1) The Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain was caused by heavy taxation and repression by the Spanish crown against Protestant Dutch provinces from 1568-1648. 2) Napoleon led a campaign into Egypt from 1798-1801 to damage British trade and threaten British India, viewing himself as a liberator of Egypt from the Ottomans rather than a conqueror. 3) The French defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids in 1798 but their fleet was destroyed by the British at the Battle of the Nile, trapping the French army in Egypt.

1. PEOPLES and empires THE EIGHTY YEARS WAR & MUHAMMAD OF THE WEST

3. Support and guidance from the government was hampered by the size of the Empire. It took at least four weeks to get a response from the throne. Because of this the Seventeen Provinces often acted without permission from the throne.

5. 1798-1801 NAPOLEAN’S EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGNE Muhammad of the west Napoleon Bonaparte led a campaign into Egypt to damage British trade in the eastern Mediterranean and threaten British India. Napoleon viewed himself as a liberator of the Egyptians from the Ottoman Empire rather than as a conqueror.

7. July 1, 1798 – Fleet arrives in Alexandria.

8. July 20, 1798 – The French are victorious in the Battle of the pyramids.

9. July 22, 1798 – Officials in Cairo surrender the city.

10. August 1, 1798 – The British navy attacks the French naval fleet during the Battle of the Nile. The Mediterranean Sea is put under British control.

11. August 24, 1798 – The Institutd’Égypt was founded.

12. October 22, 1798 – Inhabitants of Cairo revolted. Napoleon quelled the revolt with theuse of the army.

13. January to April 1799 – Napoleon traveled to Syria to fight the Ottoman army in battles at Arish, Jaffa, Mount Tabor, and Acre.

14. July 25, 1799 – Back in Egypt, the Ottoman and French armies meet in the Battle of Aboukir. The French army prevails and takes high-ranking prisoners on a triumphant procession through Cairo.

15. August 23, 1799 – Napoleon departs Egypt for France.

16. August 31, 1801 – Menou capitulates to the British, allowing the French army to be repatriated in British ships.