housing using neodymium magnets in a Halbach configuration within a housing made of high density polyethylene. It also describes the design of the core-coil assembly, including the use of spacers and additional windings to reduce the air gap between the magnet array and coils. Experimental results show that the optimized design with decreased air gap and additional windings increased output voltage from 80mV to 800mV.
device generating elecricity by footstep using peizoelectic materialNihir Agarwal
This document summarizes a method for generating electricity from human footstep using piezoelectric materials. It discusses how piezoelectric sensors in footwear or flooring can convert the mechanical energy from walking or running into electrical energy. The document evaluates different piezoelectric materials and connection configurations to determine the most effective design. A series-parallel connection of piezoelectric crystals is found to generate both a usable voltage and current from footstep force. This approach aims to harness wasted human energy for power generation in a cleaner and more sustainable way.
This pretension present several piezo electric material, which can be used for energy harvesting.
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This document summarizes a research study that developed a prototype human footstep power generator using an ultrasonic sensor. The prototype was designed to convert the mechanical energy from human footsteps into electrical energy. It uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect footstep distance and activate a motor and generator. Testing showed that deeper footstep compressions generated higher voltages, from 7.5V for light steps to 8.8V for heavy steps. The generated power was able to power two LED lamps for approximately 5 hours from a single charge. The goal of the research was to provide a low-cost alternative energy source from human foot traffic.
Topology network effects for double synchronized switch harvesting circuit on...nooriasukmaningtyas
Energy extraction takes place using several different technologies, depending on the type of energy and how it is used. The objective of this paper is to study topology influence for a smart network based on piezoelectric materials using the double synchronized switch harvesting (DSSH). In this work, has been presented network topology for circuit DSSH (DSSH Standard, Independent DSSH, DSSH in parallel, mono DSSH, and DSSH in series). Using simulation-based on a structure with embedded piezoelectric system harvesters, then compare different topology of circuit DSSH for knowledge is how to connect the circuit DSSH together and how to implement accurately this circuit strategy for maximizing the total output power. The network topology DSSH extracted power a technique allows again up to in terms of maximal power output compared with network topology standard extracted at the resonant frequency. The simulation results show that by using the same input parameters the maximum efficiency for topology DSSH in parallel produces 120% more energy than topology DSSH-series. In addition, the energy harvesting by mono-DSSH is more than DSSH-series by 650% and it has exceeded DSSHind by 240%.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AN ENERGY HARVESTING TILEIJCI JOURNAL
This paper presents development and experimental analysis of a piezoelectric mounted flexible beam
attached with an oscillating tile that can be used to scavenge energy from footsteps in crowded places. The
energy harvesting system consists of a piezoelectric bimorph cantilever beam inside a hollow box which
connects to the ground with the help of springs. Multiple piezoelectric patches are pasted on the beam.
When the foot is placed on the tile and removed, the hollow box displaces in turn causing the beam to
oscillate harvesting electrical power. A prototype is developed and the performance of the piezoelectric
energy scavenging tile is tested. The variations of power output for different load resistances are obtained
and the optimal load resistance is suggested.
Thick PZT Films Used to Develop Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters by ...Teresa Porter
Thick PZT films were evaluated for use in piezoelectric energy harvesters. 5-6 micron thick PZT layers were deposited on nickel foil substrates using RF magnetron sputtering. Analysis showed the thick PZT films had strong {100} orientation without pyrochlore phases or microcracking. Thicker PZT films can increase energy harvester power output by providing more piezoelectric material volume, though they risk cracking under stress. This study evaluated thick films to determine their viability for energy harvesting applications.
Effect analysis of the different channel length and depth of photovoltaic the...IJECEIAES
The document analyzes the effect of different channel lengths and depths on the electrical and thermal performance of a photovoltaic thermal system with a ∇-groove collector. A mathematical model is developed and simulations are conducted below 800 W/m2 solar intensity and 0.0069-0.0491 kg/s mass flow rates. Results show thermal efficiency increases nonlinearly with mass flow rate, reaching a maximum of 39.05% at 2.4m length. Electrical efficiency decreases nonlinearly from 10.43% at 2.4m length due to higher photovoltaic panel temperatures at longer lengths. Increasing mass flow rate improves both thermal and electrical performance of the ∇-groove collector.
