book

1. www.iu.edu
.sa
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫ﺍﻹﳝﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ‬

2. www.iu.edu
.sa
mvD`x Avie
D”P wk¶v gš¿Yvjq
Bmjvgx wek¦ we`¨vjq Avj-gv`xbv
Øxwb M‡elYv feb
Abyev` wefvM
AviKvbyj Cgvb
ev
Cgv‡bi ¯—¤¢mg~n
evsjv
fvlvq

3. welq t myPx cÎ t
ev Cgv‡bi ¯—¤¢ mg~n t 1
:
#$ %
cÖ_g i“Kb ev ¯—¤¢ t gnvb Avj−vni cÖwZ Cgvb | 6
1 Ñ Cgv‡bi ev¯—evqb t 6
2 Ñ Bev`v‡Zi msMv t 21
3 Ñ Avj−vni ZvInx` (GKZvZ¡ev`) Gi `jxj I cÖgvY cÄx t 25
'
:
()*
.
wØZxq i“Kb t wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb | 29
1 Ñ wdwikZv‡`i cwiPq t 29
2 Ñ wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi c×wZ t 31
'
:
,-(
.
Z…Zxq i“Kb t Avmgvbx MÖš’ mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb t 41
1 Ñ wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi g~j K_v t 42
2 Ñ wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi weavb t 43
3 ÑGme wKZv‡ei cÖwZ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges Zv AeZxY© Kivi
wcQ‡b wnKgvZ ev inm¨ t 44
4 Ñ wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi wbqg t 45
5 Ñ c~e©eZx© wKZve mg~‡ni msev` MÖnY Kiv t 47
6 Ñ KziAvb I nv`x‡m †h mKj Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei bvg D‡j−L¨ n‡q‡Q
Zv n‡jv t 49

4. .
:
/
PZz_© i“Kb t ivm~j‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb | 54
1 Ñ ivm~j (AvjvBwngym mvjvg) †`i cªwZ Cgvb Avbv t 54
2 Ñ beyIqv‡Zi nvKxKvZ t 56
3 Ñ ivm~j †cÖi‡Yi wnKgvZ ev inm¨ t 56
4 Ñ ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwngym mvjvg) `vwqZ¡ mg~n t 59
5 Ñ Bmjvg mKj bvex‡`i ag© t 61
6 Ñ ivm~jMY gvbyl Zuviv MvBe Rv‡bb bv t 61
7 Ñ ivm~jMY gvÔm~g ev wb¯úvc t 62
8 Ñ bvex I ivm~jM‡Yi msL¨v I Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ hviv DËg t 64
9 Ñ bvex‡`i (AvjvBwngym mvjvg) gyÔwRhvn t 68
10ÑAvgv‡`i bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg)Gi
beyIqv‡Zi cÖwZ Cgvb t 69
01 2
:
34 56
cÂg i“Kb t †kl w`e‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb 81
1 Ñ ‡kl w`e‡mi (Av‡Liv‡Zi) cÖwZ Cgvb t 81
2 Ñ †kl w`e‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi wbqg t 87
3 Ñ †kl w`e‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi djvdj t 108
7 8
:
9
lô i“Kb t fv‡M¨i cÖwZ Cgvb t 109
1 Ñ K`‡ii (fv‡M¨i) msMv I Zvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi ¸i“Z¡ t 109
2 Ñ fv‡M¨i ¯—i t 109
3 Ñ fv‡M¨i cÖKvi t 112
4 Ñ fv‡M¨i e¨vcv‡i mvjvd‡`i AvwK`vn ev wek¦vm t 113

5. 5 Ñ ev›`v‡`i Kg© mg~n t 114
6 Ñ Avj−vni m„wó I ev›`vi K‡g©i gv‡S mgSZv t 116
7 Ñ fv‡M¨i e¨vcv‡i ev›`vi KiYxq t 117
8 Ñ fvM¨ I dvqmvjvi cÖwZ mš—yó _vKv t 118
9 Ñ wn`vqvZ `yÕ cÖKvi t (wn`vqv‡Zi `yÕwU A_©) 120
10 Ñ (Avj−vni) KziAv‡b ewY©Z Biv`v `yÕ cÖKvi t 120
11 Ñ H mKj Avmeve ev KviY mg~n hv fvM¨ cwieZ©b K‡i t 122
12 Ñ fv‡M¨i gvmAvjv ev welqwU Avj−vni m„wó Rx‡ei gv‡S Zvui
GKwU inm¨gq welq t 122
13 Ñ fv‡M¨i Øviv `jxj †`Iqv t 123
14 Ñ Avmeve ev (gva¨g mg~n) MÖnY Kiv t 125
15 Ñ fvM¨‡K A¯^xKvi Kvixi weavb t 127
16 Ñ fv‡M¨i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi djvdj t 127

6. AviKvbyj Cgvb, ev Cgv‡bi ¯—¤¢ mg~n t
Zv n‡jv Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv, Zvui wdwikZv‡`i, wKZve mg~‡ni,
ivm~jM‡Yi, I †kl w`e‡mi, Ges fv‡M¨i fvj g‡›`i cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbv|
G cÖms‡M Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω
ΘΩ⁄Ψι√≅…
⌠⇑Ω∨
Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ
Ψζ⌠ΤΩ∼√≅…Ω
Ξ≤Ψ›‚≅…
Ψ◊Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧√≅…Ω
γˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇√≅…Ω
Ω⇑ΓΤΤΤΘΞ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅…Ω
≈
]
9 /
:
4
;
[
.
A_© t eis cÖK…Z c‡¶ mrKvR nj-†h Cgvb Avb‡e Avj−vni Dci,
wKqvgZ w`e‡mi Dci, wdwikZv‡`i Dci, Ges mg¯— bvex ivm~jM‡Yi
Dci| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-177 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
ΘδΡ
Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ∫
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ
−ΨΨ,Ω|ΞΜ;ΗΤςΤ∏Ω∨Ω
−ΨΨ‰Σ,〉{Ω
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
‚Ω
〉⊄ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤ⇓
φκΩΤŠ
ξŸΩšςΚ…
⇑ΨΘ∨
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠ΘΣ⁄
...
≈
]
9 /
:
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?@
[
.
A_© t mevB wek¦vm iv‡L, Avj−vni cÖwZ, Zvui wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ,
Zvui wKZv‡ei cÖwZ, Ges Zvui bvex‡`i cÖwZ, Zviv e‡j Avgiv Zvui
ivm~jM‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kvb ZviZg¨ Kwi bv| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-
185]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
†ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ…
ΘΩΡ
]∫πΩ→
ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒πΤ⊆ς∏Ω
ξ⁄ΩŸΩ⊆ΨŠ
(49)
≈
]
9 /
:
4
AB
[
.

7. A_© t Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K e¯—y‡K cwiwgZi“‡c m„wó K‡iwQ| [m~iv Avj-
K¡vgvi,AvqvZ-49]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
))
34 56 DE/ DE- DE-()*1 D% 1FG
.
1FG
HI3 9
.
H J
] ((.
L81 H
.[
A_© t Cgvb nj t Zzwg Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv,Zvui wdwikZvMY, wKZve mg~n,
ivm~jMY I ‡kl w`e‡mi (AvwLiv‡Zi) cÖwZ wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki‡e| Av‡iv
wek¦vm ivL‡e fv‡M¨i fvj g‡›`i cÖwZ| [gymwjg kixd ]
Cgv‡bi msMv t Zv n‡jv gy‡L ejv, Ges Aš—‡i wek¦vm Kiv, I ev¯—‡e
A½-cÖZ‡½i gva¨‡g m¤úv`b Kiv| Cgvb AvbyM‡Z¨ e„w× nq,
bvdvigvbx I Aev×Zvq n«vm cvq|
Avj−vn ZÔvAvjv e‡jb t
…
†Ω∧Πς⇓ΞΜ…
φΣ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧√≅…
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
…ς′ΞΜ…
Ω≤Ψ{Σ′
ϑðΣ/≅…
πŒς∏Ξ–Ω
¬ΣΣŠΣΤ∏ΣΤ∈
…ς′ΞΜ…Ω
πŒΩ∼Ψ∏ΣΤZ
¬Ξ∼ς∏Ω∅
ΙΣΣ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ∫
¬ΣΤZΩ …Ωƒ
†_Τ⇒ΗΤΩ∧ÿΜΞ…
υς∏Ω∅Ω
ψΞΨΘΤŠΩ⁄
Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Πς{ΩΩ,Ωÿ
(2)
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
Ω⇐Σ∧∼Ψ⊆Σÿ
Ω〈λς∏ϑð±√≅…
†ΘΩ∧Ψ∨Ω
¬ΣΗΤΩΤπ⇒∈ΩƒΩ⁄
Ω⇐Σ⊆Ψ⊃⇒Σÿ
(3)
ð∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ…
Σ¬Σ∑
Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧√≅…
†Θ⊥Τ⊆Ωš
¬ΣΠς√
}ŒΗΤΩ–Ω⁄Ω
ΩŸ⇒Ψ∅
ψΞΨΘΤŠΩ⁄
β〈Ω≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ω∨Ω
β⊄ƒΞ⁄Ω
χψÿΞ≤Ω{
(4)
≈
]
/
MN
:
4
O
A
.[
A_© t cÖK…Z gyÔwgb ZvivB hLb Zv‡`i wbK‡U Avj−vni bvg ¯^iYxZ nq
ZLb Zv‡`i
Aš—i †Ku‡c D‡V| Avi hLb Zv‡`i wbKU Zvui AvqvZ cwVZ nq ZLb
Zv‡`i Cgvb ewa©Z nq| Zviv Zv‡`i cÖfyi Dc‡iB fimv K‡i| Avi
hviv bvgvh cÖwZôv K‡i, Ges Avgvi cÖ`Ë i“hx n‡Z (Avj−vni c‡_ )
e¨q K‡i| ZvivB nj mwZ¨Kvi Cgvb`vi|

8. [m~iv Avj-Avbdvj,AvqvZ-2-4]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
⇑Ω∨Ω
⌠≤Σ⊃∇Ωÿ
ΨΠς∏√≅†ΨŠ
−ΨΨ,Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∨Ω
−ΨΨ‰Σ,Σ{Ω
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
ΨζΩ∼√≅…Ω
Ξ≤Ψ›‚≅…
ŸΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇
ΘΩΤΩ∂
Ω=„ΗΤς∏Ω∂
…[Ÿ∼Ψ⊕ΩΤŠ
(136)
≈
]
P 8 /
:
4
;QR
.[
A_© t Ges ‡h Avj−vni cÖwZ,I Zuvi wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ, Zuvi wKZve
mg~‡ni cÖwZ, Ges ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ I wKqvgZ w`e‡mi cÖwZ, wek¦vm
¯’vcb K‡ibv Zviv Pig c_åó n‡q co‡e| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-
136]
Avi Cgvb hv gy‡Li Øviv m¤úvw`Z nq t †hgb-whwKi, `yÔAv, b¨v‡qi
Av‡`k,Ab¨v‡qi wb‡la,I KziAvb cvV Kiv BZ¨vw`|
Abyi“c Aš—‡ii mv‡_I Cgvb mswk−ó t †hgb-mªóv, cÖwZcvjK,
cwiPvjK,Bev`v‡Zi AwaKvix Ges my›`iZg bvg I gnvb ¸bvejxi
†¶‡Î Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi (ZvInx`) GKZ¡ev‡` wek¦vm ¯’vcb Kiv| GK
I Aw`Z¡xq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi `vm‡Z¡i Avek¨KZvq wek¦vm ¯’vcb Kiv|
B”Qv-msKí BZ¨vw` I Gi g‡a¨ kvwgj|
Avi Aš—‡ii KvR n‡jv t Avj−vni fvjevmv, fq-fxwZ, Avkv-AvMÖn I
fimv BZ¨vw` (me wKQy Aš—‡ii Cgvb)|
A½-cÖZ‡½i Kg© mg~n Cgv‡bi Aš—fy©³| †hgb-bvgvh, †ivhv, nv¾,
Avj−vni c‡_ wRnv`, Øxb wk¶vR©b BZ¨vw`|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
…ς′ΞΜ…Ω
πŒΩ∼Ψ∏ΣΤZ
¬Ξ∼ς∏Ω∅
ΙΣΣ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ
∫
¬ΣΤZΩ …Ωƒ
†_Τ⇒ΗΤΩ∧ÿΜΞ…
≈
]
MN /
:
4
.[
A_© t Avi hLb Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Zuvi (Avj−vni ) AvqvZ cwVZ nq, ZLb
Zv‡`i Cgvb †e‡o hvq| [m~iv Avj-Avbdvj,AvqvZ-2]

9. wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
ΩΣ∑
ϖΨϒΠς√≅…
ΩΩ∞⇓Κς…
Ω◊Ω⇒∼Ψ∇ϑð♥√≅…
ℑ
Ψ‡ΣΤ∏ΣΤ∈
Ω⇐κΨ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧√≅…
ϖΝ…Σ …Ω ƒΩκΨ√
†_Τ⇒ΗΤΩ∧ÿΜΞ…
Ω⊗ΩΘ∨
⌠%¬ΞΨ⇒ΤΗΤΩ∧ÿΞΜ…
≈
]
S-M /
:
4
A
.[
A_© t wZwb gyÔwgb‡`i Aš—‡i cÖkvwš— bvwhj K‡ib, hv‡Z Zv‡`i Cgv‡bi
mv‡_ Av‡iv Cgvb †e‡o hvq| [m~iv Avj-dvZn-AvqvZ,4]
myZivs AbyMZ¨ I ˆbKU¨kxjZv hZ e„w× cvq, Cgv‡bv Z‡Zv e„w× cvq|
Avi AbyMZ¨ I ‰bKU¨kxjZv hZ n«vm cvq, Cgv‡bv Z‡Zv n«vm cvq|
‡hgb-Aeva¨Zv I bvdigvbx Cgv‡b Kz-cÖfve †d‡j, hw` Zv
(bvdigvbx) eo ai‡Yi wkK© ev †Kvb Kzdzix KvR nq Zvn‡j Avmj
Cgvb‡K aŸsm K‡i w`‡e| Avi hw` †QvU ai‡Yi †Kvb bvdigvbx nq
Zvn‡j Cgv‡bi cwic~Y©Zvq NvUwZ Av‡m Ges Zv KzjwlZ I `ye©j n‡q
hvq|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ…
ϑðΩ/≅…
‚Ω
Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ωÿ
⇐Κς…
ð∉Ω≤πΤ↑Σÿ
−ΨΨŠ
Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤΤ⊕ΩÿΩ
†Ω∨
Ω⇐Σ
ð∠Ψ√.ς′
⇑Ω∧Ψ√
Σ∫:†Ω↑Ωÿ
...
≈
]
P 8 /
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A?
.[
A_© t wbðq Avj−vn Zvui mv‡_ wkiK Kivi Aciva ¶gv K‡ib bv|
GZبZxZ me wKQy hv‡K B”Qv wZwb ¶gv K‡ib| [m~iv Avb,
wbmv,AvqvZ-48]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
φΣ⊃Ψ∏µµðš
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ
†Ω∨
Ν…Ρ√†ΩΤ∈
ŸΩ⊆ς√Ω
Ν…Ρ√†ΩΤ∈
Ω◊Ω∧Ψ∏ς
Ξ≤πΤ⊃Ρ∇√≅…
Ν…Σ≤Ω⊃Ω{Ω
ΩŸ⊕ΩΤŠ
ψΞΨ∧ΗΤς∏♠ΜΞ…
...
≈
]
- /
:
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A
.[
A_© t Zviv Kmg †L‡q e‡j †h Avgiv ewj bvB| A_P Zviv Kzdix

10. evK¨ e‡j‡Q Ges Bmjvg ag© MÖnY Kivi ci Kzdzix K‡i‡Q|
[myiv AvZZvIevn-AvqvZ,74]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
))
T 8 UV T 8 T 8 W D1F1 X $ UV $ $ W
1F1 X Y J UV 2 Z [ W D1F1 X
] ((.
E6 M-1
.[
A_© t e¨vwfPvix cwic~Y© Cgvb`vi Ae¯’vq e¨vwfPv‡i wjß nqbv, †Pvi
cwic~Y© Cgvb`vi Ae¯’vq Pzwi K‡ibv, Ges g`¨cvqx cwic~Y© Cgvb`vi
Ae¯’vq g` cvb K‡ibv, (A_©vr D³ mg‡q Zv‡`i Cgvb Ac~Y© I `ye©j
n‡q hvq)| [eyLvix I gymwjg]
:
#$ %

11. cÖ_g i“Kb ev ¯—¤¢ t gnvb Avj−vni cÖwZ Cgvb t
(1) Cgv‡bi ev¯—evqb t
wb‡æ ewY©Z welq mg~n ev¯—evq‡bi gva¨‡g Avj−vni cÖwZ c~Y© Cgvb
Avbv nq|
cÖ_gZ t G wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, G wek¦ RM‡Zi GKRb cÖfy
cÖwZcvjK i‡q‡Qb| whwb ¯^xq m„wó ivRZ¡, cwiPvjbv I Kg©
e¨ve¯’vcbvq i“hx`vZv, Rxeb `vZv, g„Zz¨`vZv, ¶gZvkxj,Ges Kj¨vY
I AKj¨vY mvabKvix wn‡m‡e GK I Aw`Z¡xq| wZwb e¨ZxZ †Kvb cÖfy
cÖwZcvjK †bB|
wZwb GKvB hv B”Qv Zv K‡ib, Ges hv Pvb Zvi ûKzg K‡ib| hv‡K
B”Qv m¤§vwbZ K‡ib, Avevi hv‡K B”Qv AcgvwbZ K‡ib| ZuviB nv‡Z
Avmgvb Rwg‡bi ivRZ¡| wZwb me© wel‡q ¶gZvkxj I ÁvZ i‡q‡Qb|
wZwb Kv‡iv gyLv‡c¶x bb|
mKj Av‡`k ZvuiB Ges me© cÖKvi Kj¨vY ZuviB nv‡Z, Zuvi Kg© mg~‡n
†Kvb kixK ‡bB| Zuvi K‡g© Zuv‡K †Kn civRq Kvix ‡bB| eis gvbe
RvwZ, R¡xb RvwZ I wdwikZv gÛjx mn mKj m„wó Rxe ZuviB `vm ev
ev›`v | Zviv Zvui ivRZ¡, kw³ I B”Qv n‡Z †ei n‡Z cv‡ib bv|
Zvui Kg© mg~n AMwbZ ‡Kvb msL¨vB Zv wkgve× Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| G
mKj ˆewk‡ói wZwbB GKgvÎ AwaKvix, Zvui †Kvb kixK †bB| wZwb
e¨ZxZ †KD G (ˆewkô) mg~‡ni AwaKvi iv‡Lbv| Gme Avj−vn Qvov
Ab¨ Kv‡iv mwnZ m¤ú©wKZ I mve¨¯— Kiv nvivg|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

