1) The Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain was caused by heavy taxation and repression by the Spanish crown against Protestant Dutch provinces from 1568-1648. 2) Napoleon led a campaign into Egypt from 1798-1801 to damage British trade and threaten British India, viewing himself as a liberator of Egypt from the Ottomans rather than a conqueror. 3) The French defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids in 1798 but their fleet was destroyed by the British at the Battle of the Nile, trapping the French army in Egypt.

1. PEOPLES and empiresTHE EIGHTY YEARS WAR & MUHAMMAD OF THE WEST

2. THE EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR 1568-1648DUTCH WAR OF INDEPENDENCECAUSESHeavy taxation by Spain.

3. Support and guidance from the government was hampered by the size of the Empire. It took at least four weeks to get a response from the throne. Because of this the Seventeen Provinces often acted without permission from the throne.

4. The Beeldenstorm (Iconoclastic Fury) of 1566 stripped all non-Roman Catholic Churches of statuary and other religious decorations.THE EIGHTY YEARS’ WAR 1568-1648DUTCH WAR OF INDEPENDENCETIMELINE1568-1572 The Council of Troubles starts a campaign of repression against heretics and insurrectionists. 9,000 accused, 1,000 executed, many more fled. Taxes increased to fund the war.1572-1576 Sea Beggars expelled from England captured Brill. Rebels won the battles of Borsele and Reimerswaal. Spanish troops mutinied at Zierikee because they had not been paid in two years.1576-1579 The Pacification of Ghent was signed withdrawing Spanish troops and suspension of the placards against heresy. Holland formalized the defensive Union of Utrecht.1579-1588 Orange conceded defeat and signed the Union of Utrecht. The secession of the States-General was formalized by the Act of Abjuration. In 1584 Orange was assassinated. Queen Elizabeth of England extended a protectorate over the Netherlands.1588-1609 The Dutch Republic resurges. The Dutch States Army triples in size to 50,000, made up of mostly Scottish, English, German and Swiss mercenaries. 1609-1621 The Twelve Years’ Truce. Statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt convicted and beheaded.1621-1629 Dutch ships ordered out of Spanish ports and trade embargoes renewed. Holland and Spain engaged in economic-warfare. 1629-1635 Wesel and ‘s-Hertogenbosch surrendered to Frederick Henry of the Republic. Peace talks failed.1635-1640 The Treaty of Alliance was signed between the French and the Dutch. No Spanish-Netherland invasion ever materialized. The Dutch navy won the Battle of the Downs.1640-1648 The Peace of Münster was signed on January 30,1948, ending the Eighty Years War.

5. 1798-1801NAPOLEAN’S EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGNEMuhammad of the westNapoleon Bonaparte led a campaign into Egypt to damage British trade in the eastern Mediterranean and threaten British India. Napoleon viewed himself as a liberator of the Egyptians from the Ottoman Empire rather than as a conqueror.