عضام شرح مفصل لعضام الاطراف السفلى الفخذ و الساك و القدم مع مقارنات مع المفاصل و الاوعية الدموية و غيرها الكثير من تفاصيل الهيكل العضمي السفلي للجسم

1. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
1
-Enumerate of bones in the upper limb?
‫➔الجواب‬ there are 30 bones in each upper limb
‫هنه‬ ‫ي‬
‫➔الل‬ 1- Humerus , 2- Radius , 3- Ulna , 4-bones of hand.
-‫العلوية‬ ‫اف‬‫ر‬‫لألط‬ ‫ي‬
‫األساس‬ ‫الغرض‬‫(ماهو‬what is the primary purpose to upper limb)?
‫لجواب‬‫ا‬ ➔to move the hand around the body during the activities of
life.
-‫العلوية‬ ‫اف‬‫ر‬‫األط‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫عظمة‬ ‫➔كم‬ 30 bones.
-‫الكتف‬ ‫ام‬‫ز‬‫ح‬ ‫يتكون‬ ‫مم‬ (pectoral or shoulder girdle)?
‫من➔الجواب‬ ‫يتكون‬ ➔ Clavicle and Scapula.
-‫الكتف‬ ‫ام‬‫ز‬‫ح‬ ‫يقع‬ ‫(اين‬where is the pectoral girdle located)?
‫➔الجواب‬between the humerus and trunk
-‫الكتف‬ ‫ام‬‫ز‬‫ح‬ ‫ي‬
‫ف‬ ‫المفاصل‬ ‫)عدد‬enumerate the joints in the shoulder or
pectoral girdle)?
‫مفاصل➔الجواب‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫➔توجد‬1- Sternoclavicular joint
2- acromioclavicular joint , 3- glenohumeral joint
-‫الكتف‬ ‫حزام‬ ‫في‬ ‫الموجودة‬ ‫المفاصل‬ ‫وظيفة‬ ‫(ماهي‬what is the function of the
joints in the shoulder girdle?
‫الجواب‬ ➔ constructed to allow a wide range of arm movement and
at expense of stability.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Define of Glenoid: Helps articulate the head of the humerus with
the shoulder girdle.

2. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
2
- clavicle bone or collar bone➔‫له➔عرفه‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ‫اهم‬ ‫ذكر‬ ‫?مع‬
‫➔الجواب‬Clavicle: is a slender ,S-shapes long bone approximately
15cm long That serves as a strut between the scapula and sternum
and is only bone in body that lies horizontally
( ‫طوله‬ ‫يبلغ‬ ‫ونحيف‬ ‫طويل‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬
15
‫سانتيم‬
‫وعظم‬ ‫الكتف‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫بي‬ ‫دعامة‬ ‫بمثابة‬ ‫ي‬
‫الل‬
‫افقيا‬ ‫يقع‬ ‫ي‬
‫الل‬ ‫بالجسم‬ ‫الوحيد‬ ‫العظم‬‫وهو‬ ‫الصدري‬ ‫)القفص‬
‫له‬ ‫ة‬‫مي‬ ‫➔اهم‬ is bone with no medullary cavity( ‫ي‬
‫نخاع‬ ‫تجويف‬ ‫)بدون‬.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- The shaft of clavicle is divided to medial region and lateral region
- The clavicle has Two ends:
1- Medial(sternal) : enlarged and triangular.
2- Lateral(Acromial) : flattened.
-Surfaces :
1- superior surface➔ smooth as it lies just deep to the skin.
2- inferior surface➔rough because strong ligament bind it to the
first rib.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-what is the pectoral girdle?
‫➔الجواب‬is the set of bones that connects the arm to the rest of the
skeleton and it provides support and stabilization to allow the
shoulder to move.( ‫الدعم‬‫يوفر‬‫و‬ ‫الهيكل‬ ‫ي‬
‫بباف‬ ‫اع‬‫ر‬‫الذ‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫ي‬
‫الل‬ ‫العظام‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬
‫كة‬
‫بالحر‬ ‫للكتف‬ ‫للسماح‬ ‫ار‬‫ر‬‫)واالستق‬.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
3
-Articulation of clavicle:
1- medially ➔ with the manubrium sternoclavicular joint
2- Laterally ➔ with the scapula at Acromioclavicular joint
3- inferiorly ➔ with first rib at costoclavicular joint.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-define the scapula?
‫➔الجواب‬ is a large triangular shaped bone that lies in upper back
and extend between 2nd- 7th ribs.
-it consists of a complex set of muscles that help it move the limbs
freely.
-The processes of scapula:
1- spine : a thick projecting ridge of bone that continues laterally
(‫جانبيا‬‫يستمر‬ ‫ي‬
‫الل‬ ‫العظم‬ ‫من‬ ‫بارز‬ ‫سميك‬ ‫)نتوء‬
2- Acromion: forms the subcutaneous point of the shoulder
(‫الكتف‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجلد‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫نقطة‬ ‫)يشكل‬
3- Coracoid : a beak like process. (‫المنقار‬ ‫يشبه‬‫بروز‬ )
-The borders of scapula:
1- superior , 2- medial(vertebral) , 3- lateral(Axillary)

4. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
4
-Humerus:
‫➔تعريفه‬ is a typical long bone and is largest bone in the upper limb
that runs from the shoulder and scapula to the elbow.
-Types the fracture in the humerus:
1-proximal humerus fracture , 2- humerus shaft fracture.
‫ال‬ proximal➔usually occurs close to the shoulder joint
(‫الكتف‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬ ‫مايحدث‬ ‫عادة‬ )
‫الكرس‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫مستويات‬ ➔ fracture levels: simple or comminuted.
‫ال‬ humerus shaft fracture➔ is one that is localized at the mid
portion of the upper arm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ‫➔مقارنة‬ between the Ulna and radius?
Ulna radius
1- On the medial side of
forearm
1- on the lateral side of the
forearm
2- longer than radius 2- shorter than ulna
3- thinner 3- thicker
4- articulate with elbow 4- articulate with carpal bone
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-‫والبعيدة‬ ‫القريبة‬ ‫الرسغ‬ ‫عظام‬ ‫(عدد‬proximal and distal)?
-the proximal row:
1- scaphoid , 2- Lunate , 3-Triquetral , 4-Pisiform.
- the Distal row:
1-Trapezium , 2- Trapezoid , 3- Capitate , 4- Hamate.

5. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
5
-‫االوىل‬ ‫ة‬‫للمحاض‬ ‫اإلضافية‬ ‫األسئلة‬ ‫بعض‬:
-Clavicle and scapula ➔‫➔يوفرن‬bony link( ‫ي‬
‫العظم‬ ‫)االرتباط‬between the
arm and trunk.
-‫الصدر‬ ‫بحزام‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫➔العضالت‬ anterior muscles(‫)االمامية‬:
1- subclavius, 2- pectoralis minor , 3- serratus anterior.
Posterior muscles(‫الخلفية‬ ‫)العضالت‬:
1- Trapezius , 2- Rhomboid major , 3- Rhomboid minor.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- the medial of clavicle➔2/3 is convex forward.
-The lateral of clavicle➔ 1/3 is concave forward.
- The proximal end of humerus➔ Head , neck , greater tubercle,
lesser tubercle.
- greater tubercle of humerus➔ at the lateral margin of the
humerus
- Lesser tubercle of humerus➔ projects anteriorly.
-the small bones of carpal➔give flexibility to the wrist.
-the two tubercles in the humerus are separated by➔
intertubercular groove.
-shaft of humerus has two prominent features➔ Deltoid tuberosity
and Spiral(Radial groove).
- The radius it forms the radiocarpal joint at the wrist
- The radius it forms the radioulnar joint at the elbow
- The proximal radius consists of ➔ head, neck, tuberosity.
- The radial head articulates with the capitellum of the humerus.

6. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
6
Lec 2:
-The Radiography: is the imaging of body structures, or parts of the
body using X-rays.
-the X-rays: are a form of radiation similar to visible light,radio
waves and microwaves.
-‫مقارنة‬ ➔between X-ray and CT scan?
X-ray CT Scan
1- simple 1- Complex
2- The picture 2D 2- the picture 3D
3- appear the bone 3- appear the soft tissue and
skull.
4- less expensive 4- higher expensive
-the x-radiation is special? Because it has a very high energy
level that allows the x-ray beam to penetrate through the body.
- A dense structure, such as bone, absorbs a high percentage of the
x-ray beam which appears light grey.
- Low density structures, such as soft tissues, absorb a small
percentage which appears dark grey.
-Ossification center: the site where bone begins to form in a special
bone or part of bone as a result of the accumulation of osteoblasts
in the connective tissue.
-Types of bone ossification: 1- intramembranous , 2-endochondral.

7. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
7
-‫➔مقارنة‬ between intramembranous and endochondral?
‫ال‬ intramembranous➔ converts tissue directly into bone.
‫ال‬ endochondral➔Converts tissue into cartilage and cartilage into
bone.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-The osteoblast in three stage:
1- proliferation , 2- maturation , 3- mineralization.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
‫ال➔وظيفة‬ osteogenesis➔‫➔تكوين‬ osteoblasts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-dislocation: is a separation of two bones where they meet at a joint.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-The most common location for a dislocation:
1- shoulder , 2- Fingers.
- A dislocation can cause pain , swelling, and weakness.
-There are 3 different types of shoulder dislocation:
1- Anterior(Foreward)➔the head of the humerus is moved
forward,in front pf the socket(glenoid).
2- Posterior(behind)➔the head of the arm bone is moved behind
and above the socket.
3- Inferior(bottom).
-Types of dislocation ➔ 1- congenital , 2- Acquired

8. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
8
-‫ال‬ clavicle➔‫الشعاعية‬ ‫اته‬‫(ممي‬radiological features)➔is roughly S-
shaped with flattened, lateral 1/3 concave forward and a
thickened, convex➔medial 2/3.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
‫ء‬‫والنسا‬ ‫بالرجال‬ ‫قوة‬‫الي‬ ‫بي‬ ‫➔قارن‬ the female clavicle is shorter ,thinner ,
less curved and smoother than the male clavicle.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ossification centers of clavicle:
The clavicle is formed by two membranous primary ossification
centers➔appearing(‫ان‬‫ر‬‫غضون➔)يظه‬ ‫ي‬
‫➔ف‬6weeks and fusing➔ 1
week later(‫اسبوع‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫)ويندمجن‬.

9. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
9
-‫➔ال‬medial cartilaginous mass➔ contributes more to the growth
in length of the clavicle than the lateral cartilaginous mass
(‫الجانبية‬ ‫وفية‬‫الغض‬ ‫الكتلة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ر‬
‫اكي‬ ‫قوة‬‫الي‬ ‫طول‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫ي‬
‫ف‬ ‫)تساهم‬.
-‫بالجني‬ ‫مبكرة‬ ‫بصورة‬ ‫يتطور‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫اول‬ ‫(ماهو‬what is the first part to develop
early in the fetus? ‫➔الجواب‬ the clavicle.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Dislocation clavicle
Ternoclavicular dislocation(‫قوي‬‫الي‬ ‫ي‬
‫الرباع‬ ‫➔)الخلع‬refers to complete
rupture of all the(‫لجميع‬ ‫كامل‬ ‫تمزق‬ ‫الى‬ ‫(يشير‬ ➔sternoclavicular and
costoclavicular ligaments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Radiological features of scapula➔the main part of the scapula is
body➔ consist of triangular shaped flat blade, with an inferiorly
pointing apex, referred to as a well as lateral and superior angles.
-The scapula has three borders➔
1- superior , 2 - medial(vertebral) , 3- Lateral(Axillary).
-the posteriorly of scapula➔is divided by spine➔‫اىل‬:
1- Supraspinous fossa , 2- infraspinous fossa.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ossification centers of scapula:
‫العظمي‬ ‫التطور‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫متى‬ ➔‫لل‬ scapula➔osteogenic development
begins➔ via endochondral ossification➔in week 11 of human
embryogenesis.

10. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Dislocation of scapula➔ Occurs when(‫عندما‬ ‫➔)يحدث‬the round
ball(‫المستديرة‬ ‫(الكرة‬at the top( ‫القمة‬ ) of the humerus → leaves the
socket in the scapula.
Means( ‫ي‬
‫→)يعن‬ the ball and socket bones are➔Separated.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-‫➔مقارنة‬ between clavicle and scapula?
Clavicle Scapula
1- long bone 1- flat bone
2- located between sternum
and shoulder blade.
2- located in upper back
3- S-shape in shape 3- triangular in shape
4- serves as a strut between the
sternum and scapula
4- consists of a complex set of
muscles that help move the
limbs freely
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-the humerus➔‫➔مقارنة‬between anatomical and surgical neck?
Anatomical neck Surgical neck
1- in head of humerus 1- in shaft of humerus
2- lateral 2- medial
3-rare fractures 3- common sit of fractures
4-longer 4- shorter
-similarities between humerus and scapula?
There are three surfaces and three borders.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-the humerus has three surfaces:
1- Anterolateral , 2-Anteromedial , 3-posterior surface.

11. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
11
-The humerus has three borders:
1- Anterior , 2- medial , 3- lateral
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ossification of Humerus
At birth , the neonatal humerus is only ossified in the➔shaft
the epiphysis are➔cartilaginous at birth.
‫➔ال‬medial humeral head➔4 months➔‫➔ليصبح‬ossification
‫ال‬ greater tuberosity➔10 months➔‫تصبح‬ ‫➔حن‬ossification
These ossification centers➔begins to fuse at 3 years of age.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-hand➔‫من‬ ‫➔تتكون‬1-Carpal , 2-Metacarpal , 3- phalanges.
1- Carpal or carpus➔ composed of eight carpal(short bones)
arranged in two irregular rows.
The proximal and distal rows(‫االوىل‬ ‫ة‬‫المحاض‬ ‫ي‬
‫ف‬ ‫ذكرها‬ ‫)تم‬.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- Metacarpal ➔it is the skeleton of the hand between the carpal
and phalanges.
-it is composed of five metacarpal bones➔ each has a base and
shaft and Head.
- The distal ends of metacarpal➔Articulation with➔proximal
phalanges ‫تشكل‬ ‫حن‬ ➔the knuckles of the fist(‫القبضة‬ ‫)مفاصل‬.
-The bases of the metacarpals➔Articulate➔with carpal bones.
-The first metacarpal ➔ is the shorter and most mobile( ‫ر‬
‫واألكث‬‫األقرص‬
‫كة‬
‫)حر‬ .

12. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-‫➔مقارنة‬ between carpal and metacarpal?
Carpal Metacarpal
1- irregular bones 1- regular bones
2- their number is 8 2- their number is 5
3-smaller and shorter 3- largest and longer
4- connected from the bottom
to the wrist.
4- connected from the bottom
To the carpal.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- Digits(‫)االصابع‬:
-each digits ➔has three phalanges
‫➔بإستثناء‬ the thumb ➔has two phalanges.
-The proximal phalanx➔ is the largest.
-The middle of phalanx ➔are intermediate in size(‫الحجم‬ ‫ي‬
‫ف‬ ‫)متوسطة‬.
-The distal of phalanx➔ are smallest.
-Extended(‫)تتوسع‬ distally➔to form➔ the nail beds.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-‫الثانية‬ ‫ة‬‫للمحاض‬ ‫اإلضافية‬ ‫األسئلة‬ ‫بعض‬:
-the anatomical neck➔separates head from tubercles.
-the surgical neck➔is found inferior to the tubercles(‫الشفت‬ ‫بداية‬ ).
-proximal end of the humerus➔
1- Head , 2- neck, 3- Greater tubercles , 4- lesser tubercles.
-distal end of the humerus➔
1- Trochlea ,2-capitellum, 3- medial and lateral epicondyles.

13. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
13
Lec 3
-define elbow joint➔is a synovial joint found in the upper limb
between the arm and the forearm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-the elbow joint➔ articulates with three bones:
1- humerus , 2- radius , 3- Ulna.
- ‫مفصل‬ ‫يتكون‬ ‫مم‬
‫الكوع‬ ➔Humerus , Radius , Ulna.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-the elbow joint➔‫تصنيفان‬ ‫له‬: 1-Synovial joint( ‫ي‬
‫زليل‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫انه‬ ‫عل‬ ‫)يصنف‬
2- Compound joint(‫كب‬
‫مر‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫انه‬ ‫عل‬ ‫)يصنف‬.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- what is the name of the cartilage in the elbow joint?
‫➔الجواب‬hyaline cartilage( ‫ي‬
‫زجاج‬ ‫وف‬‫)غض‬.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-‫وظيفة‬ ‫ي‬
‫ال➔ماه‬ hyaline cartilage?
1- smooth movement to joints(‫للمفصل‬ ‫سلسة‬ ‫كة‬
‫حر‬ ‫ي‬
‫)يعط‬.
2- it covers the end of the bones that articulate with the elbow
joint(‫الكوع‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تتمفصل‬ ‫ي‬
‫الل‬ ‫العظام‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫يغلف‬).
3- Absorb shock(‫الصدمات‬ ‫)امتصاص‬ , 4-easy against(‫كة‬
‫الحر‬ ‫)يسهل‬.

14. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
14
-‫➔مقارنة‬ between Trochlea and Capitellum ?
‫ال‬ Trochlea➔articulates with ulna.
‫ال‬ Capitellum➔articulate with radius.
-‫وظيفة‬ ‫ي‬
‫➔ماه‬the ulnohumeral articulation?
‫➔الجواب‬allowing flexion and extension.
-‫وظيفة‬ ‫ي‬
‫➔ماه‬ The radiohumeral articulation?
‫➔الجواب‬ allows axial rotation.
- enumerate Articulation and movement of elbow joint?
1- Ulnohumeral articulation➔allowing Flexion and Extension.
2- Radiohumeral articulation and proximal radio-ulnar joint➔
allows Axial rotation.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Define synovial joint➔ also called diarthroses, are free movable
joints such shoulder joint and hips joint.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-‫➔ماهو‬ Joint effusion?
‫➔الجواب‬is the accumulation of fluid in the joint(‫المفصل‬ ‫ي‬
‫ف‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫(تجمع‬
(‫السوائل‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تتجمع‬ ‫اح‬‫ر‬ ‫المفصل‬ ‫ي‬
‫ف‬ ‫قوية‬ ‫بة‬‫ض‬‫او‬ ‫حادث‬ ‫يصي‬ ‫من‬ ‫ي‬
‫)يعن‬
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-what is the appropriate examination to detect the elbow joint?
And why? by X-ray machine , ‫ال➔ألن‬ elbow x-ray➔‫(تظهر‬shows)➔
soft tissues and elbow bones.
-what is elbow x-ray? ‫➔الجواب‬is a medical test that produces an
image of the inside elbow(‫المرفق‬ ‫لداخل‬ ‫صورة‬ ‫ينتج‬ ‫ي‬
‫طن‬ ‫)اختبار‬.

15. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
15
-the wrist joint➔ is complex joint of distal upper limb that
serves transition point between forearm and hand.
-Why the wrist is complex joint?
Because it is collection of multiple bones and joint
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Enumerate the movement of Condyloid joint?
1- Flexion , 2- extension , 3- abduction , 4- adduction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-what are components of wrist joint?
‫➔الجواب‬1- distal ends of the radius and ulna
2- 8 carpal bones , 3- proximal portion of the 5 metacarpal bones.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-what is articulating of wrist joint?
1-Proximally : the proximal row of the carpal bones(except the
pisiform).
2-Distally: the distal end of the radius and the articular disk.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Enumerate the joint in wrist region?
1- radiocarpal joint , 2- midcarpal joint , 3- Carpometacarpal joint
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Arteries of upper limb:
1- subclavian artery , 2- Axillary artery
3- brachial artery , 4- radial artery , 5- ulnar artery.

16. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
16
- Where does it originate the subclavian artery in upper limb?
1- On the right ➔ brachiocephalic trunk.
2- On the left ➔ aortic arch.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-The subclavian divided into three parts➔‫موقعه‬ ‫عل‬ ‫عضلة➔بناءا‬ ‫➔من‬
Scalene muscle:
1- First part:origin(‫منشأ‬ ‫➔)من‬the subclavian artery to the medial
border of the anterior scalene.
2- Second part: posterior to➔the Anterior scalene.
3- Third part : lateral border of anterior scalene to➔lateral border
of the first rib.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Define Arteriography? Is to see how blood moves through the
arteries(‫ايي‬ ‫ر‬
‫الرس‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫الدم‬ ‫يتحرك‬ ‫كيف‬‫لرؤية‬)and also used to check for
blockage or damage arteries(‫التالفة‬ ‫او‬ ‫المسدودة‬ ‫ايي‬ ‫ر‬
‫الرس‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتحقق‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫أيضا‬)
and visualize tumors or find a source of bleeding.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--veins ➔include(‫➔)تشمل‬
1- ulnar and radial and interosseous veins in forearm.
2- Brachial vein of the upper arm , 3- Axillary vein.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Veins can classified to➔four main types:
1- Pulmonary veins , 2- systemic veins
3- superficial veins , 4- deep veins

17. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
17
- Define the brachial plexus➔ is a complex neural network formed
by lower cervical( ‫ي‬
‫السفل‬ ‫العنق‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫تتشكل‬ ‫االعصاب‬ ‫من‬ ‫(شبكة‬ and upper
thoracic ventral nerve roots(‫الصدر‬ ‫وبداية‬ ‫العنق‬ ‫نهاية‬) .
‫➔موقعها‬ in the neck extending to the axilla posterior to clavicle
(‫اع‬‫ر‬‫الذ‬ ‫اىل‬ ‫وتروح‬ ‫قوة‬‫الي‬ ‫خلف‬ ‫المحور‬ ‫اىل‬ ‫تمتد‬ ‫ي‬
‫)يعن‬.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ossification centers of carpal
An ossification center: is a point where ossification of the cartilage
begins(‫بالتعظم‬ ‫وف‬‫الغض‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫ي‬
‫الن‬ ‫النقطة‬ ‫)هو‬.
-the first step in ossification(‫التعظم‬ ‫ي‬
‫ف‬ ‫األوىل‬ ‫المرحلة‬‫او‬ ‫األوىل‬ ‫)الخطوة‬:
The cartilage cells at this stage enlarge and arrange themselves in
rows (‫صفوف‬ ‫ي‬
‫ف‬ ‫نفسها‬ ‫وترتب‬ ‫تتضخم‬ ‫المرحلة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫عند‬ ‫وفية‬‫الغض‬ ‫)الخاليا‬.
-The secondary ossification Center➔ is the area of ossification that
appears after the primary ossification center.
‫معظمها‬ ‫ي‬
‫➔ه‬appear during postnatal and adolescent years( ‫معظمها‬ ‫ي‬
‫ه‬
‫اهقة‬‫ر‬‫الم‬‫او‬ ‫الوالدة‬ ‫مابعد‬ ‫سنوات‬ ‫خالل‬‫)تظهر‬.
-most bones➔have more than one secondary ossification center.
-in long bone➔the secondary centers ➔‫➔تظهر‬in epiphysis.
-the ossification of carpal bones➔occurs➔in sequence(‫➔)تسلسل‬
‫من➔بدءا‬ Capitate ➔‫➔وانتهاءا‬ ‫بال‬ Pisiform.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ossification times:
1- capitate➔ 1 – 3 months , 2- Hamate➔ 2 – 4 months
3- Triquetrum➔ 2 – 3 years , 4- Lunate➔ 2 – 4 years

18. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
18
5- Scaphoid➔ 4 – 6 years , 6- Trapezium➔ 4 – 6 years
7- Trapezoid➔ 4 – 6 years , 8- Pisiform➔ 8 – 12 years
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-‫الثالثة‬ ‫ة‬‫المحاض‬ ‫عن‬ ‫إضافية‬ ‫أسئلة‬:
-the stability of the elbow joint is provided by:
1- Osseous articulations , 2-Medial and lateral collateral ligaments.
3- Traversing muscles.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-The ulna➔‫يمنع‬ ➔from articulation with the carpal bones
by➔fibrocartilaginous ligament( ‫ي‬
‫ليف‬ ‫ي‬
‫وف‬‫غض‬ ‫(رباط‬➔called➔
Articular disk.
-Define the Articular disk? ➔ is fibrocartilaginous ligament that
prevent the Ulna from articulation with the carpal bones.
‫➔موقعه‬lies over the superior surface of the ulna.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-the arterial supply to the upper limb➔begins➔‫ب‬subclavian artery
-The subclavian artery➔travels laterally➔towards Axilla.
- At the lateral border of first rib➔the subclavian artery➔‫➔يدخل‬
the axilla ➔‫➔ويسم‬Axillary artery.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Define the Axilla? Known the armpit(‫)االبط‬: is pyramidal in shape
and it is space located between upper limb and thorax , permits the
passage of major neurovascular structures.

19. ‫محاضرات‬ 4 ‫نظري‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
19
-the brachial artery➔branches➔to radial and ulnar arteries.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Axillary vein➔‫➔تنشأ‬at the lower border➔‫عضلة‬ ‫➔من‬teres major
➔in continuity with the brachial veins(‫هيج‬ ‫اسمهة‬ ‫يصي‬ ‫اع‬‫ر‬‫الذ‬ ‫تدخل‬ ‫من‬ ‫ي‬
‫)يعن‬
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-the brachial plexus➔supplies motor and sensory innervation
( ‫وا‬ ‫كية‬
‫الحر‬ ‫االعصاب‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مسؤؤلة‬
‫ل‬
‫حسية‬ )to the upper limb and pectoral girdle.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