12. …
†ΩΘΣΤÿΚς†Η;ΤΤΩΤÿ
〉♣†Πς⇒√≅…
Ν…ΣŸΣ‰∅≅…
Σ¬Ρ∇ΘΩΤŠΩ⁄
ΨϒΠς√≅…
⌠¬Ρ∇Ω⊆ς∏ΤΩ
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…Ω
⇑Ψ∨
⌠¬Ρ∇Ψ∏‰ΩΤ∈
⌠¬Ρ∇Πς∏Ω⊕ς√
Ω⇐Σ⊆Πς,ΩΤZ
(21)
ΨϒΠς√≅…
ΩΩ⊕Ω–
Σ¬Ρ∇ς√
ð≥⁄ΚΚς‚≅…
†⊥Τ→.Ω≤Ψ⊇
ƒ
∫:†φΤΤ∧ΘΩ♥√≅…Ω
_∫::†Ωγγ⇒Š
ΩΩ∞⇓Κς…Ω
Ω⇑Ψ∨
Ψ∫:†φΤΤ∧ϑð♥√≅…
_∫:†Ω∨
Ω“Ω≤Κς†ΩΤ⊇
−ΨΤΨŠ
Ω⇑Ψ∨
γ‹.Ω≤Ω∧Πς‘√≅…
†_Τ∈πƒΨ⁄
∃⌠¬Ρ∇Πς√
...
≈
]
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.[
A_© t †n gvbe mgvR ! †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i cvjbKZv©i Bev`vZ Ki,
whwb †Zvgvw`M‡K Ges †Zvgv‡`i c~e©eZx©w`M‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡Z
Avkv Kiv hvq,†Zvgiv ci‡nhMvix AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †h cweÎmËv
†Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ Rwgb‡K weQvbv AvKvk‡K Qv` ¯^iƒc ¯’vcb K‡i
w`‡q‡Qb, Avi AvKvk †_‡K cvwb el©Y K‡i †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ dj-dmj
Drcv`b K‡i‡Qb ‡Zvgv‡`i Lv`¨ wnmv‡e| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-
21-22]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
ΞΣΤ∈
ϑðψΣΠς∏√≅…
ð∠Ψ∏ΗΤΩ∨
γ∠∏Σ∧√≅…
ΨΤπZΣΤZ
ð∠∏Σ∧√≅…
⇑Ω∨
Σ∫:†Ω↑ΩΤZ
Σ℘Ξ∞⇒ΩΤZΩ
ð∠∏Σ∧√≅…
⇑ΘΩ∧Ψ∨
Σ∫:†Ω↑ΩΤZ
ΘΣ∞ΤΤΨ⊕ΣΤZΩ
⇑Ω∨
∫:†Ω↑ΩΤZ
ΘΣΨϒΣΤZΩ
⇑Ω∨
∃Σ∫:†Ω↑ΩΤZ
ð∉ΨŸΩ∼ΨŠ
Σ∃⁄κΩ‘√≅…
ð∠Πς⇓ΜΞ…
υς∏Ω∅
ΘΞΡ
ω∫πΩ→
χ≤ÿΨŸΩΤ∈
(26)
≈
]
4 D ] /
:
R
.[
A_© t ejyb †n Avj−vn ! ZzwgB mve©‡fŠg kw³i AwaKvix| Zzwg hv‡K
B”Qv ivR¨ `vb Ki Ges hvi KvQ †_‡K B”Qv ivR¨ wQwb‡q bvI, Ges
hv‡K B”Qv m¤§vwbZ Ki, Avi hv‡K B”Qv AcgvwbZ Ki| †ZvgviB
nv‡Z i‡q‡Q hveZxq Kj¨vY| wbðqB Zzwg me© wel‡q ¶gZvkxj|
[m~iv Avwj-Bgivb,AvqvZ-26 ]

13. wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
… †Ω∨Ω ⇑Ψ∨ ξ◊ΤΘΩΤŠ:…Ω ℑ Ξ≥⁄ΚΚς‚≅… ‚ΠςΜΞ… ς∏Ω∅ ϑðΨ/≅… †ΩΣΤ∈ƒΞ⁄ 〉ψς∏⊕ΩΤÿΩ †Ω∑ΘΩ≤Ω⊆Ω,πΤ♥Σ∨
†ΩΩ∅Ω ⌠ΤΩ,πΤ♥Σ∨Ω ΘβΡ ℑ ξˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ ξ⇐κΨ‰ΣΘ∨ (6) ≈ ]
4 DX /
:
R
.[
A_© t Avi c„w_ex‡Z wePiYkxj gvÎB mK‡ji RxweKvi `vwqZ¡ Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv wb‡q‡Qb, wZwb Rv‡bb Zviv †Kv_vq _v‡K Ges †Kv_vq
mgvwcZ nq| me wKQyB GK my¯úó MÖ‡š’ i‡q‡Q| [m~iv û`,AvqvZ-6 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
...
‚ςΚς…
Σς√
Σ⊂∏Ω‘√≅…
Σ≤∨ΚΚς‚≅…Ω
ð∉Ω⁄†Ω‰ΩΤZ
ϑðΣ/≅…
ϑ〉‡Ω⁄
Ω⇐κΨ∧ς∏ΗΤΩ⊕√≅…
(54)
≈
]
/
4 D^
:
@A
.[
A_© t †R‡b †iL ZvuiB m„wó I ZvuiB weavb, Avj−vn eiKZgq whwb wek¦
RM‡Zi cÖfy-cÖwZcvjK| [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd, AvqvZ-54 ]
wØZxqZ t G wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui my›`i bvg
mg~n I cyZ-cweÎ c~Y© ¸Yvejxi †¶‡Î GK I AwØZxq| hvi wKQy
ev›`v‡`i Rb¨ Zuvi cweÎ MÖš’ I †kl bvex I bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi nv`x‡m eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΨΠς∏Ψ√Ω
Σ∫:†Ω∧♠ΚΚς‚≅…
υΩ⇒π♥Σ™√≅…
ΣΣ∅ ≅†ΩΤ⊇
∃†ΩΨŠ
Ν…Σ⁄Ω′Ω
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
φΣŸΨ™∏ΣΤÿ
⌡Ψ⊇
−ΨΜΞ;;ΗΤΤΩ∧♠Κς…
Ω⇐Ω∞•Σ∼Ω♠
†Ω∨
Ν…ΣΤ⇓†ς
Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤÿ
(180)
≈
]
D^ /
4
:
;?_
.[
A_© t Avi Avj−vni Rb¨ i‡q‡Q me© DËg bvg| ZvB †m bvg a‡iB
Zuv‡K WvK| Avi Zv‡`i‡K eR©b Ki,hviv Zvui bv‡gi e¨vcv‡i evuKv
c‡_ P‡j| Zviv wb‡R‡`i K…Z K‡g©i dj kxNÖB cv‡e|

14. [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-180 ]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
))
,` G X Da 3 X bV 1 cd U8G 8G % e
G
]((
M-1
E6
[
A_© t Avj−vni wbivbeŸ-BwU bvg i‡q‡Q| ‡h e¨w³ Bnv msi¶b Ki‡e
†m Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| Avj−vn †e‡Rvo, wZwb †e‡Rvo‡K
fvjev‡mb| [ eyLvix I gymwjg ]
Avi GB AvKx`vn- wek¦vm `yÕwU eo g~jbxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ |
cÖ_g t wbðq Avj−vni my›`i bvg I gnvb ¸Y i‡q‡Q, hv cwic~Y©
¸bvejxi cÖgvY K‡i, Zv‡Z †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Acwic~Y©Zv I µwU †bB|
m„wóRx‡ei †Kvb wKQyB Zvi gZ I Zvi Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡ibv|
f g (Avj-nvBqy) Zvui (Avj−vni) bvg mg~‡ni GKwU bvg|
6g(Avj-nvqvZ) Zvui wmdvZ ev ¸Y hv gnvb Avj−vni Rb¨ mgywPZ
mwVK cš’vq mve¨¯— Kiv IqvwRe| Avi G Rxeb GK wPi¯’vqx cwic~Y©
Rxeb| Zv‡Z Ávb,kw³ BZ¨vw` me© cÖKvi c~Y©Zvi mgv‡ek i‡q‡Q|
Avj−vn wPiÄxe Zuvi jq I ¶q bvB|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ϑðΣ/≅…
:‚Ω
ΩΗΤς√ΞΜ…
‚ΠςΜΞ…
ΩΣ∑
ΘΣΩ™√≅…
Σ⋅ΘΣΤ∼Ω⊆√≅…
‚Ω
ΙΣΡϒΣΚ†ΩΤZ
β◊Ω⇒ΨΤ♠
‚ΩΩ
χ⋅⌠ΤΩΤ⇓
...
≈
]
4 D 9 /
:
@@
.[
A_© t Avj−vn Qvov †Kvb mwVK Dcvm¨ †bB, wZwb wPiÄxe I me wKQyi
aviK| Zvu‡K Z›`ªv ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡ibv Ges wb`ªvI bq| [m~iv Avj-
evK¡viv,AvqvZ-255 ]
wØZxq t wbðq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv mKj †`vl I µwU hy³ ¸Y n‡Z
m¤úyY©fv‡e cyZ-cweÎ †hgb-wb`ªv AcviMZv, g~L©Zv I Ryjyg-AZ¨vPvi

15. BZ¨vw`|
wZwb Av‡iv cyZ I cweÎ m„wóRx‡ei mv‡_ mv`„k¨ ivLv n‡Z| Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv I Zvui ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Zvui (Avj−vni )
Rb¨ †h mKj ¸Y A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb, Zv A¯^xKvi Kiv Acwinvh©|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv †h mKj ¸Y‡K wb‡Ri Rb¨ A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †m
¸‡Yi wecixZ ¸‡Y cwic~Y© fv‡e ¸bœvw¤^Z, GB wek¦vm ivLv|
myZivs hLb Avj−vn‡K Z›`ªv I wb`ªv †_‡K gy³ Kie, ZLb Z›`ªvi
wecixZ wPi RvMÖZ Ges wb`ªvi wecixZ wPiÄxe cwic~Y© `yÕwU ¸Y‡K
mve¨¯— Kiv n‡e|
Abyi“c fv‡e Avj−vn‡K cÖwZwU Acwic~Y© ¸Y ‡_‡K gy³ Ki‡j mv‡_
mv‡_ Zvi wecixZ cwic~Y© ¸Y mve¨¯— n‡q hvq| wZwbB GKgvÎ cwic~Y©
Avi wZwb e¨ZxZ meB Acwic~Y©|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
...
ð♦∼Τς√
−ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ς
χ∃∫πΤΩ→
ΩΣ∑Ω
Σ⊗∼Ψ∧ΘΩ♥√≅…
Σ⁄κΨ±Ω‰Τ√≅…
(11)
≈
]
/
4 Dh[
:
;;
.[
A_© t(m„wóRx‡ei) †Kvb wKQyB Zvui Abyi“c bq|Avi wZwb me ï‡bb
Ges me †`‡Lb| [m~iv Avkïiv,AvqvZ-11 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
...
†Ω∨Ω
ð∠ΘΣΤŠΩ⁄
ξψΗΤΠς∏ðℵ≠ΨΤŠ
ΨŸ∼Ψ‰Ω⊕∏ΠΨ√
(46)
≈
]
4 Dibj /
:
AR
.[
A_© t Avi Avcbvi cÖwZ cvjK ev›`v‡`i cÖwZ Ryjyg K‡ib bv|
[m~iv dzmwmjvZ,AvqvZ-46 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
...
†Ω∨Ω
φ†ς
ϑðΣ/≅…
ΙΣΩ∞Ψ•⊕Σ∼Ψ√
⇑Ψ∨
ξ∫πΤΩ→
ℑ
γ‹.ΩΗΤΩ∧ΘΩ♥√≅…
‚ΩΩ
ℑ

16. Ξ≥⁄ΚΚς‚≅…
...
≈
]
4 D k j /
:
AA
.[
A_© t AvKvk I c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb wKQyB Avj−vn‡K AcviM Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| [m~iv dv‡Zi,AvqvZ-44 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
...
†Ω∨Ω
Ω⇐†ς
ð∠ΘΣΤŠΩ⁄
†⊥ΘΤ∼Ψ♥ΩΤ⇓
(64)
≈
]
4 Dl 1 /
:
RA
.[
A_© t Avi Avcbvi cÖwZcvjK we¯§„Z nIqvi bb| [m~iv gvwiBqvg,
AvqvZ-64 ]
Avj−vni bvg, Zvui ¸Y I Kg© mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, Avj−vn I Zvui
Bev`vZ‡K Rvbvi GKgvÎ c_|
KviY Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv GB cvw_©e RM‡Z Zvui mivmwi `k©b‡K m„wóRxe
n‡Z †Mvcb †i‡L‡Qb, Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ Ggb Áv‡bi c_ Ly‡j
w`‡q‡Qb, hvi Øviv Zviv Zv‡`i cÖfy Bjvn-gvÔey`‡K Rvb‡e Ges mwVK
Ávb Abyhvqx Zuvi Bev`vZ Ki‡e|
myZivs ev›`v Zvi ¸bgq gvÔey‡`i Bev`vZ K‡i, gyAvwËj (Avj−vni bvg
I ¸bvejx AaxKvi Kvix) Abw¯—‡Z¡i Bev`vZ K‡i, gygvw”Qj (gykixK
mv`„k¨ev`x) cÖwZgvi Bev`vZ K‡i| Avi gymwjg e¨w³ GK I
AgyLv‡c¶x Avj−vni Bev`vZ K‡i, whwb KvD‡K Rb¥ †`bwb Ges †KD
Zv‡K Rb¥ †`qwb, Ges Zuvi mgK¶ I ‡KD bq|
Avj−vni my›`i bvg mg~n mve¨¯— Kivi ‡¶‡Î wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jvi
j¶¨ ivLv DwPZ t
(1) ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRb e¨vZxZ KziAvb I nv`x‡m ewY©Z mKj my›`i
bvg mg~n Avj−vni Rb¨ mve¨¯— i‡q‡Q Zvi Dci Cgvb Avbv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΩΣ∑
ϑðΣ/≅…
ΨϒΠς√≅…
:‚Ω
ΩΗΤς√ΞΜ…
‚ΠςΜΞ…
ΩΣ∑
〉∠Ψ∏Ω∧√≅…
〉♣ΠΡŸΣ⊆√≅…
Σ¬ΗΤς∏ΘΩ♥√≅…
Σ⇑Ψ∨Σ∧√≅…

17. 〉⇔Ψ∧∼ΩΣ∧√≅…
Σ∞ÿΞ∞Ω⊕√≅…
Σ⁄†ΘΩ‰φΤΤ•√≅…
Σ⁄ΘΨιΩ|Ω,Σ∧√≅…
Ω⇑ΗΤΩ™‰ΤΣ♠
ϑðΨ/≅…
†ΘΩ∧∅
φΣ{Ξ≤π↑ΣΤÿ
(23)
≈
]
4 D [g /
:
Q
.[
A_© t wZwbB Avj−vn wZwb e¨ZxZ mwZ¨Kvi †Kvb Dcvm¨ †bB| wZwb
GK gvÎ me wKQyi gvwjK, hveZxq †`vl-µwU n‡Z cweÎ,kvwš— I
wbivcËv`vZv, ch©‡e¶K,civµvš—, cÖZvcvw¤^Z, gvnvZœ¨kxj| Zviv hv‡K
Askx`vi K‡i Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zv †_‡K cweÎ| [m~iv Avj-nvki,
AvqvZ-23 ]
nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q t
))
m 8 n io
O
O
9 c*# .d
:
p qp/ e Lr
g q
*a s t Du8 . iN We Ee W
569 g 5 D
.
m 9j
O
O
:
v% w G
x
:
x DL E/ D%
:
Ed % 9 H 6 8MN yz
{| E }/ se DZ # E se yz L~
]((
D H

.[
A_© t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) GK e¨w³‡K ej‡Z
ïb‡jb| †n Avj−vn ! Avwg †Zvgvi Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv KiwQ, KviY mKj
cÖksmv †ZvgviB Rb¨| Zzwg Qvov †Kvb mwZ¨Kvi gvÔey` †bB| Zzwg
(gvbœvb ) AbyMªnKvix, Avmgvb Rwg‡bi m„wó Kvix| †n m¤§vwbZ I
ghv©`vevb! †n wPiÄxe I me wKQyi aviK evnK !
AZtci bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) (mvnvev‡`i‡K wRÁvmv
Ki‡jb t †Zvgiv wK Rvb ? †m wK‡mi (Awmjvq) Avj−vn‡K AvnŸvb
K‡i‡Q? Zvuiv ej‡jb t Avj−vn I Zvui ivm~jB AwaK Rv‡bb| Zvici
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡j−b t kc_ †mB mËvi hvi

18. nv‡Z Avgvi cÖvY, wbðq †m Avj−vn‡K Zvui Ggb Bm‡g AvR‡gi
(gnvb bv‡gi)Awmjvq AvnŸvb K‡i‡Q,hvi Øviv Avj−vn‡K AvnŸvb
Ki‡j Avj−vn AvnŸv‡b mvov ‡`b, Ges Av‡e`b Ki‡j wZwb `vb
K‡ib| [ Bgvg Avey `vD` I Avngv` nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡ib ]
(2) Avj−vn wb‡RB wb‡Ri bvg ‡i‡L‡Qb| m„wó Rx‡ei †KD Zvi bvg
iv‡L bvB| Ges wZwb wb‡RB GB mKj bvg Øviv ¯^xq cÖksmv
K‡i‡Qb| Bnv m„wRZ bZzb bq| Bnvi Dci Cgvb Avbv|
(3) Avj−vni my›`i bvg mg~n Ggb cwic~Y© A_©‡evaK hv‡Z †Kvb
cÖKv‡ii †Kvb µwU †bB| ZvB G bvg mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv †hgb
IqvwRe,‡Zgwb Gi A‡_©i Dci Cgvb AvbvI IqvwRe|
(4) G mg¯— bv‡gi A_© A¯^xKvi I Ace¨v¶v bv K‡i m¤§v‡bi mv‡_
MÖnY Kiv IqvwRe|
(5) cÖwZwU bvg n‡Z mve¨¯— wewa-weavb I djvdj Ges Gi cÖfv‡ei
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv|
G cvuPwU welq‡K Av‡iv ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv Avj−vni bvg .68
AvmmvgxÔ (kªeY Kvix) Øviv D`vniY †ck Ki‡ev|
.68 G‡Z wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jv j¶¨ ivLv cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB KZ©e¨|
(K) .68 (AvmmvgxÔ) Avj−vni bvg mg~‡ni GKwU bvg| G K_vi
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv| KviY Gi eY©bv KziAvb I nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q|
(L) Av‡iv Cgvb Avbv †h,Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv wb‡RB wb‡R‡K G bv‡g bvg
KiY K‡i‡Qb,G bv‡g K_v e‡jb Ges Zv KziAv‡b AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb|
(M) .68 (AvmmvgxÔ) AvmmvgD ev (†kvbv) A_©‡K kvwgj K‡i| hv
Avj−vni ¸Y mg~‡ni GKwU ¸Y|
(N) .68 (Avmmvgxq) bvg n‡Z D™¢~Z ÒkªeY Kiv ev †kvbvÓ ¸bwU
A¯^xKvi I Ace¨vLv bv K‡i m¤§v‡bi mv‡_ MÖnY Kiv IqvwRe|

19. (O) wbðq Avj−vn me wKQy ï‡bb Ges Zuvi ïbv mKj awb‡K cwi‡eób
K‡i †i‡L‡Q, GB wek¦vm ivLv| G Cgv‡bi djvdj I cÖfve n‡jv
Avj−vni ch©‡e¶Y I Zvui fq-fxwZ Avek¨K n‡q hvq,Ges G `„p
wek¦vm m„wó nq †h,Avj−vni Kv‡Q †Kvb wKQy †Mvcb _v‡Kbv|
Ggwb fv‡e Avj−vni ¸Y € (Avj-Avjx) mve¨¯— Kivi mgq
wb‡æi welq ¸‡jv j¶¨ ivLv DwPZ t
(1) KziAvb I nv`x‡m ewY©Z mKj wmdvZ ev ¸Y †Kvb cÖKvi Ace¨vLv
I mwVK A_© Z¨vM bv K‡i cÖK…Zv‡_© Avj−vni Rb¨ mve¨¯— Kiv|
(2) `„p wek¦vm ivLv †h, Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv hveZxq †`vl Am¤ú~Y© ¸Y
n‡Z g~³, eis wZwb m~-cwic~Y© ¸‡Y ¸bvw¤^Z|
(3) Avj−vni ¸Yvejxi mv‡_ m„wóRx‡ei ¸Y mg~‡ni mv`„k¨ bv Kiv|
KviY Avj−vni Abyi“c †Kvb wKQy †bB| bv Zvui ¸‡Y Ges bv Zvui
K‡g©|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ð♦∼Τς√
−ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ς
χ∃∫πΤΩ→
ΩΣ∑Ω
Σ⊗∼Ψ∧ΘΩ♥√≅…
Σ⁄κΨ±Ω‰Τ√≅…
(11)
≈
]
/
4 Dh[
:
;;
.[
A_© t (m„wóRx‡ei) †Kvb wKQyB Zvui Abyi“c bq| Avi wZwb me
ï‡bb,Ges me ‡`‡Lb| [m~iv Avkïiv,AvqvZ-11 ]
(4) Gme ¸‡Yi i“c I aiY-MVb Rvbvi †Kvb cÖKvi Avkv AvKv•Lv
bv Kiv| †Kbbv Avj−vn ¸‡Yi i“c I aiY-MVb wZwb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †KD
Rv‡bbv| d‡j m„wóRx‡ei Zv Rvbvi †Kvb c_ †bB|
(5) G me ¸Yvejx n‡Z mve¨¯— wewa-weavb Ges Gi cÖfve I `vexi
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv| myZivs cÖwZwU ¸‡Yi mv‡_ Bev`vZ m¤ú„³|
GLb cvuPwU welq Av‡iv ¯úó nIqvi Rb¨ wmdvZzj BmwZIqv
)
P-/W
( Gi D`vniY †ck Kie|

