This document discusses the history and characteristics of cells. It notes that early scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann contributed to the development of the cell theory. The key characteristics of cells are then described, including that they are the basic unit of structure and function of living things, can reproduce, metabolize and respond to stimuli. The document also compares the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

1. BIOLOGI SEL:
PENDAHULUAN
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2. Sejarah perkembangan
• Robert Hooke : sel mati : sel dari
gabus
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek : sel
hidup
• Matthias Schleiden : sel pada
tumbuhan
• Theodor Schwann (1839): Teori
sel
– Semua organisma terdiri dari satu
atau lebih sel
– Sel : unit struktural hidup
• Schleiden & Schwann : sel dapat
berasal dari materi-materi
nonselular
• Rudolf Virchow (1855) : sel
berasal dari pembelahan sel yang
sudah ada sebelumnya
• Penggunaan sel dalam penelitian
in vitro : HeLa (sel kanker
manusia) – George Gey BISEL07-SITH/ITB-MIT/IR 2
(1951)

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4. Karakteristik sel
• Sel sangat kompleks
– Molekul-molekul
sederhana –
kompleks organel
sel
misalnya
C, H, O, N, S, P
asam amino
protein misalnya
salah satu komponen
dalam mitokondria
yang merupakan
organel dari sel
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5. Karakteristik sel
• Sel memiliki informasi genetik
– Gen : blueprint untuk struktur sel, seluruh
aktivitas dan fungsi sel
• Sel dapat ber-reproduksi
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6. Karakteristik sel
• Sel memperoleh
dan menggunakan
energi
• Sel melakukan
metabolisme sel
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7. Karakteristik sel
• Terdapat suatu aktivitas mekanis dalam sel yang
dinamis
– Misalnya perubahan bentuk sel akibat aksi dari
protein-protein dalam sitoplasma
• Sel dapat memberi respons terhadap suatu stimulus
– Reseptor hormon, reseptor faktor tumbuh, reseptor
matriks ekstraselular, atau reseptor lainnya (G)
– Respons : misalnya metabolisme sel, proliferasi sel
atau gerakan sel
Istirahat teraktivasi retraksi
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8. Karakteristik sel
• Sel mampu mengatur diri sendiri (self
regulation)
– Misalnya pengaturan siklus sel
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9. Prokaryot -Eukaryot
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10. Persamaan
antara eukaryot dengan prokaryot:
• konstruksi membran plasma sama
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11. Persamaan
antara eukaryot dengan prokaryot
• informasi genetik dikode
oleh DNA, dengan kode
genetic yang identik
• mekanisme transkripsi dan
translasi
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
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12. Persamaan antara eukaryot
dengan prokaryot:
• reaksi metabolisme
• apparatus yang sama untuk konversi energi kimiawi
– prokaryot membran plasma
– eukaryot membran mitokondria
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13. Persamaan antara eukaryot
dengan prokaryot:
• mekanisme fotosintesis yang sama (tumbuhan –
sianobakteri)
• mekanisme sintesa dan penyisipan protein membran
• konstruksi proteosom yang sama (archaebacteria
dengan eukaryot)
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14. Perbedaan antara organisme prokaryot dengan
eukaryot
Prokaryot Eukaryot
Organisme Bakteri, Protista, jamur,
cyanobakteri tumbuhan dan hewan
Ukuran sel Umumnya 1-10 Umumnya 5-100 μm
μm
Metabolisme Anaerobic atau Aerobik
aerobik
Organel Sedikit Mitokondria, kloroplas,
retikulum endoplasma,
dll
Inti Tidak ada Ada
DNA DNA sirkular DNA linier dan sangat
dalam sitoplasma panjang, memiliki
daerah yang dikode
(ekson) dan tidak
dikode /intron (sangat
banyak); berada dalam
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16. Perbedaan antara organisme prokaryot
dengan eukaryot
Prokaryot Eukaryot
RNA dan protein RNA dan protein disintesis pada RNA disintesis dan diproses di inti
ruang yang sama Protein disintesis di sitoplasma
Sitoplasma Tidak mengandung sitoskeleton, Dalam sitoplasma terdapat sitoskeleton
tidak ada aliran sitoplasma dalam : filamen-filamen protein, ada aliran
sel, tidak ada endositosis dan sitoplasma dalam sel, ada endositosis
eksositosis dan eksositosis
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17. Perbedaan antara organisme prokaryot dengan
eukaryot
Prokaryot Eukaryot
Pembelahan sel Kromosom ditarik dengan cara Kromosom ditarik apparatus mitosis
pelekatan pada membran plasma (komponen sitoskeleton)
Organisasi sel Umumnya uniselular Umumnya multiselular, dan terjadi
proses diferensiasi / spesialisasi sel
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18. Virus
– membawa
informasi genetic
berupa rantai
tunggal atau ganda
RNA atau DNA
– Materi genetiknya
mengkode :
• Protein kapsul /
kapsid
– aktif jika berada
pada sel hidup
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20. Bioenergetika
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21. The Chemistry of Life: A network
of metabolic pathways
• Cell metabolism can
be compared to an
elaborate road map
of the thousands of
chemical reactions
that occur in the cell
It is an intricate
network of metabolic
pathways
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22. • Catabolic pathways: They
release energy by breaking down
complex molecules to simpler
compounds
– A major catabolic pathway found
in a cell is respiration which breaks
down sugar glucose and other
fuels into carbon dioxide and water
with release of energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +
Energy
• Anabolic pathways: Build
complex molecules from simpler
ones by consuming energy
e.g. Photosynthesis in plants
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
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23. • Organisms Transform Energy:
– Energy: The capacity to do work
• Kinetic energy: The energy of motion possessed by
all moving objects e.g. water gushing through a dam
turns turbines
• Potential energy: Energy that matter possesses
because of its location or structure
Chemical energy stored in
Water behind dams has molecules as a result of the
potential energy because arrangement of the atoms in
of altitude these molecules
• Bioenergetics – The study of how organisms
manage their energy resources
– to maintain its high level of activity, a cell must
acquire & expend energy
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24. Conversion of Energy from
one form to the other:
• Thermodynamics -
study of the changes
in energy that
accompany events
in the Universe
• Two laws of
Thermodynamics
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25. The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• energy can be neither created nor destroyed (Law of Conservation
of Energy); total energy in Universe remains constant (regardless of
transduction process)
– Energy can, however, be transduced - burning fuel, polysaccharide
breakdown, photosynthesis
• Several organism communities are independent of photosynthesis –
communities residing in hydrothermal vents on ocean floor; depends on
energy obtained by bacterial chemosynthesis
• Some animals (fireflies, luminous fish) convert chemical energy back into
light
• ΔE = Q – W, where Q = heat energy & W = work energy
Reactions that result in heat lost
to the environment are called
exothermic;
those that result in heat gained
from the environment are called
endothermic BISEL07-SITH/ITB-MIT/IR 25