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING adeij1
In this paper, the modeling, optimization and simulation results of the piezoelectric energy harvesting using bond graph approach are presented. Firstly, a lightweight equivalent model derived from the bond graph is proposed. It’s a comprehensive model, which is suitable for piezoelectric seismic energy harvester investigation and power optimization. The optimal charge impedance for both the resistive load and complex load are given and analysed. Finally a bond graph approach is proposed to allow optimization of the extracted energy while keeping simplicity and standalone capability. The proposed model does not rely on any inductor and is constructed with a simple switch. The power harvested is more than twice the conventional technique one on a wide band of resistive load. The bond graph model is valid close to the analysed mode centre frequency and delivers results compared to experimental and analytical data. Furthermore, we also show that the harvester can be electrically tuned to match the excitation frequency. This makes it possible to maximize the power output for both linear and non-linear loads.
Getting Electric Power For Piezoelectricitytheijes
This work presents the design and the implementation of a floor tile piezoelectric to obtain electric power and to feed a system of low power. To obtain the electric power across the floor tile, it is necessary to know the phenomenon called the piezoelectric effect, which is used as way that produces the electric power to a material ceramic call PZT-4 that operates as a generator, which produces the electric power for the application of mechanical energy to the material, that is to say, on having deformed the material piezoelectric for the mechanical action this one generates electric power.
Hybrid wind solar energy system : a new rectifier stage topologyPradeep Avanigadda
This document describes a project presenting a new rectifier stage configuration for a hybrid wind/solar energy system. The proposed design fuses a Cuk converter and SEPIC converter, allowing the two intermittent energy sources to power loads separately or simultaneously. This configuration eliminates the need for input filters, reducing harmonics that decrease generator lifespan and increase power losses. Maximum power point tracking can also be implemented for each source to extract optimal power. The objectives are to improve efficiency, reduce harmonics, and enable energy savings compared to existing hybrid energy system rectifier designs.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
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Performance of piezoelectric energy harvester with vortex-induced vibration and various bluff bodies
1. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 21, No. 4, August 2023, pp. 926~934
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v21i4.24330 926
Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id
Performance of piezoelectric energy harvester with vortex-
induced vibration and various bluff bodies
Adhes Gamayel1
, Mohamad Zaenudin1
, Brainvendra Widi Dionova2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Jakarta Global University, Depok, Indonesia
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Jakarta Global University, Depok, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 29, 2022
Revised Nov 15, 2022
Accepted Feb 16, 2023
Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) are a kind of energy harvester that
generates electricity due to pressure or vibration. Vortex-induced vibration
(VIV) is a method that utilized wind energy and bluff body to generate the
vibration in PEH. The objective of this research was to study the output
voltage that generates in different bluff bodies with various airflow
velocities. Experimental and simulation have done in this study.
Experimental used PEH that consists of piezoelectric bimorph and
rectangular-trapezoid fin. Bluff bodies with various cross-sectional areas,
namely rhombus, square, and triangle were set up in front of the PEH at a
distance of 80 cm. The various air velocities are set up to 5, 7, and 9 m/s in
the wind tunnel with a cross-section of 250 mm × 250 mm. The simulation
used the finite element method in explore the fluid flow pattern.
The rhombus cross-sectional bluff body can generate voltage with an
average of 1.5 volts. It is more voltage generated than a square and triangle.
A vortex is formed near the rhombus bluff body and generates pressure
fluctuation in its wake region. This pressure fluctuation takes place until
airflow hits and leads PEH to vibrate and generate the voltage.
Keywords:
Bluff body
Energy harvester
Piezoelectric
Vortex
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Adhes Gamayel
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science
Jakarta Global University, Depok, Indonesia
Email: adhes@jgu.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the critical problem in the world is the environmental pollutants and the energy crisis due
to the increase of oil, coal, and other fossil fuels which will cause the depletion of fossil energy. These two
critical issues trigger consideration of various clean, sustainable, and renewable energies such as solar energy,
bioenergy, thermal energy, wind-energy, water-energy, and mechanical energy to replace fossil fuels [1]-[3].