20. Avj-BmwZIqv )
W
P-/
( ¸YwU mve¨¯— Ki‡Z wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jv
j¶¨ ivLv Acwinvh©|
(1)Avj-BmwZIqv (Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv ¯^-mËvq Avi‡ki Dc‡i i‡q‡Qb)
G ¸YwU Avj−vni Rb¨ mve¨¯— Kiv Ges Gi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, ‡Kbbv
Bnv KyiAvb I nv`x‡m GKvwaKevi cÖgvwbZ n‡q‡Q|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
Σ⇑ΗΤΩ∧šΘΩ≤√≅…
ς∏Ω∅
Ξ↔⌠≤ΤΩ⊕√≅…
υΩΩΤ,Τ♠≅…
(5)
≈
]
4 DEk /
:
@
.[
A_© t cig `qvgq (Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv ¯^-mËvq) Avi‡ki Dci i‡q‡Qb|
[m~iv Z¡nv,AvqvZ-5 ]
(2) Avj-BmwZIqv )
P-/W
( ¸YwU‡K h_v‡hvM¨ I cwic~Y© iƒ‡c
Avj−vni Rb¨ mve¨¯— Kiv| Avi Gi cÖK…Z A_© n‡jv t Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv
¯^xq Avi‡ki Dc‡i weivRgvb i‡q‡Qb, †hgb Zvui gn‡Z¡i I †kªó‡Z¡i
†kvfv cvq|
Gi A_© Avj−vn Zuvi Avi‡ki Dc‡i mgvmxb cÖK…Z c‡¶| Zvui ghv©`vi
Rb¨ ‡h fv‡e †kvfv cvq|
(3) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi Avi‡ki Dci weivRgvb _vKv‡K m„wó Rx‡ei
Avmb MÖn‡Yi mv‡_ Dcgv bv †`Iqv| †Kbbv Avj−vn Avi‡ki gyLv‡c¶x
bb| wZwb Avi‡ki gynZvR bb| wKš—y m„wó Rx‡ei mgvmxbZv m¤ú~Y©
mZš¿, m„wóRxe Gi gynZvR ev gyLv‡c¶x|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ð♦∼Τς√
−ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ς
χ∃∫πΤΩ→
ΩΣ∑Ω
Σ⊗∼Ψ∧ΘΩ♥√≅…
Σ⁄κΨ±Ω‰Τ√≅…
(11)
≈
]
/
4 Dh[
:
;;
.[
A_© t(m„wó Rx‡ei) †Kvb wKQyB Zvui Abyiƒc bq| Avi wZwb me
ï‡bb,Ges me †`‡Lb| [m~iv Avkïiv,AvqvZ-11 ]

21. (4) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi Avi‡ki Dci weivRgv‡bi aiY I c×wZ wb‡q
Z‡K© wjß bv nIqv| ‡Kbbv GUv MvBex (A`„‡k¨i) welq, hv GKgvÎ
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Qvov †KD Rv‡bbv|
(5) G ¸YwU n‡Z mve¨¯— wewa-weavb I djvdj Ges Gi cÖfv‡ei cÖwZ
Cgvb Avbv, Avi Zv n‡jv Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi h_v‡hvM¨ gnË I †kªóZ¡
mve¨¯— Kiv, hv mgMÖ m„wó n‡Z Zvui D‡×© I my-D‡”P (Avi‡ki Dci)
Ae¯’vbB cÖgvY K‡i|
Av‡iv cÖgvY K‡i mKj AvZœvi ZvuiB w`‡K Ea©g~Lx nIqv, †hgb
wmR`vKvix wmR`vq e‡j t ({ ‚ /) Avwg Avgvi cÖfyi
cweÎZv eY©bv Kwi whwb my-D”P I E‡a©|
Z…ZxqZ t G wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvB GKgvÎ
mwZ¨Kvi gvÔey` ev Dcvm¨ Ges cÖKvk¨ I AcªKvk¨ hveZxq Bev`vZ
cvIqvi AwaKvi iv‡Lb| wZwb GK I AwØZxq, Zvui †Kvb kixK †bB|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ŸΩ⊆ς√Ω
†ΩΤ⇒Τ‘Ω⊕ΩΤŠ
ℑ
ΘΞΣ{
ξ◊ΤΤΘΩ∨ΡΚ…
‚ΖΣ♠ΩΘ⁄
γ⇐Κς…
Ν…ΣŸΣΤ‰∅≅…
ϑðΩ/≅…
Ν…Σ‰Ψ⇒ΩΤ,–≅…Ω
∃ð‹Σ⊕ΗΤϑð≠√≅…
...
≈
]
4 D /
:
QR
.[
A_© t Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨B ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ GB g‡g© †h,
†Zvgiv GKgvÎ Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki‡e Ges Zv¸Z (Avj−vn e¨ZxZ
A‡b¨i Bev`vZ Kiv A_v©r wkiK Kiv) †_‡K wbivc` I weiZ _vK‡e|
[m~iv Avb-bnj,AvqvZ-36 ]
Avi cÖ‡Z¨K ivm~jB ¯^xq D¤§vZ‡K ej‡Zb t
…
...
Ν…ΣŸΣ‰Τ∅≅…
ϑðΩ/≅…
†Ω∨
¬Ρ∇ς√
⌠⇑ΨΘ∨
]ΗΤς√ΞΜ…
,ΙΣΣ⁄κΤΩ∅
...
≈
]
D^ /
4
:
@B
.[
A_© t †Zvgiv GKgvÎ Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki| wZwb e¨ZxZ †Zvgv‡`i

22. †Kvb mZ¨ Dcvm¨ †bB| [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-59 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
:†Ω∨Ω
ϖΝ…Σ≤Ψ∨ΡΚ…
‚ΠςΜΞ…
Ν…ΣŸΣΤ‰⊕Ω∼Ψ√
ϑðΩ/≅…
Ω⇐κΨ±Ψ∏ο〉
ΣΤς√
Ω⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅…
ƒ
∫:†ΤΩ⊃Ω⇒ΤΣš
...
≈
]
4 D6 /
:
@
.[
A_© t Avi Zv‡`i‡K G Qvov †Kvb wb‡`©k Kiv nqwb †h, Zviv LvuwU
g‡b GKwbô fv‡e (wkiKgy³ †_‡K) GKgvÎ Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki‡e|
[m~iv Avj-evB‡q¨bvn-AvqvZ-5 ]
mnxn eyLvix I gymwjg kix‡d ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h,
))
v% { V 1 { % V 1 y G
.
ix
:
%
E/
L
.
x
:
E [ W H { % V
c}6J E ƒ [ W 1 Zz W % { VDc}6J
.((
A_© t Zzwg wK Rvb? ev›`vi Dci Avj−vni nK¡ ev AwaKvi wK? Avi
Avj−vni Dci ev›`vi AwaKvi wK?
Avwg (gyÔqvR ivt) ejjvg Avj−vn I Zvui ivm~jB AwaK ÁvZ| ivm~j
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t ev›`vi Dci Avj−vni nK¡
n‡jv- Zvui (Avj−vni) Bev`vZ Kiv, Ges Zvui mv‡_ KvD‡K Askx`vi
bv Kiv| Avj−vni Dci ev›`vi nK¡ n‡jv- hviv ZvInx‡`i Dci †_‡K
wkiK gy³ _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K kvw¯— bv †`Iqv|
mZ¨ gvÔey` t wZwbB mZ¨ gvÔey`, Aš—i hvi Bev`vZ K‡i, hvi
fvjevmvq Aš—i f‡i hvq, A‡b¨i fvjevmvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡obv| hvi
Avkv AvKvsLvB Aš—‡ii Rb¨ h‡_ó A‡b¨i Kv‡Q Avkv I AvKvsLvi
cÖ‡qvRb nqbv| hvi wbKU PvIqv cvIqv, mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv I Zvu‡K fq-
fxwZ KivB Aš—‡ii Rb¨ h‡_ó| Ab¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q PvIqv cvIqvi
cÖv_©bv Kiv, KvD‡K fq-fxwZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

23. Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ð∠Ψ√.ς′
ΥφΚς†ΨΤŠ
Ωϑð/≅…
ΩΣ∑
ΣΘ⊂Ω™√≅…
ΥφςΚς…Ω
†Ω∨
Ω⇐Σ∅ŸΤΩÿ
⇑Ψ∨
−ΨΤΤΨ⇓Σ
ΩΣ∑
〉Ψ≠ΗΤΩΤ‰√≅…
ΥφςΚς…Ω
ϑðΩ/≅…
ΩΣ∑
ϑ〉Ψ∏Ω⊕√≅…
Σ⁄γκ‰Ω|√≅…
(62)
≈
]
4 D„g /
:
R
.[
A_© t GUv GKvi‡YI †h, Avj−vnB mZ¨ t Avi Zvui cwie‡Z© Zviv hv‡K
Wv‡K,Zv AmZ¨ Ges Avj−vnB mevi D‡”P,gnvb| [m~iv Avj-
nv¾,AvqvZ-62 ]
Avi BnvB ev›`vi K‡g©i Øviv Avj−vni GKZ¡ev` †Nvlbv Kiv| BnvB
ZvInx‡` Djynxq¨vn|
ZvInx‡`i ¸i“Z¡ t
wb‡æi welq ¸‡jvi gva¨‡g ZvInx‡`i ¸i“Z¡ dz‡U D‡V|
(1) ZvInx`B Bmjvg a‡g©i ïi“ I †kl, Rv‡nix-ev‡Zbx-Ges gyL¨
D‡Ïk¨| Avi BnvB mKj ivm~j (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi `vIqvZ
wQj|
(2) G ZvInx` (Kv‡qg) Gi j‡¶¨-Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv gvLjyKvZ m„wó
K‡i‡Qb, mKj bvex ivm~j‡`i †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb Ges me Avmgvbx wKZve
AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb| Avi G ZvInx‡`i Kvi‡YB gvbyl gyÔwgb-Kvwdi,
†mŠfvM¨ `~fv©‡M¨ wef³ n‡q‡Q|
(3) Avi ZvInx`B ev›`v‡`i Dci me© cÖ_g IqvwRe| me© cÖ_g Gi
gva¨‡gB Bmjv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| Ges G ZvInx` wb‡qB `ywbqv Z¨vM
K‡i|
ZvInx` ev¯—evqb ev ZvInx` cÖwZôv t
ZvInx‡`i ev¯—evqb nj t ZvInx`‡K wkiK, we`AvZ I cvcvPvi gy³
Kiv|
ZvInx`‡K Kjyl gy³ Kiv `yÕiKg t

24. (1) IqvwRe I
(2) gvb`ye ev gy¯—vnve|
IqvwRe ZvInx` wZb wel‡qi gva¨‡g nq t
(1) ZvInx`‡K Ggb wkiK, n‡Z gy³ Kiv, hv g~j ZvInx‡`i
cwicš’x|
(2) ZvInx`‡K Ggb we`AvZ n‡Z gy³ Kiv hv ZvInx‡`i cwic~Y©Zvi
cwicš’x,A_ev g~j ZvInx‡`i cwicš’x †m we`AvZ hw` Kzdyix chv©‡qi
n‡q _v‡K|
(3) ZvInx`‡K Ggb cvcKg© n‡Z gy³ Kiv hv ZvInx‡`i (AwR©Z)
c~Y¨ n«vm K‡i Ges ZvInx‡` Kz-cÖfve †d‡j|
Avi gvb`ye (ZvInx`) t
Zv n‡jv gy¯—vnve KvR| †hgb wbæi“c t
(K) Bnmv‡bi (BLjv‡mi) c~Y© ev¯—evqb|
(L) BqvKx‡bi c~Y© ev¯—evqb Kiv|
(M) Avj−vn Qvov Kv‡iv wbKU Awf‡hvM bv K‡i c~Y© ˆah© aviY Kiv|
(N) m„wó Rxe n‡Z gy³ n‡q ïay gvÎ Avj−vni Kv‡Q PvIqvB h‡_ô
g‡b Kiv|
(P) wKQy ˆea DcKiY Z¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g Avj−vni Dci c~Y©
ZvIqvKKz‡ji cÖKvk| †hgb-Svo dyuK I `vMv (‡ivM wbivg‡qi Rb¨)
†Q‡o †`Iqv|
(Q) bdj Bev`vZ K‡i Avj−vni ˆbKU¨ AR©‡bi gva¨‡g c~Y© fvjevmv
jvf Kiv|
AZtci hviv ZvInx`‡K ev¯—evqb Ki‡e Dc‡i eY©bvbycv‡Z Ges eo
wkiK n‡Z †eu‡P _vK‡e, Zviv Rvnvbœv‡g wPi¯’vqx emevm Kiv n‡Z
cwiÎvb jvf Ki‡e|
Avi hviv eo I †QvU wkiK Kiv n‡Z †eu‡P _vK‡e Ges eo I ‡QvU

25. cvc n‡Z `~‡i _vK‡e, Zv‡`i Rb¨ `ywbqv‡Z I AvwLiv‡Z c~Y© wbivcËv
i‡q‡Q|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ…
ϑðΩ/≅…
‚Ω
Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ωÿ
⇐Κς…
ð∉Ω≤πΤ↑Σÿ
−ΨΨŠ
Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤΤ⊕ΩÿΩ
†Ω∨
Ω⇐Σ
ð∠Ψ√.ς′
⇑Ω∧Ψ√
Σ∫:†Ω↑Ωÿ
...
≈
]
4 DP 8 /
:
A?
.[
A_© t wbðq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui mv‡_ wki‡Ki Aciva ¶gv Ki‡eb
bv| Avi Bnv e¨ZxZ hv‡K B”Qv K‡ib (Zvi Ab¨vb¨ Aciva) ¶gv
K‡i †`b| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ,48 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
Ν…Σ⇒ΤΩ∨…ƒ
∫
ψς√Ω
Ν…;ΤΤΣ♥Ψ‰∏ΩΤÿ
ψΣΩ⇒ΤΗΤΩ∧ÿΞΜ…
]ψ∏Ρℵ≠ΨŠ
ð∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ…
Σ¬Σς√
Σ⇑∨ςΚ‚≅…
¬Σ∑Ω
Ω⇐ΣŸΩΤ,ΘΣ∨
(82)
≈
]
4 D5 N /
:
?
.[
A_© t hviv Cgvb Av‡b Ges ¯^xq wek¦vm‡K wki‡Ki mv‡_ wgwkªZ
K‡ibv,Zv‡`i Rb¨B kvwš— Ges ZvivB myc_Mvgx| [m~iv-Avj-
AvbAvg,AvqvZ-82 ]
ZvInx‡`i wecixZ wkiK, Bnv wZb cÖKvi t
(1) eo wkiK, hv g~j ZvInx‡`i cwicš’x, Avj−vn wki‡Ki †Mvbvn
ZvIevn Qvov gvd K‡ibbv| †h e¨w³ wki‡Ki Dci gviv hv‡e, †m
wPi¯’vqx Rvnvbœvgx n‡e|
wkiK nj t Avj−vni Bev`v‡Z KvD‡K Zvui mgK¶ wbav©iY K‡i †bqv|
†hgb fv‡e Avj−vn‡K Wv‡K Abyiƒc fv‡e Zv‡K (mgK¶‡K) WvKv|
Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ Kiv, Zvi Dci fimv Kiv| Zvi Kv‡Q †Kvb wKQyi Avkv
Kiv| Zv‡K fvjevmv Zv‡K fq Kiv, †hi“c Avj−vn‡K fvjev‡m I fq
K‡i|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

26. …
...
ΙΣΠςΤ⇓ΜΞ…
⇑Ω∨
∉Ξ≤πΤ↑ΣΤÿ
Ψϑð/≅†ΨΤŠ
ŸΤΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇
Ω⋅ΘΩ≤Ωš
ϑðΣ/≅…
Ψ∼ς∏Ω∅
Ω◊Πς⇒Ω•√≅…
ΣΗΤΩΚ†Ω∨Ω
∃Σ⁄†ΘΩΤ⇒√≅…
†Ω∨Ω
φκΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤϑðℵ≠∏Ψ√
⌠⇑Ψ∨
ξ⁄†φΤΤ±⇓Κς…
(72)
≈
]
4 D ) /
:
.[
A_© t wbðq †h e¨w³ Avj−vni mv‡_ Avswk`vi w¯’i K‡i, Avj−vn Zvi
Rb¨ RvbœvZ nvivg K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi evm¯’vb nq Rvnvbœvg|
AZ¨vPvix‡`i (gykixK‡`i) †Kvb mvnvh¨Kvix †bB| [m~iv Avj-
gvwq`vn-AvqvZ-72 ]
(2) †QvU wkiK ZvInx‡`i c~Y©Zvi cwicš’x| Bnv cÖ‡Z¨K H gva¨g hv
eo wki‡Ki w`‡K wb‡q hvq| †hgb Avj−vn Qvov A‡b¨i bv‡g kc_
Kiv| wiqv ev †jvK †`Lv‡bv KvR|
(3) †Mvcbxq wkiK t hv wbq¨vZ I D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ iv‡L| Bnv
KL‡bv †QvU, Avevi KL‡bv eo wki‡K cwibZ nq|
mvnvex gvngy` web jex` (ivt) n‡Z ewY©Z †h, ivm~jyj−vn (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
)
)
† ƒ [ 1 xD † ƒ [ L(6 ^ 3 1 ^3 e
x v % /
:
P
]((
 5 1 H
.[
A_© t Avwg †Zvgv‡`i Dci me †P‡q †ekx fq cvB †QvU wki‡Ki|
mvnveviv wRÁvmv Ki‡jb t †n Avj−vni ivm~j ! †QvU wkiK wK? wZwb
ej‡jb t Zv nj wiqv ev †jvK †`Lv‡bv KvR| [Avngv` ]
(2) Bev`v‡Zi msMv t
Bnv H me AvKx`v-wek¦vm, Aš—i I A½-cÖZ‡½i Kg© hv Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv fvj ev‡mb I cQ›` K‡ib| Bnv Qvov †Kvb wKQy m¤úv`b
Kiv ev eR©b Kiv hv Avj−vni ˆbKU¨ AR©b Kivq ZvI Bev`vZ|
Abyi“c fv‡e KziAvb I nv`x‡m wewaeר cÖwZwU Kg© Bev`v‡Zi
Aš—f©y³|

27. Bev`vZ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii i‡q‡Q|
Avš—wiK Bev`vZ t †hgb- Cgv‡bi QqwU i“Kb, fq, Avkv, fimv,
AvMÖn, I wfZx, BZ¨vw`|
cÖKvk¨ Bev`vZ t †hgb- bvgvh, hvKvZ, †ivhv I nv¾|
Bev`vZ ZZ¶bY ch©š— MÖnY ‡hvM¨ n‡e bv hZ¶b bv Zv `yÕwU g~j
bxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ nq|
cÖ_g t mKj Bev`vZ GKgvÎ Avj−vni Rb¨ Lv‡jm Kiv Ges Zvi
mv‡_ wkiK bv Kiv| Avi BnvB )
% We Ee W rJ
( ÒAvj−vn Qvov
†Kvb mZ¨ gvÔey` †bBÓ G kv¶¨ cÖ`v‡bi A_©|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
‚ΩΚς…
ΨΠς∏Ψ√
Σ⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅…
〉°Ψ√†Ω‘√≅…
φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅…Ω
Ν…ΣϒΩ‘ΠςΤZ≅…
⇔Ψ∨
,−ΨΤΤΨΤ⇓Σ
ƒ
∫:†φΤΤΤΤΤΤ∼Ψ√ςΚ…
†Ω∨
¬Σ∑ΣŸΣ‰Τ⊕ΩΤ⇓
‚ΠςΜΞ…
:†ΩΤ⇓ΣΤŠΘΞ≤Ω⊆Σ∼Ψ√
ς√ΞΜ…
ϑðΨ/≅…
υϖΩ⊃√Σƒ
ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ…
ϑðΩ/≅…
Σ¬Ρ∇µµðš
ψΣΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤŠ
ℑ
†Ω∨
¬Σ∑
Ψ∼Ψ⊇
%Ω⇐Σ⊃Ψ∏Ω,µµð
ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ…
Ωϑð/≅…
‚Ω
ΨŸΩΤÿ
⌠⇑Ω∨
ΩΣ∑
τ‡ΨϒΗΤΤς
β⁄†Πς⊃Ω{
(3)
≈
]
4 D 1$ /
:
Q
.[
A_© t †R‡b ivLyb, wbôvc~Y© Bev`vZ Avj−vniB wbwg‡Ë| hviv Avj−vn
e¨ZxZ Aci‡K Dcvm¨ iƒ‡c MÖnY K‡i †i‡L‡Q Ges e‡j †h, Avgiv
Zv‡`i Bev`vZ GRb¨B Kwi, †hb Zviv Avgv‡`i‡K Avj−vni wbKUeZx©
K‡i †`q| wbðq Avj−vn Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK we‡ivac~Y©
wel‡qi dvqmvjv K‡i †`‡eb| Avj−vn wg_¨vev`x Kvwdi‡K mrc‡_
cwiPvwjZ K‡ib bv| [m~iv Avhhygvi,AvqvZ-2-3 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
:†Ω∨Ω
ϖΝ…Σ≤Ψ∨ΡΚ…
‚ΠςΜΞ…
Ν…ΣŸΣΤ‰⊕Ω∼Ψ√
ϑðΩ/≅…
Ω⇐κΨ±Ψ∏ο〉
ΣΤς√
Ω⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅…
ƒ
∫:†ΤΩ⊃Ω⇒ΤΣš
...
≈