20. ‫_الرابعة‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
1
Bones of lower limb
-the lower limb is divided to three regions: 1- thigh , 2- leg ,3- foot
-The tigh: is portion of lower limb located between the hip joint
and knee joint.
-The leg: is region between the knee joint and ankle joint.
-The lower limb contains 30 bones.
-‫عظم‬ 30‫ال‬ ‫هنة➔هاي‬ ‫➔اللي‬1- femur , 2- patella , 3-tibia , 4- fibula
5- tarsal bones(7) , 6-metatarsal bones(5) , 7- phalanges(14).
-Patella: is the kneecap and articulates with the distal femur
( ‫ال‬ ‫مع‬ ‫وتتمفصل‬ ‫الركبة‬ ‫غطاء‬ ‫هو‬
‫السفلي‬ ‫جزء‬
‫الفخذ‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫من‬ )
-Tibia: is larger and thicker bone of medial of leg and weight
bearing Bone(‫الوزن‬ ‫تتحمل‬ ).
-Fibula: is the thin bone of lateral leg and smaller bone.
-the bones of foot are divided into three groups:
1- tarsal bone➔ 7 bones.
2- metatarsal bone➔5 enlarged bones.
3- Phalanges➔ 14 small bones.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21. ‫_الرابعة‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
2
Femure(thigh bone)
Is the single bone , and it is longest ,heaviest, and strongest bone in
the human body . which articulates with acetabulum of the hip
bone to form the hip joint.( ‫عظم‬ ‫هو‬
‫مفرد‬
‫بجسم‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫واقوى‬ ‫واثقل‬ ‫واطول‬
‫مع‬ ‫اويرتبط‬ ‫يتمفصل‬ ‫االنسان‬
‫الحوض‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫من‬ ‫االسيتابيلم‬
‫لت‬
‫ش‬
‫ك‬
‫ي‬
)‫الورك‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫ل‬
‫➔وظائفه‬1- weight bearing , 2- stability of gait(‫بالمشي‬ ‫توازن‬ ‫او‬ ‫)استقرار‬.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Articulation of femur:
1- Proximally➔ head of femur articulates with the acetabulum to
form hip joint.
2-Distally➔ tibia and patella ➔ the knee joint.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Upper end of femur:
1- head , 2- neck , 3- greater trochanter , 4- lesser trochanter.
-Lower end of femur:
1- medial condyle , 2- lateral condyle , 3- intercondylar fossa
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The fovea capitis: is the ovoid depression on medial side of the
femoral head located between little below and behind the center
of the head(‫بقليل‬ ‫الرأس‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫وخلف‬ ‫اسفل‬ ‫موقعهة‬ ‫بيضوي‬ ‫انخفاض‬ ‫)هي‬.

22. ‫_الرابعة‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
3
‫➔وظيفتهة‬ site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the
Femur(‫الفخذ‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫لرباط‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫)بمثابة‬.
- ‫ال➔هذا‬ ligament➔ spans(‫)يمتد‬ on the femur and acetabulum
But is➔weak(‫)ضعيف‬ and provides little support(‫الدعم‬ ‫من‬ ‫القليل‬ ‫)ويوفر‬
for the hip joint.
The ligament➔ carry an important artery that supplies the head of
the femur(‫الفخد‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫يزود‬ ‫الشريان‬ ‫وهذا‬ ‫مهم‬ ‫شريان‬ ‫)يحمل‬.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-The head of femur directed(‫)متجه‬:1-caidally ,2-medially,3-anteriorly
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Femur ossification(6-12 weeks)
By sixth week of development(‫التطور‬ ‫من‬ ‫السادس‬ ‫األسبوع‬ ‫)بحلول‬, the first
hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes.
(‫غضروفية‬ ‫خاليا‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫يتشكل‬ ‫الزجاجي‬ ‫الغضروف‬ ‫من‬ ‫نموذج‬ ‫)اول‬
Note: the hyaline cartilage:( ‫الزرقة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫مائلة‬ ‫شفافة‬ ‫الغضاريف‬ ‫من‬ ‫نوع‬
‫المفاصل‬ ‫في‬ ‫)موجودة‬
Endochondral ossification➔begins by the end of the embryonic
period(‫الجنينة‬ ‫الفترة‬ ‫بنهاية‬ ‫(يبدأ‬ and primary ossification centers are
present in femur ➔by the 12th weeks of development
( ‫ال‬ ‫األسبوع‬ ‫بحلول‬ ‫الفخذ‬ ‫عظم‬ ‫في‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫االولي‬ ‫التعظم‬ ‫مراكز‬
12
‫التطور‬ ‫من‬ ).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Patella
Is a sesamoid bone roughly triangular in shape, with superior base
and inferior apex(‫االسفل‬ ‫في‬ ‫وقمته‬ ‫األعلى‬ ‫في‬ ‫قاعدته‬ ,‫تقريبا‬ ‫الشكل‬ ‫مثلث‬ ‫سمسمي‬ ‫عظم‬)