Energy stands as one of the aspects that play a role in green economy-based development. Energy harvesting is
a promising tool that can produce renewable energy and clean energy. This tool can increase the green
economic utilization of infrastructure. Energy harvesting tools capture useless environmental ambient energy
and convert it into more functional energy [4], [5]. Mechanical energy harvesting is a process that converts
potential energy, kinetic energy, vibration energy, and deformation energy into electrical energy [6], [7]. Energy
harvesting devices can collect and convert various forms of wasted energy into electrical energy for powering
electronic circuits or devices. Vibration is one of the mechanical energies that is easy to produce. Vibration is
the embodiment of mechanical energy in an elastic system of some sort continuously changing from mechanical
kinetic to potential energy smoothly over and over again. Many conversions of mechanical energy (waste
vibration) converted into electrical energy have been done using electromagnetic [8]-[10], piezoelectric [11]-[16],
and electrostatic [17]-[20].
2. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
Performance of piezoelectric energy harvester with vortex-induced vibration and … (Adhes Gamayel)
927
The piezoelectric energy harvesting system is related to the mechanical strength of energy
harvesting using piezoelectric under large pressure and mechanical impedance matching, involving the
electromechanical coupling factor of piezoelectric structure and piezoelectric comprising and coefficient
electrical impedance [21]. Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH) have been widely used as a way to produce
small electrical power for electronic devices due to their high energy density and easy integration system.
A wind turbine combined with a piezoelectric energy harvester with flow-induced vortex-induced vibration
was proposed to explore and to interpret the energy translation process. The piezoelectric is connected to the
round bluff body and implemented at different wind speeds (2 m/s to 19 m/s). The maximum output that can
be produced is about 8.97 µW at 19 m/s wind speed [22]. Design and built of the blub cylinder bluff body
(circular and square cylinders) to maximize the output voltage and a quick increase with low wind speed range.
The results indicate there is an increase in the average power generated by 75%. In addition, a slow wind speed
will produce 193% greater output power than a reference using a square body bluff [23]. The bi-stable
piezoelectric energy harvester (BPEH) was built to increase the efficiency of scavenging wind energy using
a cruciform cantilever substrate (a circular cylinder, two square cylinders, a tip magnet, two external magnets, and
PZT). The results show, for low wind speed vortex-induced vibration (VIV) takes effect and makes the system
undergo snap-through while for high wind speed galloping happens and drives the system to execute snap-through.
This BPEH can produce constant high-output energy in different speeds (low to high) [24].
However, the study of integrated design performance of energy harvesting systems is rare.
The correlation of the bluff body with the piezoelectric energy harvesting needs to be observed. The main
objective of this research is to study the fluid flow pattern through the bluff body and the effect of VIV in
piezoelectricity to generate voltage. This research develops bimorph vortex-induced vibrations using a
piezoelectric energy harvester on a wind tunnel with three different bluff body shapes (rhombus, square, and
triangle) and various wind speeds (5 m/s, 7 m/s, and 9 m/s) based on the electrical energy produced and
airflow pattern. The energy harvesting for wind tunnels using 3 types of bluff body shapes and 3 types of
wind speed is analyzed and compared in this paper. Analysis of fluid flow pattern using the finite element
method to explain the phenomena in the experimental result. Based on these results, the energy harvesting
enhancement for the vortex-induced vibration energy harvester with the proposed bluff body and wind speed
was obtained and discussed in this research.
2. METHOD
Generally, a typical PEH consists of a cantilever beam as a substrate layer in one (unimorph), two
(bimorph), or multi-piezoceramic layers attached on its surfaces as the sensing or acting layers [25].
Unimorph is attached to a substrate where the one-layer piezoelectric material is laminated with different
elastic stiffness. Two layers of laminated piezoelectric material on both sides of the substrate are called
bimorphs. PEH called in this paper consist of piezoelectric bimorph and rectangular-trapezoid fin.
Piezoelectric bimorphs used in this study are composed of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and have the
dimensions of 8 cm in height, 3 cm in width, and 0.6 mm in thickness. PZT is the most commonly used
piezoelectric material due to its piezoelectric strain and stresses constantly being higher than other
piezoelectric materials. PZT is a ferroelectric material in a polycrystalline form that has a maximum value of
electromechanical coupling coefficients and dielectric. The properties of PZT that were used in this
experiment are shown in Table 1.
A rectangular-trapezoid fin with material polypropylene has a length dimension of 12 cm and
a width ratio dimension of 14:10 cm. It was added to the top of the piezoelectric with the purpose to expose
the area where the wind blow causes the vibration. Bluff bodies with various cross-sectional areas, namely
rhombus, square, and triangle were set up in front of the fin at 80 cm. Detail of PEH experimental setup and
bluff body in the Figure 1 with Figure 1(a) configuration of head of wind tunnel, Figure 1(b) positional
configuration of bluff body and PEH, and Figure 1(c) dimension of the bluff body used in the experiment.