26. Couple of terms
• System: Is used to denote the matter under
study and refer to the rest of the universe-
everything outside the systems the
surroundings
1. Closed system: e.g. a liquid in a thermos bottle is
isolated from its surroundings
2. Open system: Energy (&often matter) can be
transferred between the system and its
surroundings e.g. organisms
• Entropy: A measure of disorder or
randomness
• Free energy: Is the portion of a system’s
energy that can perform work when
temperature is uniform through out the system
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27. The Second Law of
Thermodynamics
• Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe
(no machine is 100% efficient which
would be necessary)
• Some energy is inevitably lost as machine
works (same is true of living organism)
• car
chemical energy (gasoline) converted to
kinetic energy + the disorder of its
surroundings will increase in the form of heat
and small molecules that are the breakdown
products of gasoline
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28. • Together the 1st & 2nd laws of thermodynamics show
that the energy of the universe is constant, but that
entropy continues to increase toward a maximum
• Gibbs combined concepts inherent in 1st & 2nd Laws to
get equation: ΔH = ΔG + TΔS
where:
1. ΔG is the change in free energy (the change during a process in
energy available to do work)
2. ΔH - change in enthalpy (total energy content of system; equivalent
to ΔE for our purposes)
3. T - absolute temperature (°K; °K = °C + 273)
4. ΔS - change in entropy of system
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29. • Rearrange to ΔG = ΔH - TΔS - can predict direction in
which process will proceed & the extent to which the
process will occur
1. ΔG size shows the maximum amount of energy that can
be passed on for use in another process
2. Spontaneous process has -ΔG (exergonic) & proceeds
toward state of lower free energy; such a process is
thermodynamically favored
3. Non-spontaneous process, +ΔG (endergonic); cannot
occur spontaneously; it is thermodynamically unfavorable;
make it go by coupling to high -ΔG (energy-releasing)
reaction
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30. ATP:
Adenosine Triphosphate
• An important renewable high energy compound that powers cellular
work
• ATP hydrolysis is used to drive most cellular endergonic processes
A. ATP is used for diverse processes because its terminal phosphate
group can be transferred to a variety of different types of molecules
(amino acids, lipids, sugars, & proteins)
B. In most coupled reactions, phosphate group is transferred in initial step
from ATP to one of above acceptors & is subsequently removed in
second step
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31. Enzymes: Biocatalysts
• A catalyst is a chemical agent that changes the rate of
reaction without being consumed by the reaction
• An enzyme is a catalytic protein
– Enzymes are substrate-specific (key-lock relationship)
– Enzymes are sensitive to temperature, pH and to some
chemicals
• Some Enzymes need
co-factors/coenzymes
to function
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33. Enzymes:
Biocatalysts
• Substrates can
compete with other
substrates to bind
on the same
position of the
same enzyme
interrupt the
reaction
• Enzymes can be
inhibited by the
addition of
inhibitors
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34. Enzymes: Biocatalysts
• Feed back inhibition of
enzymes: Feed inhibition is the
switching off of a metabolic
pathway by its end product
which acts as an inhibitor of an
enzyme within the pathway
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35. • ATP formed 2 ways in cell:
– oxidative phosphorylation inner
membrane of mitochondria
– substrate-level phosphorylation
• Oxidative phosphorylation -
dehydrogenases move 2 electrons &
proton to NAD+ to make NADH
1. High energy NADH donates electrons to
other molecules at electron transport (ET)
chain
2. Because NADH transfers electrons so
readily, it is said to have high electron
transfer potential
3. As electron travels down ET system, it loses
energy used to make ATP & is added to O2
to make H2O
• Substrate-level phosphorylation -
phosphate group moved from a
substrate to ADP ATP
1. ATP formation is not that endergonic,
formation of other molecules is more
endergonic
2. Such molecules can donate their
phosphates to ADP to make ATP
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