23. ‫_الرابعة‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
4
Note: the sesamoid bone➔ ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬ ‫تقع‬ ‫السمسم‬ ‫بذور‬ ‫تشبه‬ ‫مسطحة‬ ‫عظام‬
‫والمفاصل‬ ‫االربطة‬.
the posterior surface is Smooth, ‫من‬ ‫➔وتتكون‬articular
cartilage(‫مفصلي‬ ‫)غضروف‬
‫المفصلي‬ ‫الغضروف‬ ‫➔هذا‬ is thickest in the body(‫الجسم‬ ‫في‬ ‫)االسمك‬
‫يصل‬ ‫➔الى➔وقد‬5mm ‫البالغين‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫في‬.
-The posterior aspect of patella is divided to(‫الى‬ ‫)يقسم‬:
1- medial facet➔leacks(‫)تفتقر‬ ‫➔الى‬articular cartilage➔‫وتعرف‬
➔ ‫بال‬ ➔ odd faced.
2- lateral facet , 3- vertical ridge.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Radiological features of tibia and fibula
‫السينية‬ ‫لل➔االشعة‬ tibia and fibula➔‫العثور‬ ‫في‬ ‫على➔تساعد‬:
1- cause of pain(‫االلم‬ ‫)سبب‬ , 2- tenderness, 3- swelling
4- deformity of the lower leg(‫الساق‬ ‫اسفل‬ ‫تشوه‬ ).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- ‫بين➔مقارنة‬ ➔ tibia and fibula:
Tibia Fibula
1- on medial of leg 1- on lateral of leg
2- larger 2- smaller
3- thicker 3- thinner
4- articulate with knee joint 4- articulate with ankle joint

24. ‫_الرابعة‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
5
-Congenital hip dislocation(CHD):(‫الخلقي‬ ‫الورك‬ ‫(خلع‬ ‫او‬ CDH:
occurs when a child is born with an unstable hip( ‫يولد‬ ‫الطفل‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫يحدث‬
‫مستقر‬ ‫غير‬ ‫ورك‬ ‫او‬ ‫)بحوض‬. It's caused by abnormal formation
( ‫غير‬ ‫تكوين‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ناتج‬ ‫وهو‬
‫طبيعي‬ )➔ to hip joint during(‫)خالل‬ their early
stages of fetal development(‫الجنين‬ ‫تطور‬ ‫من‬ ‫المبكرة‬ ‫)المراحل‬. Another
name for this condition➔is developmental dysplasia of the hip.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ossification of patella
The patella is ossified from a single center.
The patella ossified between the ages 3 and 5 years.
The patella(kneecap)➔ is intermembranous bone.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ossification of Tibia(6-12 weeks)
The tibia has three ossification centers(‫تعظم‬ ‫مراكز‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫لها‬ ):
-one for the diaphysis , - one for each epiphysis .
‫ال‬ ossification➔begins in the shaft(‫بالشفت‬ ‫➔)يبدأ‬ at seventh week in
utero(‫الرحم‬ ‫في‬ ‫السابع‬ ‫األسبوع‬ ‫)عند‬.
The proximal ‫ال➔من‬tibia➔‫تتعظم‬ (ossification)➔at birth(‫الوالدة‬ ‫)عند‬
and closes at age(‫عمر‬ ‫عند‬ ‫التعظم‬ ‫عن‬ ‫➔)وتتوقف‬16 in females
18 in males
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Ossification of Fibula(6-10 weeks)
‫(التعظم‬ossification)➔‫بالشفت‬ ‫(يبدأ‬begins in the shaft)➔at the eight
week of gestation(‫الحمل‬ ‫من‬ ‫الثامن‬ ‫األسبوع‬ ‫عند‬ ) ,

25. ‫_الرابعة‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
6
and then extends to each end(‫الطرفين‬ ‫من‬ ‫كل‬ ‫الى‬ ‫يمتد‬ ‫)ثم‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Foot
The foot: is an complex anatomical structure found in many
vertebrates(‫الفقريات‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫في‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫معقدة‬ ‫تشريحية‬ ‫بنية‬ ) and it is
distal part of the lower limb(‫السفلي‬ ‫الطرف‬ ‫من‬ ‫السفلي‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫وهي‬ ) below
the leg and ankle(‫والكاحل‬ ‫الساق‬ ‫تحت‬ ).
-‫وظائفهة‬ ➔ 1- bears weight , 2- allows locomotion(‫بالحركة‬ ‫)تسمح‬
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-The foot has three section:
1- forefoot , 2- midfoot , 3- hindfoot
-Forefoot➔ is the anterior aspect of the foot➔‫من‬ ‫يتكون‬➔
metatarsal and phalanges.
-Midfoot➔ is the portion of the foot that sits between the hindfoot
and forefoot( ‫ه‬
‫ي‬
‫اللي‬ ‫القدم‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزء‬
‫ت‬
‫و‬ ‫الخلفية‬ ‫القدم‬ ‫بين‬ ‫قع‬
‫القدم‬ ‫مقدمة‬ )
‫من‬ ‫➔يتكون‬ 1- Cuboid , 2- medial cuneiform , 3- lateral cuneiform
4- intermediate cuneiform , 5- navicular .
-hindfoot➔area of the foot➔‫من‬ ‫➔تتكون‬Talus and calcaneus
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26. ‫_الرابعة‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
7
Tarsal bones
-the tarsal bone: seven articulating bones(‫مفصلية‬ ‫عظام‬ ‫)سبع‬ in each
foot (‫قدم‬ ‫كل‬ ‫)في‬ situated between the lower end of the tibia and
fibula and the metatarsal.
The tarsal bone are 7 bones:
1- Calcaneus , 2- talus , 3- Cuboid , 4- navicular
5- medial cuneiform ,6-lateral cuneiform, 7-middle cuneiform.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- The Calcaneus: is the largest bone in the foot( ‫عظمة‬ ‫اكبر‬
‫القدم‬ ‫في‬ )
along with the talus( ‫ا‬ ‫مع‬ ‫جنب‬ ‫الى‬ ‫جنبا‬
‫لكاحل‬ ) .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Metatarsals
‫ال‬ metatarsals➔consist of five long bones in the foot( ‫خمس‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتكون‬
‫القدم‬ ‫في‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫)عظام‬ numbered from 1 to 5( ‫من‬ ‫مرقمة‬
1
‫الى‬
5 ) from
medial side to lateral side( ‫نعد‬ ‫➔من➔يعني‬medial to lateral).
-The tarsometatarsal joints➔ ‫من‬ ‫يتشكل‬:
the articulations between the bases from the metatarsal bones and
the distal surfaces of cuneiform bones and cuboid bone
- Metatarsophalangeal joints➔‫من‬ ‫يتشكل‬ :
the articulating between the metatarsal bones and proximal
phalanges.