28. ]
4 D6 /
:
@
.[
A_© t Avi Zv‡`i‡K GQvov ‡Kvb wb‡`©kKiv nqwb †h,Zviv LvuwU g‡b
GKwbófv‡e (wkiKgy³ †_‡K) GKgvÎ Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki‡e| [m~iv
Avj-evB‡q¨bvn-AvqvZ-5 ]
wØZxq t ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †h, kixqvZ wb‡q
G‡m‡Qb Zvi AbymiY Kiv|
Gi A_© t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg) †h KvR †h fv‡e
K‡i‡Qb †m KvR †mB wbq‡g Kiv, †Kvb cÖKvi Kg †ekx bv Kiv|
Avi BnvB )
% / ‡ ˆ rJ
( Ògynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Avj−vni †cÖwiZ ivm~jÓ G mv¶¨ cÖ`v‡bi A_©|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΣΤ∈
⇐ΜΞ…
ψΣ,⇒Ρ
Ω⇐ΘΣ‰Ψ™ΣΤZ
ϑðΩ/≅…
ΨΤ⇓Σ⊕Ψ‰ΠςΤZ≅†ΩΤ⊇
Σ¬Ρ∇‰Ψ‰™ΣΤÿ
ϑðΣ/≅…
⌠≤Ψ⊃πΤΤ⊕ΩΤÿΩ
ψΡ∇ς√
π%ψΡ∇ΩŠΣΤ⇓Σ′
...
≈
]
4 D ] /
:
Q;
.[
A_© t ejyb, hw` †Zvgiv Avj−vn‡K fvj evm,Zvn‡j Avgv‡K AbymiY
Ki, hv‡Z Avj−vnI †Zvgvw`M‡K fvj ev‡mb Ges †Zvgv‡`i cvc
gvR©bv K‡i †`b,Avi Avj−vn n‡jb ¶gvKvix `qvjy| [m~iv Avwj-
Bgivb,AvqvZ-31 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
...
:†Ω∨Ω
Σ¬Ρ∇ΗΩΤZ…ƒ
∫
ΣΣ♠ΘΩ≤√≅…
ΣΣϒΣ‘ΩΤ⊇
†Ω∨Ω
⌠¬Ρ∇ΗΩΩΤ⇓
ΣΤΤ⇒Ω∅
Ν…ΣΩ,⇓≅†ΩΤ⊇
...
≈
]
4 D [g /
:
.[
A_© t Avi ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †Zvgv‡`i‡K hv
w`‡q‡Qb Zv MÖnY Ki, Ges hv †_‡K eviY K‡i‡Qb Zv n‡Z weiZ
_vK| [m~iv Avj-nvki,AvqvZ-7]

29. wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
ð„ΤΩΤ⊇
ð∠ΘΨΤŠΩ⁄Ω
‚Ω
φΣ⇒Ψπ∨Σÿ
υΠς,Ωš
ð∉Σ∧ΨΠ∇Ω™Σÿ
†Ω∧∼Ψ⊇
Ω≤φΤΤΤΤ•Ω→
ψΣΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤŠ
ΘΩ¬Ρ’
‚Ω
Ν…ΣŸΤΤµΨðµ–
⌡Ψ⊇
¬ΞΨ♥ΣΤ⊃⇓Κς…
†_–Ω≤Ωš
†ΘΩ∧ΘΨ∨
ðŒ∼ð∝ΩΤ∈
Ν…Σ∧ΠΨ∏Ω♥ΣÿΩ
†_∧∼Ψ∏πΤ♥ΩΤZ
(65)
≈
]
4 DP 8 /
:
R@
.[
A_© t AZGe †Zvgvi cvjb KZv©i Kmg, Zviv Cgvb`vi n‡e bv,
hZ¶b chš—© Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m„ó weev‡`i e¨vcv‡i ‡Zvgv‡K b¨vq wePviK
e‡j g‡b bv K‡i| AZtci ‡Zvgvi gxgvsmvi e¨vcv‡i wb‡Ri g‡b †Kvb
iKg msKxY©Zv cv‡e bv Ges üówP‡Ë Keyj K‡i wb‡e| [m~iv Avb-
wbmv,AvqvZ-65]
`yÕwU welq Qvov Bev`vZ (`vmZ¡) cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡ibv t
cÖ_g t Avj−vn‡K c~Y© fvjevmv, A_©vr t Avj−vni fvjevmv I Avj−vn
hv fvj ev‡mb Zuvi fvjevmv‡K Ab¨ mKj e¯—yi fvjevmvi Dci
cªvavb¨ †`Iqv|
wØZxq t Avj−vni wbKU c~Y© webq-bgªZv I AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv|
A_©vr t ev›`v Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi Av‡`k mg~n cvj‡bi I wb‡lavM¨v n‡Z
†eu‡P _vKvi gva¨‡g webq-bgªZv cÖKvk Ki‡e|
myZivs c~Y© ek¨Zv, webq-bgªZv, Avkv-AvKv•Lv I fq-fxwZi mv‡_
c~Y© fvjevmv‡K Bev`vZ ejv nq| Gi gva¨‡gB ev›`vi Bev`vZ ¯^xq
cÖfy m„wó KZv©i Rb¨ ev¯—evwqZ nq| Avj−vni Rb¨ Bev`vZ cÖwZôvi
gva¨‡g ev›`v Avj−vni fvjevmv I mš—ywó AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
AZGe ev›`vi diR weavb cvjb Kivi gva¨‡g Zvui (Avj−vni ) ˆbKU¨
AR©b Kiv‡K Avj−vn fvjev‡mb|
ev›`vi bdj Bev`vZ hZB e„w× cv‡e ZZB Zvui ˆbKU¨ I ghv©`v
Avj−vni wbKU e„w× cv‡e| Avi Avj−vni AbyMÖn I Ki“bvq Bnv Rvbœv‡Z

30. cÖ‡ek Kivi Dcvq n‡e|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
Ν…Σ∅ ≅…
¬Ρ∇ΘΩΤŠΩ⁄
†_Τ∅ΘΣ≤Ω∝ΩΤZ
[◊ΩΤ∼πΤ⊃ΣΩ
ΙΣΠς⇓ΜΞ…
‚Ω
ϑ〉ˆΨ™Σÿ
φ⇔ΤÿΨŸΤΩ,Τ⊕Σ∧√≅…
(55)
≈
]
4 D^ /
:
@@
.[
A_© t †Zvgiv ¯^xq cÖwZcvjK‡K WvK, KvKzwZ-wgbwZ K‡i Ges
ms‡Mvc‡b| wZwb mxgv- AwZµgKvix‡`i‡K cQ›` K‡ib bv| [m~iv
Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-55]
(3) Avj−vni ZvInx` (GKZvZ¡ev`) Gi `jxj I cÖgvY cÄx t
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi GKZ¡ev‡`i ¯^c‡¶ ARkª mv¶¨ I cÖgvY cÄx
i‡q‡Q| hviv G cÖgvY cÄx‡K wb‡q Mfxi fv‡e wPš—v Ki‡e, Zv‡`i
Ávb I wek¦vm Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi Kg©, bvg I ¸bvejx Ges Bev`v‡Zi
†¶‡Î GKZ¡ev`‡K Av‡iv e„w× I `„p Ki‡e|
wb‡æ ‡m mKj mv¶¨ I cÖgvY-cÄxi wKQy bgybv †ck Kiv n‡jv t
(K) G c„w_ex m„wói wekvjZv, m~¶è KvixMix,iKgvix m„wó Ges Gme
cwiPvjbvi my`¶ wbqg-bxwZ|
‡h e¨w³ G mg¯— wel‡q wPš—v-M‡elYv Ki‡e Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi
GKZ¡ev` m¤ú©‡K Zvi GwKb-wek¦vm Av‡iv `„p n‡e|
‡Zgwb †h b‡fvgÛj-f~gÛj,m~h©-P›`ª, gvbyl-cï, Dw™¢`-jZvcvZv I
Ro c`v_© m¤ú©‡K wPš—v Ki‡e, †m wbwðZ fv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡e †h,
Gm‡ei GK Rb mªóv i‡q‡Qb, whwb ¯^xq bvgmg~n, ¸bvejx I Dcvm¨
cwic~Y© Avi BnvB cÖgvY K‡i †h, wZwbB GKgvÎ hveZxq Bev`vZ
cvIqvi cÖK…Z AwaKvi iv‡Lb|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
†ΤΤΩ⇒∏Ω⊕Ω–Ω
ℑ
Ξ≥⁄ΚΚς‚≅…
ƒ
Ψ♠.ΩΩ⁄
⇐Κς…
ΩŸ∼Ψ∧ΩΤZ
⌠¬ΞΨŠ
†ΤΤΩ⇒∏Ω⊕Ω–Ω
†Ω∼Ψ⊇
†_Τ–†Ω•Ψ⊇

31. „Σ‰Σ♠
⌠¬ΣΠς∏Ω⊕Πς√
Ω⇐ΣŸΩΤ,ΩΤÿ
(31)
†ΤΤΩ⇒∏Ω⊕Ω–Ω
ƒ
∫:†Ω∧ΘΩ♥√≅…
†_Τ⊃πΤ⊆Ω♠
∃†⊥ℵ≡Σ⊃οϑðš
⌠¬Σ∑Ω
⌠⇑Ω∅
†ΩΨ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ
∫
Ω⇐Σ∂Ξ≤⊕Σ∨
(32)
ΩΣ∑Ω
ΨϒΠς√≅…
Ω⊂ς∏Ω
ΩΤΤ∼Πς√≅…
Ω⁄†ΩΘΩΤ⇒√≅…Ω
ð♦∧ϑðΤ↑√≅…Ω
∃Ω≤Ω∧ΩΤ⊆√≅…Ω
ΘβΣ
ℑ
ξ∠ς∏ΩΤ⊇
Ω⇐Σ™ΩΤ‰♥ΩΤÿ
(33)
≈
]
u 4 DP 6N /
:
Q;
O
QQ
.[
A_© t Avwg c„w_ex‡Z fvix †evSv †i‡L w`‡qwQ hv‡Z Zv‡`i‡K wb‡q
c„w_ex Szu‡K bv c‡o Ges Zv‡Z cÖk¯— c_ †i‡LwQ, hv‡Z Zviv c_ cÖvß
nq| Avwg AvKvk‡K myiw¶Z Qv` K‡iwQ, A_P Zviv Avgvi AvKvk¯—
wb`k©bvejx †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q iv‡L| wZwbB m„wó K‡i‡Qb ivwÎ I w`b
Ges m~h© I P›`ª| mevB Avcb K¶c‡_ wePiY K‡i|
[m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-31-32-33 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
⌠⇑Ψ∨Ω
−ΨΨ,ΗΤΩΤÿ…ƒ
∫
Σ⊂Τ∏Ω
γ‹.ΩΗΤΩ∧ΘΩ♥√≅…
Ξ≥⁄ΚΚς‚≅…Ω
〉∪ΗΤς∏Ψ,πΤ≅…Ω
⌠¬Σ|Ψ,Ω⇒Ψ♥√ςΚ…
πψΡ∇ΨΤ⇓.Ω√ςΚ…Ω
ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ…
ℑ
ð∠Ψ√.ς′
ξŒΗΤΩΤÿ‚Κςð
Ω⇐κΨ∧Ψ∏ΗΤΩ⊕∏ΠΨ√
(22)
≈
]
D5 /
4
:
.[
A_© t Zvui (Avj−vni) AviI GK wb`k©b n‡”Q b‡fvgÛj I f~gÛ‡ji
m„Rb Ges †Zvgv‡`i fvlv I e‡Y©i ˆewPÎ ! wbðq G‡Z Ávbx‡`i R‡b¨
wb`k©bvejx i‡q‡Q| [m~iv Avi-iƒg,AvqvZ-22 ]
(L) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv ivm~j‡`i (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwngym mvjvg) †h
kixqvZ w`‡q †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ wb`k©b I AKvU¨
cÖgvYvw` w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| Gme cÖgvY K‡i ‡h, Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv GK I AwØZxq| wZwb GKgvÎ hveZxq Bev`vZ cvIqvi
†hvM¨|

32. Avi Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv m„wóRx‡ei Rb¨ †h me wbqg-weavb cÖbqY
K‡i‡Q,Zv cÖgvY K‡i †h, Gme †mB weÁ I cÖÁvgq n‡Z G‡m‡Q
m„wóRx‡ei hveZxq Kj¨vY m¤ú©‡K c~Y© IqvwKdnvj|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ŸΤΩ⊆ς√
†ΩΤ⇒∏Ω♠⁄ςΚ…
†ΩΤ⇒ς∏Σ♠Σ⁄
γŒΗΤΩΤ⇒ΘΞ∼Ω‰√≅†ΨŠ
†Ω⇒√Ω∞⇓Κς…Ω
〉ψΣΩ⊕Ω∨
ðˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇√≅…
Ω⇐…ΩƒκΨ∧√≅…Ω
Ω⋅Σ⊆Ω∼Ψ√
〉♣†Πς⇒√≅…
Ψ∃÷♥Ψ⊆√≅†ΨŠ
...
≈
]
4 D g /
:
@
.[
A_© t Avwg Avgvi ivm~jMY‡K my¯úó wb`k©mn †cÖiY K‡iwQ Ges
Zv‡`i mv‡_ AeZxY© K‡iwQ wKZve I wghvb ev gvb`Û hv‡Z gvbyl
Bbmvd cÖwZôv K‡i| [m~iv Avj-nv`x`,AvqvZ-25 ]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
ΣΤ∈
Ξ⇑ΜΞΠς√
γŒΩ⊕Ω∧ΩΤ,–≅…
〉♦⇓‚ΞΜ≅…
ΘΣ⇑Ψ•√≅…Ω
υϖς∏Ω∅
⇐Κς…
Ν…ΣΤZΚ†ΩΤÿ
ΞπΤΤ‘Ψ∧ΨŠ
…ΩϒΗΤΩ∑
γ⇐…ƒ
∫⌠≤ΤΣ⊆√≅…
‚Ω
Ω⇐ΣΤZΚ†Ωÿ
−ΨΨπ∏‘Ψ∧ΨŠ
⌠Τς√Ω
φ†ς
⌠¬Σ〉∝⊕ΩΤŠ
ω×⊕Ω‰Ψ√
…_⁄κΞςℵ≡
(88)
≈
]
4 DP / /
:
??
.[
A_© t ejyb t hw` gvbe I R¡xb GB KziAv‡bi Abyiƒc iPbv K‡i
Avbq‡bi Rb¨ GK nq Ges Zviv ci¯ú‡ii mvnvh¨Kvix nq, ZeyI
Zviv KLbI Gi Abyiƒc iPbv K‡i Avb‡Z cvi‡e bv| [m~iv Avj-
Bmiv,AvqvZ-88 ]
(M) wdrivZ (m„wóMZ ¯^fve ev cÖK…wZ) hvi Dci Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv
ev›`v‡`i AvZœvmg~n‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb,Zv Avj−vni GKZ¡ev`‡K ¯^xKvi
K‡i| wdrivZ Aš—‡ii ¯’vqx wRwbm, ZvB hLb †Kvb gvbyl Kó cvq
ZLb Zv Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ges Avj−vni w`‡K wd‡i hvq| gvbyl hw`
m‡›`n I cÖe„wËi AbymiY gy³ nq hv wdrivZ‡K cwie©Zb K‡i ‡`q
Z‡e †m Aš—i¯’j ‡_‡K bvg, ¸Y, I Bev`vZ cÖvc¨, GKgvÎ Avj−vni

33. GKZ¡ev‡`i ¯^xK…wZ w`‡e Ges Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv ivm~j‡`i‡K ‡h kixqvZ
w`‡q †cÖiY K‡i‡Q Zv‡Z AvZœm¤ú©b Ki‡e|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ψΨ∈ςΚ†ΩΤ⊇
ð∠Ω–Ω
Ξ⇑ÿΠΨŸ∏Ψ√
†_ΤΤ⊃∼ΤΨ⇒Ωš
ð‹Ω≤π≠Ψ⊇
ϑðΨ/≅…
Ψ,Πς√≅…
Ω≤ð≠ΩΤ⊇
ð♣†ΠςΤ⇒√≅…
†Ω∼Τς∏Ω∅
‚Ω
ðÿΨŸ⌠Τ‰ΩZ
γ⊂∏Ω‘Ψ√
ϑðΨ/≅…
ð∠Ψ√.ς′
Σ⇑ÿΠΨŸ√≅…
〉ψΘΨ∼ΤΩ⊆√≅…
ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω
Ω≤ΩΤ‘{Κς…
Ξ♣†Πς⇒√≅…
‚Ω
Ω⇐Σ∧ς∏⊕ΩΤÿ
(30)
!
Ω⇐γκ‰∼Ψ⇒Σ∨
Ψ∼ς√ΜΞ…
ΣΣ⊆ΤΤΠςΤZ≅…Ω
Ν…Σ∧∼Ψ∈Κς…Ω
Ω〈λς∏ϑð±√≅…
‚ΩΩ
Ν…ΤΣ⇓Ρ∇ΩΤZ
φ⇔Ψ∨
Ω⇐κΨ{Ξ≤πΤ↑Σ∧√≅…
(31)
≈
]
- 4 D5 /
:
Q_
D
Q;
.[
A_© t Zywg GKwbôfv‡e wb‡R‡K a‡g©i Dci cÖwZwôZ ivL| GUvB
Avj−vni cÖK…wZ,hvi Dci wZwb gvbe m„wó K‡i‡Qb,Avj−vni m„wói †Kvb
cwieZ©b †bB| GUvB mwVK ag©| wKš— AwaKvsk gvbyl Rv‡bbv|
mK‡jB Zvui AwfgyLx nI Ges fq Ki, bvgvh Kv‡qg Ki Ges
gykwiK‡`i Aš—f©y³ n‡qvbv| [m~iv Avi-iƒg,AvqvZ-30-31 ]
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
))
DEN 8‰ DEN b DENr H pjD |M { 1
„-G
P # 1 r6j 8Š X P ‹ 6Y 6r
((
A_© t cÖ‡Z¨K wkïB wdriv‡Zi Dci Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i| AZtci Zvi
wcZv-gvZv Zv‡K Bû`x, L„óvb, A_ev AMœx c~RK evbvq| †hgb wbLyuZ
Rv‡bvqvi wbLyuZ evu”Pv Rb¥ †`q| Zv‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi µwU _v‡Kbv|
AZtci GB AvqvZ cvV Ki‡jb t
j
r6 7 |j Π% u |
]
4 5 /
:
Q_
.[
A_© t GUvB Avj−vni cÖK…wZ,hvi Dci wZwb gvbe m„wó K‡i‡Qb| [m~iv
Avi-iƒg,AvqvZ-30 ]

34. '
:
()*
.
wØZxq i“Kb t wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb |
(1) wdwikZv‡`i cwiPq t
wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb t `„p wek¦vm †cvlY Kiv †h, Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjvi A‡bK wdwikZv i‡q‡Qb| wZwb Zv‡`i‡K b~i (‡R¨vwZ) n‡Z
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| m„wóMZfv‡e Zviv Avj−vni AbyMZ| Zviv KLbI
Avj−vni Av‡`‡ki Aeva¨ nbbv, eis hv Avw`ó nb Zv cvjb K‡ib|
Zviv w`ev ivwÎ Avj−vni Zvmexn (cweÎZv) eY©bvq iZ, KLbI K¬vš—
nbbv| Zv‡`i msL¨v Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e¨ZxZ †KD Rv‡bbv| Avi
Avj−vn Zv‡`i‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi (K‡g©i) `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i‡Qb|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
...
ΘΩ⇑Ψ∇ΗΤς√Ω
ΘΩ⁄Ψι√≅…
⌠⇑Ω∨
Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ
∫
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ
Ψζ⌠ΤΩ∼√≅…Ω
Ξ≤Ψ›‚≅…
Ψ◊Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧√≅…Ω
...
≈
]
4 D 9 /
:
;
[
A_© t eis eo mrKvR n‡jv GB †h, Cgvb Avb‡e Avj−vni Dci,