Table 1. Material properties of PZT
Properties Unit Value
Density (103
kg/m3
) 7500
Young modulus (GPa) 56
Poisson’s ratio 0.36
Piezoelectric strain coefficient (𝑑31) Coulomb/Newton -186 × 10-12
Permittivity at constant stress (
𝜀11
𝜀0
) 3130
Permittivity at constant strain (
𝜀33
𝜀0
) 3400
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
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(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1. Experimental setup with (a) PEH with head of wind tunnel; (b) bluff body and the position of PEH;
and (c) dimension of the bluff body
Two experiments were implemented in this paper which are laboratory experimental and simulation
methods. All of the units in the laboratory experiment were in the wind tunnel with a cross-section of
250 mm × 250 mm. A 12-inch blower with a power of 550 watts and static pressure of 350 Pa was generated
by the wind blow in the tunnel. The various air velocities are set up in 5, 7, and 9 m/s and the anemometer
used to measure it. To stabilize the incoming wind, mini tube pipes were equipped in the wind tunnel. This
experiment was set up to investigate the performance of energy harvesting in Figure 2. Data acquisition using
DATAQ DI-245 with the setup duration of the measurement in 60 seconds with a record of 25 data per
second. The objective of this experimental research was to study the output voltage that generates in different
bluff bodies with various airflow velocities.
Figure 2. Experimental set-up
The simulation method used computational fluid dynamics with the software Fluent Solver Ansys
R2 2020. The scope of work in this study includes creating geometry based on experimental material,
meshing, determining the boundary type, deciding the solver, and analyzing the outcomes. AutoCAD
Autodesk was used to draw the geometry and saved in format SAT file (*.sat) for suitable use in Ansys
Workbench for educational purposes. Meshing is a step to perform accurate simulation by arranging elements
containing nodes to represent geometric shapes. The number of elements was set up for rhombus, triangle,
and square namely in 474030, 458583, 488227, and nodes of 90716, 87941, and 93086. The boundary
condition was set close to the experimental, in which the inlet area consists of air velocities 5, 7, and 9 m/s and
the turbulence intensity of 5% under boundary circumstances. The air properties are set to absolute viscosity
1.859 × 10-5 N.s/𝑚2
, density 1.17 kg/𝑚3
with operational at room temperature 27 ℃. K-epsilon (𝑘 − 𝜀) was
used as a turbulence model in this simulation. This model consists of two transport equations of turbulence
which are turbulent energy (𝑘) and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (𝜀). A three-dimensional (3-D) flow
simulation technique with a high level of precision is used to get accurate and reliable results computationally.
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The air from the blower is flowing through the stabilizer and set to meet the rhombus bluff body,
thus allowing the airflow to create a turbulent effect which then deforms the piezoelectric fin and generates
elastic waves. This method is deployed based on a cantilever, where the piezoelectric fin will move around
and produce a longitudinal and transversal displacement thus allowing the generation of electricity.
Displacement of the piezoelectric fin is one of the key aspects to generating electricity, thus the analysis of
this displacement is necessary for understanding the generation of electricity with piezoelectric. In this case,
the displacement field at time t and beam point 𝑥 has components,
[𝑢, 𝑤]⊤
= [−𝑧
𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑥
, 𝑤]
⊤
(1)
Where 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) represents the longitudinal displacement and 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑡) represents the transversal displacement in
the mid-plane where the elastic deformation most likely occurs.
The simulation aimed to explore the airflow pattern between the bluff body and PEH in the wind
tunnel. The result of the simulation shows the area with minimum and maximum air velocity in the wind
tunnel. This Ansys result is used to analyze the correlation of generated voltage with the vibration possibility
due to the flow pattern through the bluff body.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Experimental result
The result of output voltage in energy harvesting experiments using piezoelectric and bluff bodies is
shown in Figure 3 with different air velocity, they are Figure 3(a) 5 m/s, Figure 3(b) 7 m/s, and Figure 3(c) 9 m/s.