27. ‫_الرابعة‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
8
-Comparison between the metatarsal and Tarsal(‫ة‬‫)مقارن‬
Metatarsal Tarsal
Description
(‫)الوصف‬
1- type of long bone in the
toes( ‫في‬ ‫الطويلة‬ ‫العظام‬ ‫من‬ ‫نوع‬
‫أصابع‬
‫القدم‬ )
2- Cylindrical bone that is
longer than it is wide
( ‫اسطواني‬ ‫عظم‬
‫أطول‬
‫عرضه‬ ‫من‬ )
1- type of short
bone in the ankles
( ‫القص‬ ‫العظام‬ ‫من‬ ‫نوع‬
‫في‬ ‫يرة‬
‫)الكاحل‬
2- Cube like
shape(‫الكعب‬ ‫يشبه‬ ‫)شكل‬
, length and
thickness and width
are all equal( ‫طوله‬
‫كلها‬ ‫وعرضه‬ ‫وسمكه‬
‫)متساوية‬
Function
( ‫الو‬
‫ظيفة‬ )
-Acts as a lever when muscles
contract( ‫تنقبض‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫رافعة‬ ‫بمثابة‬
‫)العضالت‬.
-provides(‫)يوفر‬:
1- stability(‫)االستقرار‬
2- support(‫)الدعم‬
3- limited Motion
( ‫المحد‬ ‫الحركة‬
‫و‬
‫دة‬ )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phalanges
are 14 bones that makes up the toes( 14
‫تشكل‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫عظم‬
‫أصابع‬
‫القدم‬ )
-The big toe(‫الكبير‬ ‫➔)االصبع‬ ‫من‬ ‫➔يتكون‬ Two phalanges
‫➔كل‬phalanges➔‫➔بي‬ proximal and distal.
-the other toes(‫االخرى‬ ‫)األصابع‬➔ have three phalanges.
The sesamoid bone➔ two small: Is pea-shaped bone ( ‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫عظام‬
(
‫بازالء‬ ‫حبة‬ that lie beneath the head of the first metatarsal( ‫تقع‬ ‫اللي‬
‫االول‬ ‫القدم‬ ‫مشط‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫)تحت‬.

28. ‫نظري_اربع‬ ‫تشريح‬
‫محاضرات‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
- Whenever a proximal femoral injury is suspected, an (AP)
radiograph of the pelvis with both hips and a cross-table lateral
radiograph should be obtained.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- MRI ➔ helps detect undisplaced fractures.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- in patients younger than 18 months with suspected proximal femoral
epiphyseal separation , arthrography has been suggested.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- X-ray is a quick and painless procedure (‫مؤلم‬ ‫ر‬
‫وغي‬ ‫ع‬ ‫رسي‬ ‫اء‬‫ر‬‫اج‬ )
- For most plain radiographs/X-rays, the radiation dose is no more
than the ionizing radiation from the normal environmental
background over a period of 1 year.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- X-ray film for general radiography consist of:
emulsion-gelatin containing radiation sensitive silver halide crystals,
such as silver bromide or silver chloride, and a flexible, transparent,
blue-tinted base.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- MRI images demonstrate superior soft tissue contrast as compared
to CT scans and Plain radiographs
(‫السينية‬ ‫باألشعة‬ ‫والتصوير‬ ‫بالمفراس‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫الرخوة‬ ‫االنسجة‬ ‫في‬ ‫فائقا‬ ‫تباينا‬ ‫بالرنين‬ ‫التصوير‬ ‫)يظهر‬

29. ‫نظري_اربع‬ ‫تشريح‬
‫محاضرات‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عماد‬ ‫محمد‬ :‫الطالب‬ ‫اعداد‬
- MRI is the ideal examination of the brain , spine , joints ,and other
soft tissue .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): is a medical imaging
technique that uses a magnetic field and computer- generated radio
waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in body.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Most MRI machines are large, tube shaped magnets.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- MRI system consists of four major components:
1- a main magnet formed by superconducting coils.
2- gradient coils.
3- radiofrequency (RF) coils.
4- computer systems.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Computed tomography(CT): combines a series of X- ray images taken
from different angles around the body and uses computer
processing to create cross-sectional images (slices) of the bones,
blood vessels and soft tissues inside the body.
- A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body , including
the bones , muscles , fat , and organs