35. wKqvgZ w`e‡mi Dci, Ges wdwikZv‡`i Dci|
[m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-177
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
...
ΘδΡ
Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ
∫
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ
−ΨΨ,Ω|ΞΜ;ΗΤςΤ∏Ω∨Ω
−ΨΨ‰Σ,〉{Ω
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
‚Ω
〉⊄ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤ⇓
φκΩΤŠ
ξŸΩšςΚ…
⇑ΨΘ∨
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠ΘΣ⁄
...
≈
]
4 D 9 /
:
;?@
.[
A_© t mK‡jB wek¦vm iv‡Lb Avj−vni cÖwZ, Zvui wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ,Zvui
MÖš’ mg~‡ni cÖwZ Ges Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ|
[m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-285 ]
wReivCj (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi cÖwm× nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q t hLb
wZwb (wReivCj) Avj−vni ivm~j ( mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) †K
wRÁvmv K‡iwQ‡jb-Cgvb, Bmjvg,I Bnmvb,m¤ú‡K©|
wZwb (wReivCj) e‡jb t Avgv‡K Cgvb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ Ki“Y|
wZwb Avj−vni ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
)
1FG 34 56 E/ E- E-()*1 % 1FG
H J HI3 9
(.
A_© t Cgvb nj t Avj−vn Zvui wdwikZv‡`i, Zvui wKZve mg~n, Zvui
ivm~jMY I †kl w`e‡mi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, Ges fv‡M¨i fvj-g‡›`i
cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv|
Bmjvg a‡g© wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgv‡bi ¯’vb I Zvi weavb t
wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv, Cgv‡bi QqwU i“K‡bi wØZxq i“Kb ev
¯—¤¢|
wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Qvov †Kvb e¨w³i Cgvb mwVK I MÖnY
‡hvM¨ n‡ebv|
m¤§vwbZ wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe nIqvi Dci mKj

36. gymjgvb GKgZ | hviv mKj wdwikZv‡`i A_ev Zuv‡`i Avswk‡Ki
Aw¯—Z¡‡K hv‡`i K_v Avj−vn D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb, A¯^xKvi Ki‡e Zviv
Kzdzix Ki‡jv, Ges KziAvb, nv`xm I BRgvi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
...
⇑Ω∨Ω
⌠≤Σ⊃∇Ωÿ
ΨΠς∏√≅†ΨŠ
−ΨΨ,Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∨Ω
−ΨΨ‰Σ,Σ{Ω
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
ΨζΩ∼√≅…Ω
Ξ≤Ψ›‚≅…
ŸΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇
ΘΩΤΩ∂
Ω=„ΗΤς∏Ω∂
…[Ÿ∼Ψ⊕ΩΤŠ
(136)
≈
]
4 DP 8 /
:
;QR
.[
A_© t †h Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv‡K, Zvui wdwikZv‡`i‡K, Zvui wKZve mg~n‡K
Ges Zvui ivm~jMY‡K I wKqvgZ w`em‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡e, †m c_åó
n‡q eû`~‡i wM‡q co‡e| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-136 ]
(2) wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi c×wZ t
wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ msw¶ß I we¯—vwiZ fv‡e Cgvb Avbv|
msw¶ß Cgvb wb‡æi welq ¸‡jv‡K Aš—fy©³ K‡i|
cÖ_g t Zv‡`i Aw¯—‡Z¡i ¯^xKvi Kiv, Zviv Avj−vni m„wó Rxe, Avj−vn
Zv‡`i‡K Zuvi Bev`v‡Zi Rb¨ m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ cÖK…Z,
Zv‡`i‡K Avgv‡`i bv †`Lv, Zv‡`i Abyw¯—‡Z¡i A_© bq, KviY c„w_ex‡Z
A‡bK my¶è m„wóRxe i‡q‡Q, Zv‡`i‡K Avgiv ‡`L‡Z cvBbv, A_P Zviv
cªK…Z c‡¶¨ i‡q‡Q|
bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) wReivCj AvjvBwnm mvjvg‡K
Zuvi cÖK…Z AvK…Zx‡Z `yÕevi †`‡L‡Qb|
KwZcq mvnvex wKQy wdwikZv‡`i‡K gvby‡li AvK…Zx‡Z †`‡L‡Qb|
Bgvg Avngv` web nv¤^vj Zvi gymbv‡` Avãyj−vn web gvmD` n‡Z eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e‡jb t bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) wReivCj
AvjvBwnm mvjvg †K Zuvi wbR¯^ AvK…Zx‡Z Qq kZ cvLv wewkó

37. Ae¯’vq †`‡L‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K cvLv G‡KK cÖvš— †X‡K †i‡L‡Q|
wReivC‡ji (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) cÖwm× nv`xm hv Bgvg gymwjg
(ivwhqvj−vû Avbû) eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, wReivCj
(AvjvBwnm mvjvg) gvby‡li AvK…Zx‡Z aca‡c mv`v †cvlv‡K, wgk wgk
Kv‡jv Pz‡j bvex mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg Gi wbKU G‡mwQ‡jb|
Zvui Dci åg‡Yi ‡Kvb wb`k©b wQjbv| mvnvev‡`i †Kn Zuv‡K wPb‡Z
cv‡i bvB|
wØZxq t Avj−vn Zv‡`i‡K †h m¤§vb w`‡q‡Qb, Zv‡`i‡K †mB m¤§vb
†`Iqv| Zviv Avj−vni ev›`v ev `vm| Avj−vn Zv‡`i‡K m¤§vwbZ
K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡`i gh©v`v‡K DuPz K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡`i‡K ˆbKU¨ `vb
K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i †Kn †Kn Avj−vni Iqvnx BZ¨vw`i ivm~j ev `~Z|
Avj−vn Zv‡`i‡K hZUzKz ¶gZvi gvwjK K‡i‡Qb,Zviv ZZUzKz
¶gZviB gvwjK| Zvi ciI Zviv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i I Ab¨‡`i jvf-
¶wZi gvwjK bq| GB Rb¨ Avj−vn Qvov Zv‡`i‡K G i“eyexqv‡Zi ev
cÖfy‡Ëi ¸‡b ¸bvw¤^Z Kiv †Zv `~‡ii K_v, †hgb-bvmviviv iƒûj KzÏym
(wReivCj AvjvBwnm mvjvg) m¤ú‡K© aviYv K‡i‡Q eis Zv‡`i R‡b¨
Bev`v‡Zi †Kvb Ask cvjb Kiv ˆea bq|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
Ν…Ρ√†ΩΤ∈Ω
ΩϒΩ‘ΠςΤZ≅…
Σ⇑ΗΤΩ∧šΘΩ≤√≅…
%…_Ÿς√Ω
ΙΣΩ⇒ΗΤΩ™Τ‰Σ♠
ΩŠ
β †Ω‰Ψ∅
φΣ∨Ω≤∇ΘΣ∨
(26)
‚Ω
ΙΣΩ⇓Σ⊆Ψ‰♥ΩΤÿ
ΨΩ⊆√≅†ΨŠ
¬Σ∑Ω
−ΨΞ≤∨ςΚ†ΨŠ
φΡ∏Ω∧⊕ΩΤÿ
(27)
≈
]
DP 6N /
- 4
:
R
D
.[
A_© t Zviv ejj t `qvgq Avj−vn mš—vb MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zvui Rb¨
KLbI Bnv †hvM¨ bq| eis Zvuiv (wdwikZviv) †Zv Zvui m¤§vwbZ
ev›`v| Zviv Av‡M †e‡o K_v ej‡Z cv‡ibv Ges Zviv Zvui Av‡`‡kB
KvR K‡i| [m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-26 I 27 ]

38. wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
...
‚Πς
Ω⇐Σ±⊕ΩΤÿ
ϑðΩ/≅…
:†Ω∨
⌠¬Σ∑Ω≤Ω∨ςΚ…
Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ω⊕πΤ⊃ΩΤÿΩ
†Ω∨
Ω⇐Σ≤ΩΤ∨Σÿ
(6)
≈
]
4 Dl - /
:
R
.[
A_© t Zviv Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv hv Av‡`k K‡ib,Zv Agvb¨ K‡ibv Ges hv
Ki‡Z Av‡`k Kiv nq ZvB K‡i| [m~iv AvZ-Zvnixg,AvqvZ-6 ]
cÖ‡Z¨K gymwjg bi I bvixi Dci GZUzKz Cgvb Avbv Iqv‡Re|
Zv‡`i Dci Acwinvh© †h, Bnv Rvb‡e I wek¦vm Ki‡e| †Kbbv G
wel‡q AÁZv †Kvb MÖnY †hvM¨ Ihi ev KviY bq|
wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ we¯—vwiZ Cgvb Avbv wb‡æ ewY©Z welq ¸‡jv‡K
Aš—fy©³ K‡i|
cÖ_gZ t wdwikZv‡`i m„wói g~j Drm t
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv wdwikZv‡`i ‡K b~i n‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb, †hgb-wR¡b
RvwZ‡K Av¸b n‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Ges Av`g mš—vb‡`i‡K gvwU n‡Z
m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Avi Zv‡`i m„wó n‡jv Av`g AvjvBwnm mvjvg Gi m„wói
c~‡e©|
nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q t
))
 5] 3 D N 1 Ž 1 1 a 3 DN 1 ()* i93
L( †
] ((
L81 H
.[
A_© t wdwikZviv b~i n‡Z, wR‡biv AwMœ ùzwj½ n‡Z, Avi Av`g
AvjvBwnm mvjvg gvwU n‡Z m„ó| (gymwjg kixd)
wØZxqZ t wdwikZv‡`i msL¨v t
wdwikZviv m„ó Rxe, Zv‡`i Avwa‡K¨i R‡b¨ Avj−vn Avhhv I Rvjjv
Qvov Zv‡`i msL¨v †Kn Rv‡bbv| AvKv‡k cÖwZ Pvi Avs¸j cwigvY
RvqMvq G‡KK Rb wdwikZv wmR`viZ A_ev `Ûvqgvb Ae¯’vq

39. i‡q‡Qb| mßg AvKv‡k Avj- evqZzj gvÔgy‡i mËi nvRvi wdwikZv
cÖZ¨n cÖ‡ek Ki‡Qb| Zv‡`i AvwaK¨Zvi R‡b¨ wØZxq evi wd‡i Avmvi
my‡hvM cv‡ebbv|
wKqvgZ w`e‡m Rvnvb¥vg Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡e, Zvi mËi nvRvi jvMvg
n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K jvMv‡g mËi nvRvi wdwikZv n‡e, Zviv Rvnvb¥‡K ‡U‡b
wb‡q Avm‡e|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
...
†Ω∨Ω
〉ψς∏Τ⊕Ωÿ
Ω Σ⇒ΤΣ–
ð∠ΨΘΤŠΩ⁄
‚ΠςΜΞ…
ΩΣ∑
....
≈
]
4 D o /
:
Q;
.[
A_© t Avi Avcbvi cvjb KZv©i evwnbx m¤ú‡K© GKgvÎ wZwbB
Rv‡bb| [m~iv Avj-gyÏvwQi,AvqvZ-31 ]
nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡j‡Qb t
))
V P 8 i
k
# / q1 E6j We 5 x .‘1 r6j 1 D
’}G
.
((
A_© t AvKvk MR©b Ki‡Q,Avi MR©b KiviB K_v| KviY cÖ‡Z¨K
RvqMvq wmR`v Kvix I i“KzKvix wdwikZv i‡q‡Q|
wZwb (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Avj-evBZzj gvÔgyi m¤ú‡K©
e‡jb t
))
q1  / 5 n E3
E6e W
] ((
H
L81 y “
[.
A_© t evBZzj gvÔgy‡i cÖZ¨n mËi nvRvi wdwikZv cÖ‡ek K‡ib, Zviv
wØZxq evi wd‡i Avmvi my‡hvM cv‡ebbv| [eyLvix I gymwjg ]
wZwb (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Av‡iv e‡jb t
))
.1 D5 1”  / • –z}1 Lr— ˜F
 / 5 1”
q1
] ((
L81 H
.[

40. A_© t Rvnvb¥vg †K wb‡q Avmv n‡e, †m w`b Zvi mËi nvRvi jvMvg
n‡e| Avi cÖ‡Z¨K jvMv‡g mËi nvRvi wdwikZv n‡e| [gymwjg ]
GLv‡b wdwikZv‡`i GK weivU msL¨v cÖKvwkZ nj| hviv cÖvq
(70000 70000=) 490†KvwU Rb wdwikZv Z‡e evKx
wdwikZv‡`i msL¨v KZ n‡Z cv‡i? cweÎZv †mB mËvi whwb Zv‡`i‡K
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i‡K cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Zv‡`i msL¨v cwimsL¨vb
K‡i †i‡L‡Qb|
Z…Z¡xqZ t wdwikZv‡`i bvg t
KziAvb I nv`x‡m Avj−vn I Zuvi ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn
Iqvmvj−vg) Avgv‡`i R‡b¨ †h, mKj wdwikZv‡`i bvg D‡j−L¨
K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb
wZbRb|
(1) wReixj t Zv‡K wReivCj I ejv nq| wZwbB i“ûj KzÏm, whwb
Iqvnx-hv Aš—-‡ii myav-wb‡q ivm~jM‡Yi wbKU AeZiY nb|
(2) wgKvCj t Zv‡K cÖkvwš— ejv nq| e„wó el©‡Yi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwhZ,
hv Rwgi RxweKv ¯^iƒc| Avj−vn †hLv‡b el©‡Yi Av‡`k †`b †mLv‡b
el©Y cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
(3) Bmivdxj t wZwb wksMvq dzrKvi †`Iqvi `vwq‡Z¡ i‡q‡Qb|
cvw_©e¨ Rxeb †k‡l cvi‡jŠwKK Rxeb ïi“ nIqvi ‡Nvlbv miƒc, Ges
Gi ØvivB, (g„Z) †`n mg~‡ni cybi“Rxeb NU‡e|
PZz_©Z t wdwikZv‡`i wmdvZ ev ˆewkó¨ t wdwikZviv cÖK…Z
m„wó Rxe| Zv‡`i cÖK…Z kixi i‡q‡Q hv m„wóMZ I PwiÎ MZ ¸‡b
¸bvw¤^Z, wb‡æ Zv‡`i wKQy ¸b eY©bv Kiv n‡jv t
(K) Zv‡`i m„wó gnvb Ges Zv‡`i kixi n‡jv wekvj AvK…wZi t Avj−vn
ZvÔqvjv wdwikZv‡`i‡K kw³ kvjx I eo AvK…Zx‡Z m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
d‡j Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zv‡`i‡K Avmgvb I hwg‡b †h eo eo Kv‡Ri

41. `vwqZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb, Zviv Zvi Dc‡hvMx|
(L) Zv‡`i Wvbv i‡q‡Q t Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv wdwikZv‡`i R‡b¨ `yB,
wZb I Pvi ev Z‡ZvwaK cvLv w`‡q m„wó K‡i‡Qb| †hgb- ivm~j
(mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) wReixj (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) †K
†`‡LwQ‡jb, Zvi wbR¯^ AvK…wZ QqkZ cvLv wewkó Ae¯’vq| hv
AvKv‡ki cÖvš—fvM †X‡K †i‡LwQj|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΣŸ∧Ω™√≅…
ΨΠς∏Ψ√
Ξ≤Ψ≡†ΩΤ⊇
γ‹Ω.ΗΤΩ∧ΘΩ♥√≅…
Ξ≥⁄ΚΚς‚≅…Ω
ΞΨ∅†Ω–
Ψ◊ς∇ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧√≅…
„Σ♠Σ⁄
⌡ΨΤ√ΟΚΡ…
ξ◊Ω™Ψ⇒–ςΚ…
υΩΤπ⇒‘ΩΘ∨
ð³ΗΤςΤ∏Ρ’Ω
Ω⊗ΗΤΩΤŠΣ⁄Ω
ΣŸÿΞ∞ΩΤÿ
ℑ
Ξ⊂∏Ω‘√≅…
†Ω∨
Σ∫:†Ω↑ΩΤÿ
...
≈
]
4 D k j /
:
;
.[
A_© t mg¯— cÖksmv Avj−vni, whwb Avmgvb I Rwg‡bi mªóv Ges
wdwikZv‡`i‡K K‡i‡Qb KZv© evnK-Zviv `yB `yB, wZb wZb I Pvi Pvi
cvLv wewkó| wZwb m„wói g‡a¨ hv B”Qv e„w× K‡ib| [m~iv
dvwZ¡i,AvqvZ-1 ]
(M) Zv‡`i cvbvnvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv t Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv wdwikZv‡`i‡K
m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv cvbvnv‡ii gynZvR ev gyLv‡c¶x bb| Zviv weevn
K‡ibbv, mš—vb I nqbv|
(N) wdwikZviv Aš—i wewkó I Ávbx t Zuviv Avj−vni mv‡_ K_v
e‡j‡Qb, Ges Avj−vn Zv‡`i mv‡_ K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zviv Av`g I
Ab¨vb¨ bvex‡`i mv‡_ I K_v e‡j‡Qb|
(O) Zv‡`i wbR¯^ AvK…wZ Qvov Ab¨ AvK…wZ aviY Kivi ¶gZv
i‡q‡Q t Avj−vn ¯^xq wdwikZv‡`i‡K cyi“l gvby‡li AvK…wZ aviY Kivi
¶gZv w`‡q‡Qb| Bnv g~wZ© c~RK‡`i åvš— aviYvi LÛb| hviv aviYv
K‡i †h wdwikZviv Avj−vni †g‡q ev Kb¨v| Zv‡`i AvK…wZ avi‡bi
c×wZ Avgv‡`i Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Zviv Ggb my¶è AvK…wZ aviY K‡i †h

42. Zv‡`i I gvby‡li gv‡S cv_©K¨ Kiv Kó mva¨ n‡q c‡o|
(P) wdwikZv‡`i g„Zz¨eiY t gvjvKzj gvDZ ev Rvb KeRKvix
wdwikZv mn mKj wdwikZviv wKqvgZ w`e‡m g„Zz¨ eiY Ki‡eb|
AZtci Avj−vn Zv‡`i‡K †h †h `vwqZ¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb, †m `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Kivi Rb¨ cybi“_¨vb Kiv n‡e|
(Q) wdwikZv‡`i Bev`vZ t wdwikZviv Avj−vni A‡bK ai‡Yi Bev`vZ
K‡ib| bvgvh, `yÔAv, Zvmexn i“Kz, wmR`vn, fq-fxwZ I fvj evmv
BZ¨vw`|
Zv‡`i Bev`v‡Zi eY©bv wbæi“c t
(1) Zviv K¬vš—nxb fv‡e Avj−vni Bev`v‡Z me©`vq iZ _v‡Kb|
(2) Zviv GKwbóZvi mv‡_ Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi R‡b¨ Bev`vZ K‡ib|
(3) Zviv bvdvigvbx eR©b K‡i me©`vq AvbyM‡Z¨ gvk¸j _v‡Kb,
†Kbbv Zviv gvÔmyg A_v©r bvdvigvbx I cvcvPvi n‡Z gy³|
(4) AwaK Bev`vZ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avj−vni Rb¨ webq-bgªZv cÖKvk
Kiv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
Ω⇐Σ™ΘΨΤ‰Ω♥ΣΤÿ
ΩΤΤ∼Πς√≅…
Ω⁄†ΩΘΩΤ⇒√≅…Ω
‚Ω
Ω⇐Σ≤ΣΤ,Τ⊃ΩΤÿ
(20)
≈
]
DP N /
4
:
_
.[
A_© t Zviv ivwÎ w`b Zvui cweÎZv I gwngv eY©bv K‡i Ges K¬vš—
nqbv| [m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-20]
cÂgZ t wdwikZv‡`i Kg© mg~n t wdwikZviv A‡bK eo eo KvR
m¤úv`b K‡ib, hvi `vwqZ¡ Avj−vn Zv‡`i‡K w`‡q‡Qb|
‡m KvR ¸‡jv wbæiƒc t
(1) Avik enb Kiv|
(2) ivm~jM‡Yi Dci Iqvnx AeZx‡Y©i `vwqZ¡ cÖvß wdwikZv|

