This document provides an overview of structural construction materials and processes. It discusses aggregates, cement, water, reinforcement, admixtures, workability testing, water-cement ratios, concrete curing, embedded pipes, and cement and rebar storage. Formwork and scaffolding requirements are also outlined. Test procedures like slump tests and concrete cylinder tests are described. Typical reinforced concrete details are shown regarding clear cover, beam-column joints, splices and more.

1. PDL’s Construction
Development (Technical)
Training Session-I: 2022
Session: Structural
PRESENTER:
ENGINEER KH. MOBINUR RAHMAN, DCE-PDL D&P
&ENGINEER KAWSAR AHMED, M-PDL D&P

2. Construction Material
 Aggregate
Cement
Water
Reinforcement/ Rod
Admixture
Workability
Test Frequency
 Water Cement Ratio
Concrete for Various Exposure Conditions
Curing
Conduits and Pipes Embedded in Concrete
Cement Storage
Rebar storage

3. Aggregate
 Coarse Aggregate:
20mm DOWN WELL GRADED WASHED 1ST CLASS BRICK/ CRUSHED STONE CHIPS TO BE USED IN ALL
RCC WORK.
 Fine Aggregate:
Sand:-
◦ COARSE SAND OF EQUIVALENT OR HIGHER THAN F.M. 2.5
◦ FINE SAND OF EQUIVALENT OR HIGHER THAN F.M. 1.5

4. Cement
There are various type of cement specified by code and available in the
world, we mention below the few common types;
 OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement)
 PCC (Portland Composite Cement)
 Sulphate Resistance Cement
 Early Hardening Cement

5. Water
 Potable water to be used in concrete mix.
Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from Injurious amounts of oils,
alkalies salts, organic materials or Other substances that may be deleterious to concrete
or Reinforcement.
 Non-potable water shall not be used in concrete unless the Following are satisfied:
(A) selection of concrete proportions shall be based on concrete mixes Using water from
such source.
(B) mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing water shall have 7 Days and 28 days
strengths equal to at least 90 percent of strengths of Similar specimens made with
potable water.

6. Reinforcement/ Rod
1. ALL STEEL REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE HOT-ROLLED DEFORM BARS, WITH
MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH OF 420/ 500 MPA, CONFORMING TO ASTM A706, BS4449-
B500C OR EQUIVALENT.
2. MINIMUM ELONGATION OF REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE EQUAL OR LARGER THAN
12%.
3. THE FOLLOWING TEST FOR REINFORCING BARS FROM RANDOM SAMPLES SHALL BE
CONDUCTED AS PER, BDS ISO 6935 - 2:2009 & TEST RESULTS SHALL BE SUBMITTED TO
THE ENGINEER-IN-CHARGE FOR CONFIRMATION,
A) TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
B) ELONGATION TEST
C) BEND/RE-BEND TEST

7. ASTM A706

8. Admixture
1. WATER PROOFING ADMIXTURE, WATER-REDUCING
ADMIXTURES, RETARDING ADMIXTURES, ACCELERATING
ADMIXTURES AND JOINTING ADMIXTURE SHALL BE USED
AFTER APPROVAL BY THE ENGINEER-IN-CHARGE.

9. Workability
SLUMP TEST
Why Slump Test ?
 Concrete Slump Test Is To Determine The Workability Or
Consistency Of Concrete Mix.
 The slump test is the most simple workability test for
concrete
 Generally Concrete slump value is used to find the
workability, which indicates water-cement ratio, but there
are various factors including properties of materials,
mixing methods, dosage, admixtures etc. also affect the
concrete slump value.

10. Slump Test
Figure-1:
Measuring Slump
of Concrete

11. Slump Test

12. Slump Test
1. Clean the internal surface of the Mould and apply oil.
2. Place the Mould on a smooth horizontal Non- Porous base plate.
3. Fill the Mould with the prepared concrete mix in 3 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end 16mm dia tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the cross section of the Mould. For the subsequent layers, the
tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the Mould and the base plate.
7. Raise the Mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the Mould and that of
height point of the specimen being tested.

13. Slump Test
NOTE:
The above operation should be carried out at a place free from
Vibrations or shock and within a period of 2 minutes after
sampling.
SLUMP VALUE OBSERVATION
The slump (Vertical settlement) measured shall be recorded in terms of
millimeters of subsidence of the specimen during the test (Max. True Slump
values: Reinforced concrete = 50-100 mm; Concrete = 25-50 mm).

14. Slump Test
RESULT OF CONCRETE SLUMP TEST:
Slump for the given sample= _____mm
When the slump test is carried out, following are the shape of the
concrete slump that can be observed:

15. Slump Test
RESULT
OF CONCRETE
SLUMP TEST:
a) True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The measurement
is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after the cone has been
removed as shown in figure-1. (Max. True Slump values: Reinforced concrete = 50-100 mm;
Concrete = 25-50 mm).
b) Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which results in
dry mixes. This type of concrete is generally used for road construction.

16. Slump Test
RESULT
OF CONCRETE
SLUMP TEST:
c) Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high, i.e.
concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not
appropriate.
d) Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and concrete to
be retested.

