The document provides information about the skeletal system. It describes that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments. It then discusses the various parts and functions of the skeletal system in more detail. This includes descriptions of the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder girdle, arm bones, hand bones, pelvic girdle, leg bones). Diagrams are also included to illustrate the different bones.
The document provides information about the musculoskeletal system, which is composed of three subsystems: the skeletal system, articular system, and muscular system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the bones, joints, and muscles that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder, pelvis, upper and lower limbs). The skeletal system provides structure, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. Typical bones have projections like processes and depressions like foramina that serve attachment and passage functions.
The skeleton provides structure and protection for the body. It is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 22 bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx. The rib cage is formed by 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
The skeletal system consists of bones and cartilage which provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, produce blood cells, and store fats. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are made of organic and inorganic components and contain osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with synovial joints providing the most mobility.
The skeletal system comprises 206 bones that support the body and allow for movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The skull protects the brain and is divided into cranial and facial bones. The vertebral column is made up of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and allow for flexibility. Bones are living tissues composed of minerals and connective tissues. The skeletal system provides structure, protects organs, allows body movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers to the occiput, atlas, axis, and supporting ligaments. It develops from the occipital somites and proatlas in utero. Key ligaments stabilizing the CVJ include the transverse atlantal ligament, alar ligaments, and apical ligament. Neural structures like the medulla, lower cranial nerves, and vertebral artery pass through the CVJ.
The document provides information about the musculoskeletal system, which is composed of three subsystems: the skeletal system, articular system, and muscular system. It describes the anatomy and functions of the bones, joints, and muscles that make up the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder, pelvis, upper and lower limbs). The skeletal system provides structure, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation. Typical bones have projections like processes and depressions like foramina that serve attachment and passage functions.
The skeleton provides structure and protection for the body. It is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 22 bones that form the cranium and face. The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae including 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx. The rib cage is formed by 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.
A detail account of Bones, their histological features, classification, composition, Formation, blood and nerve supply, functions, plus some interesting facts about bones.
The skeletal system consists of bones and cartilage which provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, produce blood cells, and store fats. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton including the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are made of organic and inorganic components and contain osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with synovial joints providing the most mobility.
The skeletal system comprises 206 bones that support the body and allow for movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton. The skull protects the brain and is divided into cranial and facial bones. The vertebral column is made up of individual vertebrae that protect the spinal cord and allow for flexibility. Bones are living tissues composed of minerals and connective tissues. The skeletal system provides structure, protects organs, allows body movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) refers to the occiput, atlas, axis, and supporting ligaments. It develops from the occipital somites and proatlas in utero. Key ligaments stabilizing the CVJ include the transverse atlantal ligament, alar ligaments, and apical ligament. Neural structures like the medulla, lower cranial nerves, and vertebral artery pass through the CVJ.
The document summarizes the embryological development of the skeletal system. It describes how the axial skeleton, including the vertebral column and ribs, and appendicular skeleton develop from somites in the embryo. It explains the three stages of development - blastemal/membranous, cartilaginous, and bony. It provides details on the formation of individual bones and joints, such as the development of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, and others from sclerotomes, notochord, and cartilage models.
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.
Anatomy Lesson_ Realistic Skeleton for Education by Slidesgo (2).pptxarmacxstartup2021
The skeletal system has 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It encloses and protects the brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs, and abdomen. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are joined together at joints, which can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, allowing different ranges of motion. Common disorders of the skeletal system include arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and other tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. It includes two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Joints connect bones and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which allow different types of movement. Skeletal muscles contract through the sliding filament mechanism in response to neuronal signals at the neuromuscular junction.
The document discusses the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) including its embryology, anatomy, and radiology. Regarding embryology, the CVJ develops from the occipital somites which form parts of the occiput, atlas, and axis. Anatomically, the CVJ includes synovial joints between the occiput-atlas and atlas-axis that allow rotation. It is stabilized by ligaments like the transverse ligament. Radiologically, plain films and CT are used to assess the CVJ. Measurements like the Chamberlain's line evaluate for abnormalities like basilar invagination.