43. (3) RvbœvZ I Rvnvbœv‡gi cvnviv`vi|
(4) Dw™¢`, e„wó el©Y I ev`j cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß|
(5) cvnvo-ce©‡Zi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß|
(6) wksMvq dzrKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ cÖvß wdwikZv|
(7) Av`g mš—v‡bi Kg© wjwce× Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß|
(8) Av`g mš—vb‡K wndvRZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß| Avj−vn hLb Av`g
mš—v‡bi Dci †Kvb KvR wbav©ib K‡ib, ZLb Zviv Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM
K‡ib, AZtci Avj−vn Zv‡`i Rb¨ hv wbav©iY K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv cwZZ
nq ev msNwUZ nq|
(9) gvby‡li mv‡_ _vKvi I Zv‡`i‡K Kj¨v‡bi w`‡K AvnŸv‡bi `vwqZ¡
cÖvß|
(10) Rivqy‡Z exh© mÂvi, gvby‡li (†`‡n) Aš—‡i AvZœv cÖ‡¶c, Zvi
wiwhK, Kg© I ‡mŠfvM¨ ev `~f©vM¨ wjwce‡× `vwqZ¡ cÖvß wdwikZv|
(11) g„Zz¨i mgq Av`g mš—v‡bi AvZœv KeR Kivi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß
wdwikZv|
(12) gvbyl‡K Ke‡i wRÁvmvev` Ges DËi Abyhvqx kvwš— ev kvw¯—
cÖ`v‡b `vwqZ¡ cÖvß|
(13) bvex (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Dci Zvui D¤§‡Zi
mvjvg †cŠuQv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ cÖvß H| ZvB gymwjg e¨w³ bvex (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Dci Zvi mvjvg †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ Zvui Kv‡Q
(Zuvi Ke‡ii Kv‡Q) åg‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| eis c„w_exi †h †Kvb
¯’vb n‡Z Zvui Dci mvjvg, I `i“` cvV KivB h‡_ó| KviY
wdwikZviv Zvi mvjvg †cŠuwQ‡q †`b| gvmwR‡` bvevex‡Z GK gvÎ
bvgvR covi D‡Ï‡k ågY Kiv ˆea i‡q‡Q|
D‡j−wLZ G cÖwm× KvR mg~n e¨ZxZ Zv‡`i (wdwikZv‡`i) Av‡iv
A‡bK KvR i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ Gi cÖgvY ewY©Z n‡jv t

44. Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
Ω⇐ΣΤ∏Ψ∧µµðš
ð↔⌠≤Ω⊕√≅…
⌠⇑Ω∨Ω
ΙΣς√Ωš
Ω⇐Σ™ΘΨ‰Ω♥ΣΤÿ
ΨŸ∧Ω™ΨŠ
⌠¬ΞΘΨΤŠΩ⁄
Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψπ∨ΣÿΩ
−ΨΨŠ
Ω⇐Σ≤Ψ⊃πΤ⊕Ω,πΤ♥ΩΤÿΩ
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς∏Ψ√
Ν…Σ⇒Ω∨…ƒ
∫
...
≈
]
4 D j ™ /
:
.[
A_© t hviv Avik enb K‡i Ges hviv Zvi Pvi cv‡k Av‡Q, Zviv
Zv‡`i cvjbKZv©i mcÖksmv cweÎZv eY©bv K‡i, Zvui cÖwZ wek¦vm ¯’vcb
K‡i Ges gyÔwgb‡`i Rb¨ ¶gv cÖv_©bv K‡i| [m~iv Mvwdi,AvqvZ-7]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
Σ∈
⇑Ω∨
Ω⇐†ς
…Θ⊥ΣŸΩ∅
ΩÿΞπ⁄ιΨ•ΠΞ√
ΙΣΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ†ΩΤ⊇
ΙΣς√ΘΩ∞ΩΤ⇓
υς∏Ω∅
ð∠Ψ‰∏Τς∈
Ξ⇐′ΞΜ†ΤΤΨŠ
ϑðΨ/≅…
...
≈
]
4 D 9 /
:
B
.[
A_© t Avcwb e‡j w`b, †h †KD wReivC‡ji kµ nq-†h‡nZz wZwb
Avj−vni Av‡`‡k G Kvjvg Avcbvi Aš—‡i bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| [m~iv Avj-
evK¡viv,AvqvZ-97]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
...
⌠Τς√Ω
ϖυΩ≤ΤΩΤZ
Ψ′ΞΜ…
φΣ∧Ψ∏ΗΤϑðℵ≠√≅…
ℑ
γ‹.Ω≤Ω∧ΩΤ∅
γ‹⌠ΤΩ∧√≅…
Σ◊ς∇ΞΜΜ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧√≅…Ω
Νϖ…〉≠Ψ♠†ΩΤŠ
ψΞÿΨŸΤÿΚς…
Νϖ…ΤΣ–Ξ≤ςΚ…
∃Σ¬Σ|Ω♥Σ⊃⇓Κς…
...
≈
]
4 D5 N /
:
BQ
.[
A_© t hw` Avcwb †`‡Lb hLb Rv‡jgiv g„Zz¨-hš¿bvq _v‡K Ges
wdwikZviv ¯^xq n¯— cÖmvwiZ K‡i e‡j, ‡ei Ki ¯^xq AvZœv| [m~iv Avj-
AvbAvg,AvqvZ-93]
lóqZ t Av`g mš—v‡bi Dci wdwikZv‡`i AwaKvi t
(K) Zv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv|
(L) Zv‡`i‡K fvj evmv, m¤§vb Kiv, I Zv‡`i ghv©`v eY©bv Kiv|
(M) Zv‡`i‡K Mvwj †`Iqv, ghv©`v ¶zb¨ Kiv, I Zv‡`i‡K wb‡q nvwm

45. inm¨ Kiv nvivg|
(N) wdwikZviv hv AcQ›` K‡ib Zv n‡Z `~‡i _vKv| KviY, Av`g
mš—vbiv hv‡Z Kó cvq,ZvivI Zv‡Z Kó cvq|
wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi myf-djvdj t
(K) Cgvb cwic~Y© nq| KviY Zv‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Qvov Kv‡iv
Cgvb cwic~Y© n‡ebv|
(L) Zv‡`i m„wó KZv©i gnZ¡ ev †kªôZ¡ I Zvui kw³ I ivR‡Z¡ Ávb
AR©b| KviY, m„wó KZv©i, †kªôZ¡ n‡Z m„wó Rx‡ei †kªôZ¡ cÖKvk cvq|
(M) Zv‡`i ¸bv¸b, Zv‡`i Ae¯’v, I Kg© Rvbvi gva¨‡g gymwjg e¨w³i
Cgvb e„w× cvq|
(N) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv hLb gyÔwgb‡`i‡K wdwikZv w`‡q wndvRZ K‡ib,
ZLb Zv‡`i (gyÔwgb‡`i) kvwš— I Z…wß AR©b nq|
(O) wdwikZv‡`i‡K fvj evmv t Zv‡`i Bev`vZ mwVK cš’vq nIqvq I
gyÔwgb‡`i Rb¨ ¶gv cÖv_©bv Kivi Kvi‡Y|
(P) Lvivc I bvdvigvbx c~Y© KvR‡K AcQ›` Kiv|
(Q) Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui ev›`v‡`i ¸i“Z¡ ‡`b GB Rb¨ Zvui cÖksmv
Kiv| ‡hgb Avj−vn H mKj wdwikZv‡`i KvD‡K Zv‡`i‡K
(ev›`v‡`i‡K) wndvR‡Zi,I Kg© wjLvi BZ¨vw` Kj¨vY RbK Kv‡Ri
`vwqZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb|

46. '
:
,-(
.
Z…Zxq i“Kb t Avmgvbx MÖš’ mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb|
ivm~jM‡bi Dci Avj−vni AeZxY© wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv,
Bnv Cgv‡bi Z…Zxq i“Kb ev ¯—¤¢|
wbðq Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zvui ivm~jMY †K my¯úó wb`k©bmn †cÖiY
K‡i‡Qb| Ges Zvu‡`i (ivm~jM‡Yi) Dci wKZve mg~n AeZxY©
K‡i‡Qb, gvLjyKv‡Zi wn`vqvZ I ingZ miƒc| hv‡Z-`ywbqv I
AvwLiv‡Z ‡mŠfvM¨kxj nq| Ges hv‡Z Zv‡`i Pjvi GKwU my›`i c_
nq| Avi gvbyl †h wel‡q gZˆb‡K¨ wjß, Zvi mgvavbKvix ev
dvqmvjvKvix nq|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ŸΤΩ⊆ς√
†ΩΤ⇒∏Ω♠⁄ςΚ…
†ΩΤ⇒ς∏Σ♠Σ⁄
γŒΗΤΩΤ⇒ΘΞ∼Ω‰√≅†ΨŠ
†Ω⇒√Ω∞⇓Κς…Ω
〉ψΣΩ⊕Ω∨
ðˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇√≅…
Ω⇐…ΩƒκΨ∧√≅…Ω
Ω⋅Σ⊆Ω∼Ψ√
〉♣†Πς⇒√≅…
Ψ∃÷♥Ψ⊆√≅†ΨŠ
...
≈
]
4 D g /
:
@
.[
A_© t Avwg Avgvi ivm~jMY‡K my¯úó wb`k©bmn †cÖiY K‡iwQ Ges
Zv‡`i mv‡_ AeZxY© K‡iwQ wKZve I wghvb (gvb`Û) hv‡Z gvbyl
Bbmvd cÖwZóv K‡i| [m~iv Avj-nv`x`,AvqvZ-25]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t

47. …
Ω⇐†ς
Σ♣†Πς⇒√≅…
⊥◊ΘΩΤ∨ΡΚ…
⊥〈ΩŸΨš.Ω
ð³Ω⊕Ω‰ΩΤ⊇
ϑðΣ/≅…
Ω⇑ΓΤΤΘΞ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅…
φ⇔ΤÿΞ≤ΤΠΨ↑Ω‰Σ∨
Ω⇑ÿΨ⁄Ψϒ⇒Σ∨Ω
ςΩ∞⇓Κς…Ω
Σ¬ΣΩ⊕Ω∨
ðˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇√≅…
ΘΞ⊂Ω™√≅†ΨŠ
Ω¬Ρ∇™Ω∼Ψ√
Ω⇐κΩΤŠ
γ♣†Πς⇒√≅…
†Ω∧∼Ψ⊇
Ν…Σ⊃ς∏ΩΤ,Τ≅…
Ψ∼Ψ⊇
≈
]
4 D 9 /
:
;Q
.[
A_© t mKj gvbyl GKB RvwZ mËvi Aš—©fy³ wQj| AZtci Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv bvex‡`i‡K cvVv‡jb mymsev` `vZv I fxwZ cÖ`k©bKvix
wn‡m‡e| Avi Zvu‡`i mv‡_ AeZxY© Ki‡jb mZ¨ wKZve, hv‡Z gvby‡li
gv‡S weZK©g~jK wel‡q gxgvsmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| [m~iv Avj-
evK¡viv,AvqvZ-213]
(1) wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi g~j K_v t
wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb t G K_vi cÖwZ `„p wek¦vm ¯’vcb Kiv †h,
Avj−vni A‡bK wKZve i‡q‡Q| hv wZwb Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwngym
mvjvg) Dci bvwhj K‡i‡Qb| Avi Zv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Zvui (Avj−vni)
evYx| Avi Zv nj ‡R¨vwZ I wn`vqvZ| Avi wbðq G wKZve mg~‡ni
g‡a¨ hv i‡q‡Q Zv mZ¨ I b¨vq wmô, Gi AbymiY Kiv I Z`vbyhvqx
Avgj Kiv IqvwRe| GKgvÎ Avj−vn Qvov G wKZve mg~‡ni msL¨v
†KD Rv‡bbv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
...
Ω¬Πς∏Ω{Ω
ϑðΣ/≅…
υΩ♠Σ∨
†_∧∼Ψ∏|ΩΤZ
(164)
≈
]
4 DP 8 /
:
;RA
.[
A_© t Avi Avj−vn g~mvi mv‡_ K‡_vc_b K‡i‡Qb mivmwi| [m~iv Avb-
wbmv,AvqvZ-146]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
⌠⇐ΜΞ…Ω
βŸΩΤšςΚ…
Ω⇑ΨΘ∨
Ω⇐κΨΞ≤πΤ↑Σ∧√≅…
ð∉Ω⁄†Ω•ΩΤ,♠≅…
Σ⌠≤Ξ–Κς†ΩΤ⊇
υΠς,Ωš
Ω⊗Ω∧♥ΩΤÿ
Ω¬ΗΤς∏ς
ϑðΨ/≅…

48. ...
≈
]
4 D - /
:
R
.[
A_© t Avi gykwiK‡`i †KD hw` †Zvgvi Kv‡Q Avkªq cÖv_©bv K‡i, Z‡e
Zv‡K Avkªq w`‡e, hv‡Z †m Avj−vni evYx ïb‡Z cvq|
[m~iv AvZ ZvIevn-AvqvZ-6]
(2) wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi weavb t
mKj wKZv‡ei cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv hv Avj−vn Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi
(AvjvBwngym mvjvg) Dci AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb, Avj−vn ZvÔevivKv I
ZvÔAvjv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wKZve mg~‡ni gva¨‡g K_v e‡j‡Qb| Ges Zv
(Avj−vni c¶n‡Z) AeZxY©, gvLjyK ev m„ó bq,Avi †h e¨w³ Zv
(wKZve mg~n) A_ev Zuvi wKQy‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡e †m Kv‡di n‡q
hv‡e|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
†ΩΘΣΤÿΚς†Η;ΤΤΩÿ
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
Νϖ…ΤΣ⇒Ω∨…ƒ
∫
Ν…Σ⇒Ψ∨…ƒ
∫
γϑð/≅†ΨŠ
−ΨΨ√Σ♠Ω⁄Ω
γˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇√≅…Ω
ΨϒΠς√≅…
ΩΘΩ∞ΩΤ⇓
υς∏Ω∅
−ΨΨ√Σ♠Ω⁄
γˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ|√≅…Ω
ϖΨϒΠς√≅…
ΩΩ∞⇓Κς…
⇑Ψ∨
Σ‰ΩΤ∈
⇑Ω∨Ω
⌠≤Σ⊃∇Ωÿ
ΨΠς∏√≅†ΨŠ
−ΨΨ,Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∨Ω
−ΨΨ‰Σ,Σ{Ω
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
ΨζΩ∼√≅…Ω
Ξ≤Ψ›‚≅…
ŸΩ⊆ΩΤ⊇
ΘΩΤΩ∂
Ω=„ΗΤς∏Ω∂
…[Ÿ∼Ψ⊕ΩΤŠ
(136)
≈
]
4 DP 8 /
:
;QR
.[
A_© t †n Cgvb`viMY, Avj−vni Dci cwic~Y© wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki Ges
wek¦vm ¯’vcb Ki Zvui ivm~j I Zvui wKZv‡ei Dci ,hv wZwb AeZxY©
K‡i‡Qb ¯^xq ivm~‡ji Dci Ges †m mg¯— wKZv‡ei Dci †h ¸‡jv
AeZxY© Kiv n‡qwQj BwZc~‡e©| †h Avj−vni Dci,Zvui wdwikZv‡`i
Dci, Zuvi wKZve mg~‡ni Dci,Ges ivm~jM‡Yi Dci I wKqvgZ

49. w`e‡mi Dci wek¦vm Ki‡ebv, †m c_åó n‡q eû `~‡i wM‡q co‡e| [m~iv
Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-136]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
…ΩϒΩΗΤ∑Ω
}ˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ
ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒√Ω∞⇓ςΚ…
β∉Ω⁄†Ω‰Σ∨
ΣΣ⊕Ψ‰ΠςΤZ≅†ΤΩΤ⊇
Ν…Σ⊆ΠςΤZ≅…Ω
⌠¬Ρ∇Πς∏Ω⊕ς√
Ω⇐Σ∧Ωš⌠≤ΤΣΤZ
(155)
≈
]
4 D5 N /
:
;@@
.[
A_© t GwU Ggb GKwU MÖš’, hv Avwg AeZxY© K‡iwQ, Lye g½jgq|
AZGe Gi AbymiY Ki Ges fqKi-hv‡Z †Zvgiv Ki“bv cÖvß nI|
[m~iv Avj-AvbAvg,AvqvZ-155]
(3) Gme wKZv‡ei cÖwZ gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ges Zv AeZxY©
Kivi wcQ‡b wnKgvZ ev inm¨ t
cÖ_gZ t hv‡Z ivm~j (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi Dci AeZx©Y wKZve
Zvui D¤§v‡Zi Rb¨ Ávb †Kvl ¯^iƒc nq| d‡j Zviv Zv‡`i Øxb m¤ú‡©K
Rvbvi R‡b¨ Gi w`‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i|
wØZxqZ t hv‡Z ivm~j (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi Dci AeZx©b wKZve
Zvui D¤§v‡Zi cÖ‡Z¨K gZ‰bK¨ c~Y© wel‡q Bbmvd wfw³K wePviK nq|
Z…ZxqZ t hv‡Z AeZx©Y wKZve ivm~j (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi B‡š—
Kv‡ji ci Øxb ev ag© msi¶YKvix wnmv‡e `vuov‡Z cv‡i, ¯’vb I Kv‡ji
hZB `yi“Z¡ ‡nvKbv †Kb| †hgb-Avgv‡`i bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi (cieZx©) `vIqv‡Zi Ae¯’v|
PZz_©Z t hv‡Z G AeZx©Y wKZve mg~n Avj−vni c¶n‡Z û¾vZ (c¶
wec‡¶i `jxj)¯^iƒc nq| ‡hb m„wó Rxe Gi (wKZve mg~‡ni)
we‡ivwaZv Kiv Ges Gi AvbyMZ¨ n‡Z ‡ei n‡q hvIqvi mg_¨© bv
iv‡L|
Avvj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

50. …
Ω⇐†ς
Σ♣†Πς⇒√≅…
⊥◊ΘΩΤ∨ΡΚ…
⊥〈ΩŸΨš.Ω
ð³Ω⊕Ω‰ΩΤ⊇
ϑðΣ/≅…
Ω⇑ΓΤΤΘΞ∼Ψ‰Πς⇒√≅…
φ⇔ΤÿΞ≤ΤΠΨ↑Ω‰Σ∨
Ω⇑ÿΨ⁄Ψϒ⇒Σ∨Ω
ςΩ∞⇓Κς…Ω
Σ¬ΣΩ⊕Ω∨
ðˆΗΤΩΤ,Ψ∇√≅…
ΘΞ⊂Ω™√≅†ΨŠ
Ω¬Ρ∇™Ω∼Ψ√
Ω⇐κΩΤŠ
γ♣†Πς⇒√≅…
†Ω∧∼Ψ⊇
Ν…Σ⊃ς∏ΩΤ,Τ≅…
Ψ∼Ψ⊇
...
≈
]
4 D 9 /
:
;Q
.[
A_© t mKj gvbyl GKB RvwZ mË¡vi Aš—f©y³ wQj| AZtci Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjv bvex‡`i‡K cvVv‡jb mymsev` `vZv I fxwZ cÖ`k©bKvix
wnmv‡e| Avi Zv‡`i mv‡_ AeZxY© Ki‡jb mZ¨ wKZve,hv‡Z gvby‡li
gv‡S weZK©g~jK wel‡q gxgvsmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
[m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-213]
(4) wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ Cgvb Avbvi wbqg t
Avj−vni wKZve mg~‡ni cÖwZ msw¶ß I we¯—vwiZ fv‡e Cgvb Avbv n‡q
_v‡K|
msw¶ß Cgvb t G wek¦vm Ki‡e (Cgvb Avbv) †h, Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv
Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi Dci A‡bK wKZve AeZx©Y K‡i‡Qb|
we¯—vwiZ fv‡e Cgvb t Bnv n‡jv, Avj−vn KziAvb Kvix‡g †h mKj
wKZv‡ei bvg D‡j−L¨ K‡i‡Qb, Zvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv| Zv n‡Z Avgiv
†R‡bwQ-KziAvb, ZvIivZ, hveyi, BbRxj, Ges Beªvnxg, I g~mv Gi
cÖwZ AeZxY© cyw¯—Kv mg~n (AvjvBwngym mvjvg)|
Av‡iv Cgvb Avbv †h, HmKj wKZve QvovI Avj−vni A‡bK wKZve
i‡q‡Q, hv Zvui bvexM‡Yi Dci AeZx©Y K‡i‡Qb|
Avi Avj−vn Qvov H mKj wKZv‡ei bvg I msL¨v †KD Rv‡bbv|
G wKZve ¸‡jv AeZx©Y n‡q‡Q hveZxq mrKg© I Bev`vZ GKgvÎ
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi wbwg‡Ë m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g Zvui ZvInx` (GKZ¡ev`)
ev¯—evqb Ges c„w_ex‡Z wkiK I Ab¨vq-AbvPvi `~ixf~Z Kivi Rb¨|
g~jZ mKj bvex‡`i `vIqvZ GK g~jbxwZi (ZvInx` cÖwZôv I wkK©