Based on Figure 3, the graph of the output voltage fluctuations due to the unstable vortex taking the air to hit
the PEH. The unstable vortex affects the lift force and drag force in PEH and has bad synchronization in
oscillation. Cantilever systems that are used to stand the piezoelectric create the motion of PEH upward and
downward when the air velocity hits them. This up-and-down movement generates the output voltage in
negative and positive results that describe the voltage as an alternate current (AC). The experimental result
was found that a bluff body with a rhombus cross-sectional area can generate voltage more than a triangle
and square. It is due to the shape of the rhombus bluff body that might have produced more vortex than
triangle and square. When fluid flows around a bluff body, the vortex occurs periodically in the wake behind
the bluff body [2]. Besides that, the inlet area in the wind tunnel becomes narrow due to the presence of a
bluff body, and leads to an increase in air velocity. With a similar length of the side, the presence of a
rhombus cross-sectional bluff body leads the inlet area narrower than the triangle and square.
A comparison of the bluff body in generating peak and average voltage with increased air velocity is
shown in Figure 4. Rhombus is the greatest cross-sectional bluff body in this experiment to generate peak
voltage in 5, 7, and 9 m/s namely 3.98-volt, 5.15-volt, and 5.58-volt. Triangle bluff bodies have less output
voltage, namely 1.95-volt, 2.6-volt, and 3.59-volt. Rhombus gets a maximum average voltage of 1.53 volts
higher than square and triangle. Gap voltage found in peak and average voltage. Peak voltage occurs once
and average voltage means that the amplitude has a range of 0 to 1.5 volts. The conversion of mechanical
power to electrical power is obtained from the great performance of the amplitude [26]. The amplitude
addressed to good oscillation in the sinusoidal wave. To generate more voltage, the amplitude must increase
in number where the factor to improve the performance of PEH such as stiffness and piezoelectric effect
correlate it. Stiffness identifies the material as difficult to deflect or having minimum deflection when the
load takes place on the material. The piezoelectric effect takes place when mechanical pressure or load
change the polarization of electrons in a material. More stiffness in PEH causes the piezoelectric effect to be
minimum and the amplitude to be small. Therefore, the oscillations and output voltages generated are
minimal. The output voltage in Figure 4 increased along with the increase of the air velocity for all of the
bluff bodies. The air velocity through the bluff body has a greater influence on the output voltage energy.
When the blower generates circular airflow through the bluff body, it is induced to vibrate as a series of
regular and irregular vortex shedding. The rise of air velocity led to an increase in the force that created more
deformation in the PEH. It is caused mainly by the influence of the turbulence which induces the vortex
street instability, and then leads to fluctuating oscillation of output voltage. Impulse and momentum take
place during the vortex street instability, where the initial force from the air velocity hits the PEH.
The deformation of the piezoelectric film with the stress is directly connected to the output electric voltage
based on the piezoelectric effect [22].
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(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 3. Voltage produced with various air velocity: (a) 5 m/s, (b) 7 m/s, and (c) 9 m/s
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Voltage produced by different air velocity and bluff bodies: (a) peak voltage and (b) average voltage
3.2. Simulation result
Figure 5 shows the flow separation and vortex evolution when the airflow is through the bluff body.
The different air velocity inlet in every bluff body has different maximum air velocity. The rhombus bluff body
has increased the air velocity at maximum, namely 11.33 m/s, 15.69 m/s, and 22.6 m/s. Triangle bluff bodies
have raised the air velocity to a maximum fewer than rhombus, namely 9.7 m/s, 13.64 m/s, and 17.57 m/s.
Rhombus and square bluff bodies have similar airflow patterns and velocities. It’s due to the symmetrical
shapes leading the flow pattern similar in upside and downside wind tunnel. The different airflow patterns
take place in the triangle bluff body due to the placement position in the base of a lower position leading to
airflow patterns in the upside and downside drawn unsymmetrical. The different airflow pattern leads to the
airflow velocity that hits the PEH for the triangle higher than the rhombus and the square bluff body.
Generally, the best maximum airflow velocity and the largest area of velocity vector are generated with the
rhombus due to the position of the rhombus at the inlet area in the wind tunnel becoming narrow and leading
to the air velocity increase.
6. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
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Figure 5. Simulation result in velocity vector
When the airflow passes through the bluff body, the air velocity increases along the walls of the
wind tunnel. Increasing the airflow velocity in all bluff bodies attributes to the wake disturbance becoming
stronger. The deformation of PEH increases when wake intensity increases. Besides that, a vortex is formed
near the bluff body and generates pressure fluctuation in its wake region. This pressure fluctuation takes
place until PEH vibrates. Airflow was separated after through the rhombus and square bluff body. It raised a
fluctuating force perpendicular to the direction of the flow. Many vortices are created when the airflow
through to this bluff body. Triangular bluff bodies have vortices in the wake region, but less in the PEH area
leading to the minimum fluctuation in PEH. Based on the Bernoulli equation, the minimum velocity has
maximum pressure. It indicates that the higher-pressure fluctuation in both bluffs occurs evenly in surface
PEH. Higher pressure causes the deflection of PEH to be upward and downward. It makes the PEH vibrate
and then generates a voltage in relatively high numbers. When the hit area occurs in a vortex shed, the force
can generate the PEH to move upward and downward simultaneously. Triangle bluff bodies generate higher
airflow velocity than others when the airflow hits the PEH with minimum vortices shed. This event leads the
PEH to move upward and get the minimum frequency to down due to minimum pressure fluctuation and
vortex shedding in that area. Thus, the output voltage in Figure 3 has a correlation with the velocity vector in
Figure 5, where the output voltage generated by the triangle bluff body is the lowest due to the highest velocity
vector in the strike line mode hitting the PEH and making the PEH leaning upward with minimum deflection.
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Figure 6 shows the pressure vector in airflow through the different bluff bodies. The periodic vortex
shedding generates asymmetric pressure distribution that provides the periodic force which consequently
leads to vibration. The high-pressure attribute more often the periodic vortex shedding takes place in the
wake region. The pressure vector has a positive and negative number. A positive number means the surface
of the bluff body is directly in contact or hit by air. A negative number means low pressure as a result of the
separation of airflow in the wake region. The result of pressure shows a negative number for the wake region
in the square and triangle bluff body. But the rhombus bluff body shows a positive number. The wake region
in the rhombus bluff body has higher pressure than squares and triangles. It’s led PEH to vibrate more often
and generate more output voltage.
Figure 6. Pressure vector in various bluff body
4. CONCLUSION
PEH with the different bluff bodies with various airflow velocities has been tested in the wind tunnel
and simulated using Ansys Academic version. The highest peak voltage in this experiment is 5.58 volts with a
voltage average of 1.53 volts. It was found that a bluff body with a rhombus cross-sectional area can generate
more voltage than a triangle and square. The simulation result confirms that airflow passing through the rhombus
bluff body has maximum velocity and leads to a minimum pressure in the wind tunnel wall. It generates pressure
fluctuation in its wake region until airflow hits and leads PEH to vibrate and generate the voltage.
8. TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from Jakarta Global University throughout this
project. This project is funded by Jakarta Global University under grant No. 004/L4/KP-MONO/IV/JGU/2022.
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9. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 21, No. 4, August 2023: 926-934
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Adhes Gamayel received the B.Eng. degree and the master’s degree in
mechanical engineering from the University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, in 2000 and
2007, respectively. The Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Management and
Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia, in 2021. He is currently a senior lecturer in Jakarta
Global University. He has published 3 (three) books where two are tutorial in finite element
method. He also has two intellectual properties right in industrial design. His current research
interests in renewable energy, biofuel, mechanical design and analytical in finite element
method. He can be contacted at email: adhes@jgu.ac.id.
Mohamad Zaenudin currently working as lecturer at Jakarta Global University,
Depok and heading the Department of Mechanical Engineering. His research interest is in the
field of materials science related to metallic material, especially dealing with molecular
dynamics simulation. He has published several research papers in various journal ranging from
international conference to international journal indexed on Scopus and ISI. Mr. Zaenudin
received his bachelor from Universitas Negeri Jakarta and master from Management &
Science University. He wins several research and academic grants. He can be contacted at
email: mzaenudin@jgu.ac.id.
Brainvendra Widi Dionova is a lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department
from Jakarta Global University, Jakarta, Indonesia. He is currently the Head of Department
Industrial Engineering in Jakarta Global University (JGU). He received his S.ST (Bachelor)
degrees in Industrial Electrical Engineering Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of
Surabaya (EEPIS) and M.Sc. Eng (Master) degrees in Electrical Engineering Management and
Science University (MSU). His research interests include renewable energy (Photovoltaic and
wind turbine), power electronic, motor drives, intelligent control and energy management.
He can be contacted at email: brainvendra@jgu.ac.id.