17. Test Frequency
Article 11 & 12

18. Concrete Cylinder Test

19. Concrete Cylinder Test
Why Cylinder Test ?
According to ASTM C 31, the results of
standard-cured cylinders are used for:
•Acceptance testing for specified strengths,
•Verifying mixture proportions for strength,
•Quality control by the concrete producer

20. Concrete Cylinder Test
THE STRENGTH RESULTS OF FIELD-CURED
CYLINDERS ARE USED FOR:
•Determining the time at which a structure is permitted
to be put into service,
•Evaluating the adequacy of curing and protecting
concrete in the structure, and
•Scheduling removal of forms or shoring

21. Concrete Cylinder Test
Equipment needed at the job site:
•Molds for casting cylinder specimens. Iron/Plastic molds are most common.
•Tamping rod with hemispherical tip - 5/8-inch (16-mm) diameter for 6×12-inch
cylinders or 3/8-inch (10-mm) diameter for4×8-inch cylinders, or a vibrator
•Rubber or rawhide mallet, 1.25 ±0.50 lb. (0.6±0.2 kg)
•Shovel, hand-held wooden float, and scoop,
•Wheel barrow or other appropriate sample container,
•Water tank or curing box with provisions to maintain required curing
environment during initial curing period.
•Safety equipment as appropriate to handle freshly mixed concrete.

22. Water cement Ratio
*** The principal reason for
entraining air in concrete is
to increase resistance to
the destructive effects of
freezing and thawing and
deicing salts. The
entrainment of air also
increases the workability
of the concrete for
placement purposes and
permits a reduction in the
sand and water contents of
the mix

23. Concrete for Various Exposure
Conditions

24. Curing
A) CURING TIME MINIMUM 28 DAYS.
B) METHOD OF CURING:
I) HORIZONTAL SURFACE - BY PONDING OF WATER.
OTHER SURFACES - BY WRAPPING MOIST JUTE FABRIC AND
SPRINKLING WATER BY HOSE PIPE FREQUENTLY OR APPLYING
CURING MEMBRANE.

25. Conduits and Pipes Embedded in
Concrete
13. PIPES OR CONDUITS PLACED WITHIN THE
SLAB SHALL NOT HAVE A DIAMETER GREATER
THAN 1/3 SLAB THICKNESS OR 50mm. THEIR
SPACING SHALL NOT BE CLOSER THAN 3X
DIAMETER OF CONDUIT AND NO CONDUIT SHALL
BE PLACED WITHIN 300mm OF A COLUMN FACE.
ALUMINUM CONDUITS ARE NOT ALLOWED.

26. Conduits and Pipes Embedded in
Concrete
 Conduits and pipes of aluminium shall not be embedded in structural concrete unless effectively coated or covered
to prevent aluminium concrete reaction or electrolytic action between aluminium and steel.
 Conduits and pipes, with their fittings, embedded within a column shall not displace more than 4 percent of the area
of cross-section on which strength is calculated or which is required for fire protection.
 They shall not be larger in outside dimension than one third (1/3) the overall thickness of slab, wall, or beam in
which they are embedded.
 They have nominal inside diameter not over 50 mm and are spaced not less than 3 diameters on centres.
 They shall not impair significantly the strength of the construction.
 No liquid, gas, or vapour, except water not exceeding 30oC nor 0.3 N/mm2 pressure, shall be placed in the pipes
until the concrete has attained its design strength.
 Concrete cover for pipes, conduits, and fittings shall be not less than 40 mm for concrete exposed to earth or
weather, nor 20 mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground.
 Reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete section shall be provided normal to
piping.

27. Cement Storage
 To be stored at the work site in a building or a shed which is dry, leakproof and moisture proof.
Bags to be stacked on wooden planks maintaining a minimum clearance of 200 mm from the
floor.
Maximum height of the stack shall be 15 bags and the width not more than four bags or 3m.
In stacks more than 8 bags high, the bags shall be arranged alternate length and crosswise.
Cement shall be used in the order they are received; storage shall facilitate this requirement.
Hooks shall not be used.
Workers handling cement shall put on protective hand and face coverings.

28. Cement Storage

29. Rebar Storage
Reinforcement bars and structural steel sections shall be coated with cement
wash before stacking.
Bars of different types, sizes and lengths and structural steel sections shall be
stored separately to facilitate issues.
Ends of bars and sections of each type shall be painted with separate
designated colors.

30. Rebar Storage

31. RCC Typical Details

32. RCC Typical Details

33. RCC Typical Details

34. RCC Typical Details

35. RCC Typical Details
CONCRETE CLEAR
COVER FOR
REINFORCING BARS

36. RCC Typical Details
CONFINEMENT REQUIREMENTS OF BEAM AT JOINTS
FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADING

37. RCC Typical Details
END HOOKS
STIRRUPS

38. RCC Typical Details
BEAM RESTS ON
ANOTHER BEAM

39. RCC Typical Details
COLUMN SPLICE
LOCATION

40. RCC Typical Details
CONFINEMENT
REQUIREMENTS OF
COLUMN AT JOINTS FOR
EARTHQUAKE LOADING

41. RCC Typical Details

42. FORMWORK & SCAFFOLD
Scaffold should be made of strong bamboo poles, steel pipes or any
other suitable materials .
Cross bracing with bamboo or steel pipes shall be provided along with
ties/guys of steel wire/rod not less than 6 mm in diameter.
Horizontal and inclined bracings shall be provided for posts higher
than 3.0 m .
Spans of beam bottoms shall be supported by posts at most 1 meter
apart.

43. FORMWORK & SCAFFOLD
All scaffolding exceeding 20m or six stories in height shall be
constructed of noncombustible or fire-retardant materials.
Suitable camber shall be provided in the formwork for horizontal
members. The camber for beams & slabs shall be 1 in 250, and for
cantilevers, 1 in 50 of the projected length.

44. Checklists

45. Checklists

46. Checklists

47. Question?
Thank You!