51. eR©‡bi) Dci wQj, hw`I Zvuiv wbqg Kvbyb I wewa-weav‡b wKQyUv
wfbœ iKg wQ‡jb|
G CgvbI ivLv †h, c~e©eZ©x ivm~j‡`i cÖwZ (Avj−vni c¶ n‡Z) wKZve
AeZxY© n‡qwQj | Avi Avj-KziAv‡bi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv n‡jv t Zv
(Aš—‡i I gy‡L) ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv Ges KziAv‡b hv i‡q‡Q Zv Aby¯^iY
Kiv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ
∫
ΣΣ♠ΘΩ≤√≅…
:†Ω∧ΨŠ
ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ…
Ψ∼ς√ΜΞ…
⇑Ψ∨
−ΨΨΘΤŠΘΩ⁄
Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψ∨Σ∧√≅…Ω
ΘδΡ
Ω⇑Ω∨…ƒ
∫
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ
−ΨΨ,Ω|ΞΜ;ΗΤςΤ∏Ω∨Ω
−ΨΨ‰Σ,〉{Ω
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
...
≈
]
4 D 9 /
:
?@
.[
A_© t ivm~j wek¦vm iv‡Lb H mg¯— welq m¤ú‡K© hv Zuvi cvjb KZv©i
c¶ †_‡K Zvui Kv‡Q AeZxY© n‡q‡Q Ges gyÔwgbivI| mK‡jB wek¦vm
iv‡L Avj−vni cÖwZ, Zvui wdwikZv‡`i cÖwZ, Zvui MÖš’ mg~‡ni cÖwZ Ges
Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-285]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
Ν…Σ⊕Ξ‰ΠςΤZ≅…
:†Ω∨
ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ…
¬Ρ∇∼ς√ΜΞ…
⇑ΨΘ∨
ψΡ∇ΤΘΨΤŠΘΩ⁄
‚ΩΩ
Ν…Σ⊕Ψ‰Πς,ΤΩΤZ
⇑Ψ∨
,−ΨΤΤΨ⇓Σ
%ƒ
∫:†ΩΤ∼Ψ√ςΚ…
...
≈
]
4 D^ /
:
Q
.[
A_© t †Zvgiv Aby¯^iY Ki, hv †Zvgv‡`i cÖwZcvj‡Ki c¶ †_‡K
AeZxY© n‡q‡Q| Avi Avj−vn‡K ev` w`‡q Ab¨ mv_x‡`i Aby¯^iY
K‡ivbv| [m~iv Avj-AvÔivd,AvqvZ-3]
c~e©eZx wKZv‡ei †P‡q KziAv‡bi wKQy wfbœ ‰ewkó i‡q‡Q t
(1) Avj-KziAvb ¯^xq kã, A_© Ges I‡Z †h Ávb I cvw_©e Z_¨
i‡q‡Q Zv me© wel‡q GK A‡jŠwKK kw³|
(2) Avj-KziAvb me© †kl Avmgvbx wKZve, KziAv‡bi gva¨‡g
Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei mgvwß N‡U‡Q| †hgb-Avgv‡`i bvex gynv¤§v`

52. (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi wimvjv‡Zi Øviv mKj wimvjv‡Zi
cwimgvwß N‡U‡Q|
(3) mKj cÖKvi weK…wZ I cwieZ©b n‡Z Avj−vn KziAvb‡K †ndvRZ
Ki‡eb| Bnv Ab¨vb¨ wKZve n‡Z mZš¿| ‡Kbbv †m me wKZv‡e weK…wZ
I cwieZ©b cwiea©b N‡U‡Q|
(4) Avj-KyiAvb c~e©eZx© wKZv‡ei mZ¨vqb I msi¶YKvix|
(5) KziAvb c~e©eZx© mKj wKZv‡ei iwnZKvix|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
†Ω∨
Ω⇐†ς
†_ΤΤ‘ÿΨŸΩš
υΩ≤Ω,πΤ⊃Σÿ
⇑Ψ|ΗΤς√Ω
Ω⊂ÿΨŸπ±ΩΤZ
ΨϒΠς√≅…
Ω⇐κΤΩŠ
ΨΤÿΩŸΩÿ
Ω∼Ψ±πΤ⊃ΩZΩ
ΘΞΣ{
ξ∫⌠Ω→
_ŸΤΤΣ∑Ω
⊥◊Ω∧ΤšΩ⁄Ω
ξζΩ⊆ΠΨ√
Ω⇐Σ⇒Ψ∨ΣΤÿ
(111)
...
≈
]
4 D/ /
:
;;;
.[
A_© t GUv †Kvb gbMov K_v bq, wKš— hviv wek¦vm ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡`i
Rb¨ c~‡e©Kvi Kvjv‡gi mvg_©b Ges cÖ‡Z¨K e¯—yi weeiY ingZ I
wn`vqvZ| [m~iv Bdmyd,AvqvZ-111]
(5) c~e©eZx© wKZve mg~‡ni msev` MÖnY Kiv t
Avgiv wbwðZ fv‡e Rvwb †h, c~e©eZx© wKZv‡e Avj−vn Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi
wbK‡U Iqvnxi gva¨‡g †h msev` w`‡q‡Qb Zv mZ¨, Zv‡Z †Kvb cªKvi
m‡›`n †bB| Gi A_© G bq †h, eZ©gv‡b Avn‡j wKZve‡`i (Bqvû`x I
L„óvb‡`i) wbKU †h wKZve i‡q‡Q Zv MÖnY Ki‡ev| KviY Zv weK…Z
Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avj−vn Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi wbKU †h fv‡e AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb
†m fv‡e †bB| c~e©eZx© wKZve n‡Z Avj−vn Avgv‡`i‡K Zvui wKZv‡e
(KziAv‡b) †h msev` w`‡q‡Qb Zv n‡Z Avgiv wbwðZ fv‡e ‡R‡bwQ
†h, ‡KD KviI †Mvbvn enb Ki‡e bv| gvbyl ZvB cvq hv †m K‡i,
Zvi Kg© kxNÖB †`Lv‡bv n‡e, AZtci Zv‡K c~Y© cÖwZ`vb †`qv n‡e|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

53. …
⌠⋅Κς…
⌠¬ς√
Κ†ΘΩΤ‰ΩΤ⇒ΣΤÿ
†Ω∧ΨΤŠ
ℑ
Ψ∪Σ™Σ″
υΩ♠Σ∨
(36)
ðψ∼Ψ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ…Ω
ΨϒΠς√≅…
υϖΠς⊇Ω
(37)
‚ΠςΚς…
Σ⁄Ξ∞ΩΤZ
β〈Ω⁄Ξƒ…Ω
Ω⁄ƒΞ
υΩ≤πΤΤΚΡ…
(38)
⇐Κς…Ω
ð♦⌠Τ∼Πς√
Ξ⇑ΗΤΩ♥Τ⇓γπ„Ψ√
‚ΠςΜΞ…
†Ω∨
υΩ⊕Ω♠
(39)
ΘΩ⇐Κς…Ω
ΙΣΩΤ∼⊕ΤΩ♠
ð∩⌠ΤΩ♠
υΩ≤ΣΤÿ
(40)
ΘΩ¬Ρ’
ΣΗΤΩ∞µµ〉–
ƒ
∫:…Ω∞Ω•√≅…
υΩΤ⊇ςΚ‚≅…
(41)
≈
]
u 4 DL‰ /
:
QR
O
A;
.[
A_© t Zv‡K wK Rvbv‡bv nqwb hv Av‡Q g~mvi wKZv‡e Ges Beivnx‡gi
wKZv‡e †h,Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i wQj ? wKZv‡e Av‡Q †h, †KD KviI
†Mvbvn enb Ki‡e bv, Ges gvbyl ZvB cvq hv †m K‡i| Avi Zvi Kg©
kxNÖB †`Lv‡bv n‡e, AZtci Zv‡K c~Y©-cÖwZ`vb ‡`qv n‡e| [m~iv Avb-
bRg,AvqvZ-36-41]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
ΩΤŠ
Ω⇐Σ≤ΨΤπ’ΣΤZ
Ω〈λΩ∼Ω™√≅…
†ΩΤπ∼⇓ϑ〉Ÿ√≅…
(16)
Σ〈Ω≤Ψ›‚≅…Ω
β⁄κΩ
υϖΩ⊆ΤŠςΚ…Ω
(17)
ϑðΜΞ…
…ΩϒΗΤΩ∑
Ψ⊃ς√
Ψ∪Σ™ϑ〉±√≅…
υς√ΡΚ‚≅…
(18)
Ψ∪Σ™Σ″
Ω¬∼ΤΨ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ…
υΩ♠Σ∨Ω
(19)
≈
]
u 4 D{ /
:
;R
O
;B
.[
A_© t e¯—Z t †Zvgiv cvw_©e Rxeb‡K AMÖvwaKvi `vI,A_P ciKv‡ji
Rxeb DrK…ó I ¯’vqx| GUv wjwLZ i‡q‡Q c~e©eZ©x wKZve mg~‡n,
Beivnxg I g~mvi wKZve mg~‡n| [m~iv Avj-AvÔjv,AvqvZ-16-19]
c~e©eZx© wKZv‡ei weavb t KziAv‡b †h mKj weavb i‡q‡Q Zv †g‡b
Pjv Avgv‡`i Acwinvh©| Z‡e c~e©eZx© wKZv‡e hv i‡q‡Q Zv bq| KviY
Avgiv †`L‡ev c~e©eZx© wKZv‡e †h weavb i‡q‡Q Zv hw` Avgv‡`i
kwiqv‡Zi cwicš’x nq, Z‡e Avgiv Zv Avgj Ki‡ev bv, Zv evwZj G
R‡b¨ bq, eis Zv †m mgq mZ¨ wQj, GLb Zv Avgj Kiv Avgv‡`i
Dci Acwinvh© bq| KviY Zv Avgv‡`i kixqvZ Øviv iwnZ n‡q †M‡Q|

54. Avi hw` Zv Avgv‡`i kixqv‡Zi Abyiƒc nq, Z‡e Zv mZ¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ
n‡e| Avgv‡`i kixqvZ Zv mZ¨ e‡j ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q|
(6) KziAvb I nv`x‡m †h mKj Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei bvg D‡j−L¨
n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv t
(1) KziAvb Kvixg t KziAvb nj Avj−vni evbx hv wZwb †kl bvex
I ivm~j gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi Dci bvwhj
K‡i‡Qb|
KziAvb me© †kl AeZxY© wKZve| Avj−vn KziAvb‡K weK…wZ I cwie©Zb
n‡Z wndvRZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ fvi MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, Ges mKj Avmgvbx
wKZv‡ei iwnZKvix K‡i‡Qb|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
†ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ…
Σ⇑™Ω⇓
†ΩΤ⇒√ΘΩ∞ΩΤ⇓
Ω≤Τ{ΠΨϒ√≅…
†ΠςΤ⇓ΜΞ…Ω
ΙΣΩΤ√
Ω⇐Ρℵ≠Ψ⊃ΗΤΤΩ™ς√
(9)
≈
]
D ‰g /
4
:
B
.[
A_© t Avwg ¯^qs G Dc‡`k MÖš’ AeZiY K‡iwQ Ges Avwg wb‡RB Gi
msi¶K| [m~iv Avj-wnRi,AvqvZ-9]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
:†ΩΤ⇒√Ω∞⇓Κς…Ω
ð∠∼ς√ΜΞ…
ðˆΗΤΩ,Ψ∇√≅…
ϑΞ⊂Ω™√≅†ΨΤŠ
†_ΤΤ∈ΨϑŸφ±Σ∨
†Ω∧ΠΨ√
φκΩΤŠ
ΨΤÿΩŸΩΤÿ
Ω⇑Ψ∨
γˆΗΤΩ,Ψ|√≅…
†[ΤΤ⇒Ψ∧∼ΤΩΣ∨Ω
∃Ψ∼ς∏Ω∅
¬Ρ∇š≅†ΩΤ⊇
ψΣΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤŠ
:†Ω∧ΨΤŠ
ΩΩ∞⇓Κς…
∃ϑðΣ/≅…
...
≈
]
/
4 D )
:
A?
.[

55. A_© t Avwg Avcbvi cÖwZ AeZxb© K‡iwQ mZ¨MÖš’, hv c~e©eZx© MÖš’
mg~‡ni mZ¨vqbKvix Ges †m ¸‡jvi welqe¯—i i¶Yv ‡e¶YKvix|
AZGe Avcwb Zv‡`i cvi¯úvwiK e¨vcvivw`‡Z Avj−vn hv AeZxY©
K‡i‡Qb Z`byhvqx dqmvjv Ki“b| [m~iv Avj-gvwq`vn,AvqvZ-48]
(2) ZvIivZ t ZvIivZ H wKZve hv‡K Avj−vn g~mv (AvjvBwnm
mvjvg) Gi Dci b~i (‡R¨vwZ) I wn`vqvZ ¯^iƒc bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb|
evbx BmivC‡ji bvex I Av‡jgMY Gi Øviv dvqmvjv Ki‡Zb| myZivs
g~mv (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi Dci Avj−vni AeZxY© wKZve ZvIivZ
Gi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv IqvwRe, eZ©gvb Z_v Kw_Z Bqvû`x‡`i nv‡Z
weK…Z ZvIiv‡Zi cÖwZ bq|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
:†ΠςΤ⇓ΞΜ…
†Ω⇒√Ω∞⇓ςΚ…
Ω◊ΗΤΩ⁄⌠Πς,√≅…
†φΤ∼Ψ⊇
_ŸΤΣ∑
χ⁄ΣΤ⇓Ω
Σ¬Ρ∇µµðš
†ΩΨΤŠ
φΘΣ∼Ξ‰ΘΩ⇒√≅…
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
Ν…Σ∧ς∏πΤ♠ςΚ…
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς∏Ψ√
Ν…Σ †Ω∑
Ω⇐ΘΣ∼Ψ⇒ΗΤΤΘΩΤŠΘΩ≤√≅…Ω
Σ⁄†Ω‰πšςΚ‚≅…Ω
†Ω∧ΨΤŠ
Ν…Ρℵ≠Ψ⊃⌠™Σ,πΤ♠≅…
⇑Ψ∨
γˆΗΤΩ,Ψ
ϑðΨ/≅…
...
≈
]
4 D ) /
:
AA
.[
A_© t Avwg ZvIivZ AeZxY© K‡iwQ, G‡Z †n`vqvZ I Av‡jv i‡q‡Q,
Avj−vni AvbyMZ¨kxj bvex, Avj−vnf³ I Av‡jgiv Gi gva¨‡g
Bqvû`x‡`i dvqmvjv w`‡Zb| †Kbbv Zv‡`i‡K Avj−vni GB MÖ‡š’i
†`Lv †kvbv Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡qwQj| [m~iv Avj-gvwq`vn,AvqvZ-
44]
(3) BÄxj t BÄxj H wKZve hv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© Avj−vn Cmv
(AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi Dci bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb, hv cye©eZx© mKj
Avmgvbx wKZv‡ei mZ¨vqbKvix| myZivs H BÄx‡ji Dci Cgvb Avbv
IqvwRe, hv mwVK g~jbxwZ mn Avj−vn Cmv (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi
Dci bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb| L„óvb‡`i wbKU wewµZ BÄxj mg~‡n bq|

56. Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
†Ω⇒Τ⌠Τ∼Πς⊃ΩΤ∈Ω
υϖς∏Ω∅
¬Ψ∑Ξ≤ΗΤΤς’…ƒ
∫
Ω♥∼Ψ⊕ΨΤŠ
Ξ⇑ΤŠ≅…
Ω¬ΩΤÿ⌠≤Ω∨
†_Τ∈ΨΠŸΤΩ±Σ∨
†Ω∧ΠΨ√
Ω⇐κΩΤŠ
ΨΤÿΩŸΩΤÿ
Ω⇑Ψ∨
∃Ψ◊ΗΤΩ⁄⌠Πς,√≅…
ΣΗΤΩΤ⇒∼ΩΤZ…ƒ
∫Ω
Ω∼Ψ•⇓γ‚≅…
Ψ∼Ψ⊇
_ŸΤΣ∑
χ⁄ΣΤ⇓Ω
†_Τ∈ΠΨŸφΤ±Σ∨Ω
†Ω∧ΠΨ√
Ω⇐κΤΩΤŠ
ΨΤÿΩŸΩΤÿ
Ω⇑Ψ∨
Ψ◊ΗΤΩ⁄⌠Πς,√≅…
_ŸΤΤΣ∑Ω
_◊ðℵ≠Ψ∅⌠Ω∨Ω
Ω⇐κΨ⊆Πς,Σ∧∏ΨΠ√
(46)
≈
]
D ) /
4
:
AR
.[
A_© t Avwg Zv‡`i †cQ‡b gvwiqv‡gi cyÎ Cmv‡K †cÖiY K‡iwQ| wZwb
c~e©eZx© MÖš’ ZvIiv‡Zi mZ¨vqbKvix wQ‡jb| Avwg Zv‡K BÄxj cÖ`vb
K‡iwQ| G‡Z †n`vqvZ I Av‡jv i‡q‡Q| GwU c~e©eZx© MÖš’ ZvIiv‡Zi-
mZ¨vqb K‡i,c_ cÖ`k©b K‡i Ges GwU Avj−vnfxi“‡`i R‡b¨ †n`vqvZ
I Dc‡`kevbx| [m~iv Avj-gvwq`vn,AvqvZ-46]
ZvIivZ I BÄx‡j hv i‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ Avgv‡`i bvex gynv¤§v` (mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg) Gi wimvjv‡Zi mymsev` i‡q‡Q|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
Ω⇐Σ⊕Ψ‰Πς,ΩΤÿ
ΩΣ♠ΘΩ≤√≅…
ϑðΞ‰Πς⇒√≅…
ϑðΘΨ∨ΡΚ‚≅…
ΨϒΠς√≅…
ΙΣΩΤ⇓ΣŸΨ•ΩΤÿ
†[ΤŠΣ,∇Ω∨
¬Σ∑ΩŸ⇒Ψ∅
ℑ
Ψ◊ΗΤΩ⁄Πς,√≅…
Ξ∼Ψ•⇓γ‚≅…Ω
¬Σ∑Σ≤Σ∨Κ†ΩΤÿ
γ∩Σ≤⊕Ω∧√≅†ΨŠ
¬ΣΗΩ⇒ΩΤÿΩ
Ξ⇑Ω∅
Ξ≤ς∇⇒Σ∧√≅…
ΘΣµµΣΨšΩ
〉ψΣς√
γŒΗΤΩ‰ΘΞΤ∼ϑð≠√≅…
Σ⋅ΘΞ≤Ω™ΣΤÿΩ
〉ψΞ∼ς∏Ω∅
ð³ΜΞ;ΗΤΤΩ‰Ω‘√≅…
Σ⊗Ω∝ΩΤÿΩ
¬Σ⇒Ω∅
¬Σ∑Ω≤″ΜΞ…
ðΗΤς∏Τ∅ΚΚς‚≅…Ω
Ψ,Πς√≅…
πŒΩΤ⇓†ς
ψΨ∼ς∏Ω∅
...
≈
]
D^ /
4
:
;@
.[
A_© t hviv AvbyMZ¨ K‡i G ivm~‡ji, whwb wbi¶i bvex,hvi m¤ú‡K©
Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i Kv‡Q iw¶Z ZvIivZ I BÄx‡j wjLv †`L‡Z cvq,
wZwb Zv‡`i‡K wb‡`©k‡`b mrK‡g©i, eviY K‡ib AmrKg© †_‡K, Zv‡`i

57. Rb¨ hveZxq cweÎ e¯—y nvjvj †Nvlbv K‡ib I wbwl× K‡ib wbK…ó e¯y—
mg~n, Avi Zv‡`i Dci †_‡K †m †evSv bvwg‡q‡Qb Ges e›`xZ¡
AcmviY K‡ib hv Zv‡`i Dci we`¨gvb wQj| [m~iv Avj-
AvÔivd,AvqvZ-157]
(4) hveyi t hveyi H wKZve hv Avj−vn `vD` (AvjvBwnm
mvjvg) Gi Dci bvwhj K‡iwQ‡jb| myZivs H hvey‡ii cÖwZ Cgvb
Avbv IqvwRe hv Avj−vn `vD` (AvjvBwnm mvjvg) Gi Dci bvwhj
K‡iwQ‡jb| ‡m hveyi bq hv Bqvû`xiv weK…Z K‡i †d‡j‡Q|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
...
†Ω⇒Τ∼ΩΤZ…ƒ
∫Ω
Ω ΙΣ…Ω
…_⁄ΣŠΩƒ
(163)
≈
]
4 DP 8 /
:
;RQ
.[
A_© t Avi `vD`‡K `vb K‡iwQ hveyi| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-63]
(5) Beivnxg I g~mv (AvjvBwnm mvjvg)Gi myûd ev cyw¯—Kv
mg~n t
Zv H mKj cyw¯—Kv hv Avj−vn Beivnxg I g~mv (AvjvBwnm mvjvg)
‡K w`‡qwQ‡jb| KziAvb I nv`x‡m hv D‡j−L¨ n‡q‡Q Zv Qvov G mKj
cyw¯—Kv wbi“‡Ïk|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
⌠⋅Κς…
⌠¬ς√
Κ†ΘΩΤ‰ΩΤ⇒ΣΤÿ
†Ω∧ΨΤŠ
ℑ
Ψ∪Σ™Σ″
υΩ♠Σ∨
(36)
ðψ∼Ψ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ…Ω
ΨϒΠς√≅…
υϖΠς⊇Ω
(37)
‚ΠςΚς…
Σ⁄Ξ∞ΩΤZ
β〈Ω⁄Ξƒ…Ω
Ω⁄ƒΞ
υΩ≤πΤΤΚΡ…
(38)
⇐Κς…Ω
ð♦⌠Τ∼Πς√
Ξ⇑ΗΤΩ♥Τ⇓γπ„Ψ√
‚ΠςΜΞ…
†Ω∨
υΩ⊕Ω♠
(39)
ΘΩ⇐Κς…Ω
ΙΣΩΤ∼⊕ΤΩ♠
ð∩⌠ΤΩ♠
υΩ≤ΣΤÿ
(40)
ΘΩ¬Ρ’
ΣΗΤΩ∞µµ〉–
ƒ
∫:…Ω∞Ω•√≅…
υΩΤ⊇ςΚ‚≅…
(41)
≈
]
u 4 DL‰ /
:
QR
O
A;
.[
A_© t Zv‡K wK Rvbv‡bv nqwb hv Av‡Q g~mvi wKZv‡e Ges Beivnx‡gi
wKZv‡e †h, Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i wQj ? wKZv‡e Av‡Q †h, †KD

58. Kv‡iv †Mvbvn enb Ki‡e bv,Ges gvbyl Zv cvq hv †m K‡i| Avi Zvi
Kg© kxNªB †`Lv‡bv n‡e,AZtci Zv‡K c~Y© cÖwZ`vb †`qv n‡e| [m~iv
Avb-bRg,AvqvZ-36-41]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
ΩΤŠ
Ω⇐Σ≤ΨΤπ’ΣΤZ
Ω〈λΩ∼Ω™√≅…
†ΩΤπ∼⇓ϑ〉Ÿ√≅…
(16)
Σ〈Ω≤Ψ›‚≅…Ω
β⁄κΩ
υϖΩ⊆ΤŠςΚ…Ω
(17)
ϑðΜΞ…
…ΩϒΗΤΩ∑
Ψ⊃ς√
Ψ∪Σ™ϑ〉±√≅…
υς√ΡΚ‚≅…
(18)
Ψ∪Σ™Σ″
Ω¬∼ΤΨ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ…
υΩ♠Σ∨Ω
(19)
≈
]
u 4 D{ /
:
;R
O
;B
.[
A_© t e¯Ëe t †Zvgiv cvw_©e Rxeb‡K AMÖvwaKvi `vI,A_P ciKv‡ji
Rxeb DrK…ó I ¯’vqx| GUv wjwLZ i‡q‡Q c~e©eZx© wKZve mg~‡n|
Beivnxg I g~mvi wKZve ev cyw¯—Kv mg~‡n| [m~iv Avj-AvÔjv,AvqvZ-
14-19]

59. .
:
/
PZz_© i“Kb t ivm~j‡`i cÖwZ Cgvb |
(1) ivm~j (AvjvBwngym mvjvg) †`i cªwZ Cgvb Avbv t
Bnv Cgv‡bi i“Kb mg~‡ni GKwU i“Kb, hvi cÖwZ Cgvb Avbv Qvov
†Kvb e¨w³i Cgvb cwic~Y© n‡ebv|
ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ Cgvb nj t G K_vi `„p wek¦vm Kiv †h, Avj−vni
A‡bK ivm~j i‡q‡Q hv‡`i‡K wZwb Zvui wimvjvZ cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨
wbev©Pb K‡i‡Qb| hviv Zuv‡`i Aby¯^iY Ki‡e, Zviv wn`vqvZ (mwVK
c_)cv‡e| Avi hviv Zuv‡`i Aby¯^iY Ki‡ebv Zviv c_ åó n‡e|
Avj−vn Zv‡`i wbKU †h wKZve AeZxY© K‡i‡Qb Zv my¯úó fv‡e cÖPvi
K‡i‡Qb| Zviv Awc©Z AvgvbZ Av`vq K‡i‡Qb, Ges ¯^xq D¤§vZ‡K
Kj¨v‡Yi Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb| Zvuiv Avj−vni c‡_ h_vh_ wRnv`
K‡i‡Qb| Ges hv mn †cÖwiZ n‡q‡Qb Zvi †Kvb Ask
cwieZ©b,cwiea©b I †Mvcb bv K‡i ¯^RvwZi Dci û¾vZ (c¶-
wec‡¶i `jxj) Kv‡qg K‡i‡Qb| Avj−vn †h mKj ivm~j‡`i bvg
Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q D‡j−L¨ K‡i‡Qb, Avi hv‡`i bvg D‡j−L¨ K‡ib bvB
Zv‡`i mK‡ji cÖwZ Avgiv Cgvb Avb‡ev|
cÖ‡Z¨K ivm~jB Zvui c~e©eZx© ivm~j AvMg‡Yi mymsev` w`‡Zb, Ges
cieZx© ivm~j c~e©eZx ivm~‡ji mZ¨vqb Ki‡Zb|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

60. …
ϖΝ…ΤΡ√ΣΤ∈
†ΥφΤΤΤΤ⇒Ω∨…ƒ
∫
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ
:†Ω∨Ω
ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ…
†Ω⇒ΤΤ∼ς√ΞΜ…
:†Ω∨Ω
ΩΞ∞⇓ΚΡ…
υϖς√ΞΜ…
ðψΓΤΤΨ∑.Ω≤ΤŠΞΜ…
Ω∼Ψ⊕ΗΤΤΩΤ∧⌠♠ΞΜ…Ω
Ω⊂ΗΤΩ™⌠♠ΞΜ…Ω
ð‡Σ⊆⊕ΩΤÿΩ
Ψ•†Ω‰Τ⌠♠ςΚ‚≅…Ω
:†Ω∨Ω
ðΨΤZΡΚ…
υΩ♠Σ∨
υΩ♥∼Ψ∅Ω
:†Ω∨Ω
ƒ
ΨΤZΡΚ…
φΘΣ∼Ξ‰Πς⇒√≅…
⇑Ψ∨
ψΞΨΘΤŠΘΩ⁄
‚Ω
Σ⊄ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤ⇓
Ω⇐κΩŠ
ξŸΩšΚς…
ψΣ⇒ΤΘΨ∨
Ω
ΙΣΤς√Σ⇑ðµš
Ω⇐Σ∧Ψ∏⌠♥Σ∨
(136)
≈
]
4 D 9 /
:
;QR
.[
A_© t †Zvgiv ej, Avgiv Cgvb G‡bwQ Avj−vni Dci Ges hv AeZxY©
n‡q‡Q Avgv‡`i cÖwZ Ges hv AeZxY© n‡q‡Q Beivnxg, BmgvCj,
BmnvK, BqvKze, Ges Z`xq Ÿsk a‡ii cÖwZ Ges g~mv,Cmv I Ab¨vb¨
bvex‡K Zuv‡`i cvjb KZv©i c¶ n‡Z hv `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zrmg~`‡qi
Dci| Avgiv Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kwibv| Avi Avgiv ZvuiB
AvbyMZ¨Kvix| [m~iv Avj-evK¡viv,AvqvZ-136]
Avi †h e¨w³ †Kvb ivm~j‡K wg_¨v Rvbj, †m †hb A¯^xKvi Kij hv
mZ¨ e‡j wek¦vm K‡iwQj| Ges †h e¨w³ Zuvi (ivm~‡ji) Aeva¨ n‡jv,
†m g~jZ Zvui Aeva¨ n‡jv whwb Zv‡K AvbyM‡Z¨i Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb|
(A_v©r Avj−vni)|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΘΩ⇐ΜΞ…
φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅…
Ω⇐Σ≤Σ⊃∇Ωÿ
Ψϑð/≅†ΨŠ
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
Ω⇐ΣŸÿΞ≤ΣΤÿΩ
⇐Κς…
Ν…ΣΤ∈ΘΞ≤Ω⊃ΣΤÿ
Ω⇐κΤΩŠ
ϑðΨ/≅…
−ΨΨ∏Σ♠Σ⁄Ω
φΡ√Σ⊆ΩΤÿΩ
Σ⇑Ψ∨ΣΤ⇓
ω×⊕Ω‰ΨŠ
Σ≤Σ⊃|ΩΤ⇓ΩΩ
ω×⊕Ω‰ΨŠ
Ω⇐ΣŸÿΞ≤ΣΤÿΩ
⇐Κς…
Ν…ΣϒΨ‘Πς,ΩΤÿ
Ω⇐κΩŠ
ð∠Ψ√.ς′
„∼Ψ‰Ω♠
(150)
ð∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ…
Σ¬Σ∑
Ω⇐Σ≤Ψ⊃ΗΤς∇√≅…
†Θ⊥Τ⊆Ωš
†ΩΤ⇓ŸΤΩΤ,∅ςΚ…Ω
Ω⇑ÿΞ≤Ψ⊃ΗΤς∇∏Ψ√
†_ΤŠ…ΩϒΩ∅
†_Τ⇒∼ΤΞΘΣ∨
(151)
≈
]
- 4 DP 8 /
:
;@_
D
;@;
.[
A_© t hviv Avj−vn I Zvui ivm~jMY‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i Zviv Avj−vn I

61. Zvui ivm~jM‡Yi cÖwZ wek¦v‡m ZviZg¨ Ki‡Z Pvq Avi e‡j †h, Avgiv
KZK‡K wek¦vm Kwi I KZK‡K A¯^xKvi Kwi Ges GivB ga¨eZx©
†Kvb c_ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z Pvq| cÖK…Z c‡¶ GivB mZ¨ A¯^xKviKvix|
Avi hviv mZ¨ A¯^xKvi Kvix Zv‡`i Rb¨ ˆZix K‡i †i‡LwQ Acgvb
RbK kvw¯—| [m~iv Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-150-151]
(2) beyIqv‡Zi nvKxKvZ t
beyIqvZ n‡jv t mªóv (Avj−vn) I m„wó Rx‡ei (ev›`vi ) gv‡S Zvui
kwiqvZ cÖPv‡ii gva¨g| Avj−vn ¯^xq ev›`v‡`i g†a¨ hv‡K B”Qv
beyIqv‡Zi Rb¨ g‡bvbxZ K‡ib Ges beyIqvZ w`‡q m¤§vwbZ K‡ib|
G‡Z Avj−vn Qvov Kv‡iv †Kvb cÖKvi BLwZqvi ‡bB|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ϑðΣ/≅…
Ψ⊃ς≠π±ΩΤÿ
φ⇔Ψ∨
Ψ◊Ω|ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς∏Ω∧√≅…
„Σ♠Σ⁄
φ⇔Ψ∨Ω
Ξ♣†Πς⇒√≅…
ΥφΜΞ…
Ωϑð/≅…
=Σ⊗∼Ψ∧Ω♠
χ⁄κΨ±ΩΤŠ
(75)
≈
]
4 D„g /
:
@
.[
A_© t Avj−vn wdwikZv I gvby‡li ga¨ †_‡K ivm~j g‡bvbxZ K‡ib,
wbðq Avj−vn me©‡kªvZv, me©`ªóv| [m~iv Avj-nvR¡,AvqvZ-75]
beyIqvZ (Avj−vn KZ…©K) cÖ`Ë,Kv‡iv AwR©Z bq, AwaK Bev`vZ ev
AvbyM‡Z¨i gva¨‡g cvIqv hvq bv| †Kvb bvexi B”Qvq ev Zvui PvIqvi
gva¨‡g I Av‡mbv| Bnv ïay gvÎ gnvb Avj−vni wbev©Pb I g‡bvbqb|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
...
ϑðΣ/≅…
⌡Ψ‰Ω,Τµµð–
ΨΤ∼ς√ΜΞ…
⇑Ω∨
Σ∫:†ΤΩ↑Ωÿ
ϖΨŸΩΤÿΩ
Ψ∼Τς√ΜΞ…
⇑Ω∨
〉ˆ∼ΨΤ⇒ΣΤÿ
(13)
≈
]
4 Dh[ /
:
;Q
.[
A_© t Avj−vn hv‡K B”Qv g‡bvbxZ K‡ib Ges †h Zvui Awfg~Lx nq,
Zv‡K c_ cÖ`k©b K‡ib| [m~iv Avkïiv,AvqvZ-13]
(3) ivm~j †cÖi‡Yi wnKgvZ ev inm¨ t

62. ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwngym mvjvg) †cÖi‡Yi wnKgvZ ev inm¨ wbæiƒc t
cÖ_gZ t ev›`v‡`i‡K ev›`vi Bev`vZ Kiv n‡Z gy³ K‡i ev›`vi
cÖwZcvj‡Ki (Avj−vni) Bev`v‡Z wb‡q hvIqv Ges m„wóRx‡ei `vm‡Z¡i
eÜb ‡_‡K gy³ K‡i ¯^xq cÖwZcvj‡Ki (Avj−vni) ¯^vaxb Bev`v‡Zi c_
†`Lv‡bv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
:†Ω∨Ω
ð∠ΗΤΤΩΤ⇒∏Ω♠⁄ςΚ…
‚ΠςΜΞ…
⊥◊Ω∧šΩ⁄
φκΨ∧ς∏ΗΤΩ⊕∏ΠΨ√
(107)
≈
]
DP 6N /
4
:
;_
.[
A_© t Avwg Avcbv‡K wek¦evmxi R‡b¨ ingZ ¯^iƒcB †cÖiY K‡iwQ|
[m~iv Avj-Avw¤^qv,AvqvZ-107]
wØZxqZ t ‡h D‡Ï‡k¨ Avj−vn m„wóRxe m„wó K‡i‡Qb, †m D‡Ï‡k¨i
mv‡_ (gvbyl‡K) cwiPq Kiv| †m D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Zvui GKZ¡ev` wek¦vm I
Bev`vZ Kiv| Bnv GK gvÎ ivm~jM‡Yi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq| hv‡`i‡K
Avj−vn Zvui m„wó Rxe n‡Z g‡bvbqb K‡i‡Qb Ges mK‡ji Dci
cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ŸΩ⊆ς√Ω
†ΩΤ⇒Τ‘Ω⊕ΩΤŠ
ℑ
ΘΞΣ{
ξ◊ΤΤΘΩ∨ΡΚ…
‚ΖΣ♠ΩΘ⁄
γ⇐Κς…
Ν…ΣŸΣΤ‰∅≅…
ϑðΩ/≅…
Ν…Σ‰Ψ⇒ΩΤ,–≅…Ω
∃ð‹Σ⊕ΗΤϑð≠√≅…
...
≈
]
4 D /
:
QR
.[
A_© t Avwg cÖ‡Z¨K D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨B ivm~j †cÖiY K‡iwQ GB g‡g© †h,
†Zvgiv Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki Ges ZvM~Z (Avj−vn e¨ZxZ A‡b¨i
Bev`vZ) †_‡K wbivc` _vK| [m~iv Avb-bnj,AvqvZ-36]
Z…ZxqZ t ivm~jMY ‡cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Dci û¾vZ (c¶-
wec‡¶i `jxj) cÖwZwôZ Kiv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t

63. …
„Σ♠ΘΣ⁄
Ω⇑ÿΞ≤ΠΨ↑ΩΤ‰ΘΣ∨
Ω⇑ÿΨ⁄Ψϒ⇒Σ∨Ω
Πς„ΩΛΨ√
Ω⇐Ρ∇ΩΤÿ
Ξ♣†Πς⇒∏Ψ√
ς∏Ω∅
ϑðΨ/≅…
=Σ◊ΘΩ•Σš
ΩŸ⊕ΩΤŠ
ΞΣ♠ΘΣ≤√≅…
Ω⇐†Ω{Ω
ϑðΣ/≅…
…[∞ÿΞ∞Ω∅
†_Τ∧∼Ψ∇Ωš
(165)
≈
]
/
DP 8
4
:
;R@
.[
A_© t mymsev``vZv I fxwZ-cÖ`k©bKvix ivm~jMY‡K †cÖiY K‡iwQ,
hv‡Z ivm~jM‡Yi c‡i Avj−vni cÖwZ Acev` Av‡ivc Kivi gZ †Kvb
AeKvk gvby‡li Rb¨ bv _v‡K, Avj−vn civµgkxj, cÖÁvgq| [m~iv
Avb-wbmv,AvqvZ-165]
PZz_©Z t wKQy A`„‡k¨i welq eY©bv Kiv, hv gvbyl Zv‡`i Ávb Øviv
Dcj×x Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| †hgb-Avj−vni bvg mg~n I Zuvi ¸bmg~n Ges
wdwikZv‡`i I †kl w`em m¤ú‡K© Rvbv BZ¨vw`|
cÂgZ t hv‡Z Zvuiv (ivm~jiv) AbymiYxq DËg Av`k© nq †Kbbv
Avj−vn Zvu‡`i‡K DËg Pwi‡Î c~Y© K‡i‡Qb| Ges Zuv‡`i‡K mskq I
cÖe„wËi AbymiY n‡Z gy³ †i‡L‡Qb|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
∠ΜΞ;ΗΤΤς√ΟΚΡ…
Ω⇑ÿΨϒΠς√≅…
ΩŸΩ∑
∃ϑðΣ/≅…
Σ¬ΣΗΤΩŸΤΣΨ‰ΩΤ⊇
%ΨŸΩΤ,∈≅…
...
≈
]
D5 N /
4
:
B_
.[
A_© t Zviv Ggb wQ‡jb, hv‡`i‡K Avj−vn c_-cÖ`k©b K‡i wQ‡jb,
AZGe AvcwbI Zv‡`i c_ Aby¯^iY Ki“b| [m~iv Avj-
AvbAvg,AvqvZ-90]
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb t
…
ŸΩ⊆ς√
Ω⇐†ς
ψΡ∇ς√
⌠¬Ξ∼Ψ⊇
δ〈ΩπΤ♠ΡΚ…
β◊Ω⇒Ω♥Ωš
...
≈
]
4 D- /
:
R
.[
A_© t †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) Gi g‡a¨
DËg Av`k©-i‡q‡Q| [m~iv Avj-Avnhve,AvqvZ-21]

64. lôZ t AvZœ ïw× I cweÎ KiY Ges AvZœ webóKvix n‡Z mZ©K-
mveavb Kiv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
ΩΤΣ∑
ΨϒΠς√≅…
ð³Ω⊕ΩŠ
ℑ
Ω⇑ΓΤΤΘΨ∼ΤΘΨ∨ΡΚ‚≅…
‚_Σ♠Ω⁄
¬Σ⇒ΤΘΨ∨
Ν…Ρ∏Τ,ΤΩÿ
⌠¬Ξ∼Τς∏Ω∅
−ΨΨ,ΤΗΤΩÿ…ƒ
∫
⌠¬Ξ∼ΠΨ{Ω∞ΣÿΩ
Σ¬ΣΣ∧ΠΨ∏Ω⊕ΣÿΩ
ðˆΗΤΩ,Ψ∇√≅…
Ω◊Ω∧∇Ψ™√≅…Ω
...
≈
]
4 Da /
:
.[
A_© t wZwb wbi¶i‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb ivm~j †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb, whwb
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q cvVK‡ib Zvui AvqvZ mg~n, Zv‡`i‡K cweÎ K‡ib Ges
wk¶v‡`b wKZve I wnKgvZ| [m~iv Avj-RygyÔAvn-AvqvZ-2]
ivm~j (mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqvmvj−vg) e‡jb t
))
T*3 5 (1 Lš i' ›e
]((
L g D  H
.[
A_©t Avwg DËg Av`k© cwic~Y© Kivi R‡b¨B †cÖwiZ n‡qwQ|
[Avngv` I nv‡Kg ]
(4) ivm~jM‡Yi (AvjvBwngym mvjvg) `vwqZ¡ mg~n t
ivm~jM‡Yi ( AvjvBwngym mvjvg) A‡bK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q, Zv
wb‡æ ewY©Z nj t
(K) kixqvZ cÖPvi Kiv, gvbyl‡K GK Avj−vni Bev`vZ Ki‡Z Ges
wZwb e¨ZxZ A‡b¨i Bev`vZ n‡Z gy³ nIqvi AvnŸvb Kiv|
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv e‡jb t
…
φ⇔ΤÿΨϒΠς√≅…
Ω⇐Σ⊕ΠΨ∏ΩΤ‰ΣΤÿ
γŒΗΤς∏ΗΤΩ♠Ξ⁄
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