Neck pain can have many causes, but is generally due to soft tissue injuries or abnormalities of the cervical spine structures. The cervical spine is comprised of 7 vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and supporting ligaments and muscles. Common causes of neck pain include muscle strains, disc injuries such as herniations or protrusions, arthritis, and fractures or dislocations. Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause but often include neck pain and tenderness as well as reduced range of motion. Treatment involves physical therapy, medications, and sometimes surgery or injections depending on the severity and nature of the condition causing neck pain.
Neck pain is caused by abnormalities in the soft tissues or bones of the cervical spine. The most common causes are muscle strains or injuries from wear and tear. Cervical disc disease and cervical spondylosis are also common, where discs bulge or herniate, narrowing the spinal column and compressing nerves. Treatment involves physical therapy, medications like NSAIDs, and sometimes surgery to decompress the nerves.
Lecture 12 the skeleton embryology pdfMBBS IMS MSU
1. The vertebral column is derived from sclerotomes of somites, with each vertebra formed by fusion of portions from two adjacent somites.
2. The ribs are derived from ventral extensions of sclerotomal mesenchyme. The sternum is formed by fusion of right and left sternal bars.
3. The skull develops from mesenchyme around the brain, with some bones forming in membrane and some in cartilage. The limbs first appear as outgrowths from the body wall that get subdivided to form parts.
The vertebral column, or spine, is composed of 33 vertebrae in early development that fuse together into 26 vertebrae in adulthood. The vertebrae are organized into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx vertebrae. Each vertebra has a body, vertebral arch, and 7 processes. Between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and allow movement. The spine has four normal curves that develop during childhood to maintain balance and absorb impacts during walking. The vertebrae permit flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation movements.
The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It has two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. The skeletal system performs many functions including movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It contains over 200 bones that can be classified by shape and location in the body. Joints connect bones and allow different types of movement.
This document provides a summary of human skeleton development from embryology through adulthood. It describes how:
- The skeleton initially has 300 bones at birth, reducing to 206 bones in adulthood as some fuse together.
- The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton (80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones including the pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs).
- Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification where bones are formed within connective tissue membranes, and endochondral ossification where cartilage models are replaced by bone.
- Long bones in the limbs form from
The document provides details on the skeletal system, including:
1) There are 206 bones in the human body that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, providing protection, support, and carrying other body parts. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
2) Bones are composed of organic and inorganic materials and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. They contain bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts that form and break down bone tissue.
3) The skeletal system functions to provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
The skeletal system develops from mesoderm and neural crest cells. Paraxial mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome. Sclerotome cells form the mesenchyme which can become bone, cartilage or connective tissue. Bones form through intramembranous or endochondral ossification, where cartilage templates are replaced by bone. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and limb bones.
The document discusses the locomotor system, which includes the skeletal system, joints, and muscles that allow for movement of the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. There are three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. It is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder girdle, upper and lower limbs). Joints connect bones and allow different types of movement.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the back, including:
- The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions that protect the spinal cord and support the body's weight.
- Typical vertebrae have a vertebral body, vertebral arch with 7 processes, and articular processes that form joints with adjacent vertebrae.
- Each vertebral region has distinguishing characteristics like size, facet orientation, and features of individual vertebrae. Injuries can cause cervical vertebral dislocations or fractures due to their structure.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body. It supports soft tissues and internal organs, and serves as an attachment point for muscles, allowing movement when muscles contract. The skeletal system includes long bones in the limbs, flat bones that provide protection, irregular bones like vertebrae, and sesamoid bones embedded in tendons.
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including:
1. Bones are made of tissues like osseous tissue, cartilage, and connective tissue. The skeletal system framework includes bones and cartilages.
2. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
3. Key bones include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 28 bones including cranial and facial bones.
#seminar on how to approach a patient with anemiaLuzSan3
This document provides an overview and outline of a seminar on the approach to anemia. It defines anemia and discusses the epidemiology and causes of anemia including nutritional deficiencies, genetic disorders, infections, and physiologic anemia. It covers the classification of anemia based on morphology and pathophysiology. The document outlines the physiological adjustments in anemia and discusses the approach to evaluating an anemic child, including taking a history, physical exam, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count, reticulocyte count, and peripheral smear. General management of anemia including supplementation, dietary changes, and transfusions is also summarized.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the human visual system. It describes the eyeball's layers including the sclera, choroid, iris, ciliary body, retina and its structures like the macula and optic disk. It explains how light enters the eye and is refracted by the cornea and lens to form an image on the retina. The roles of the retina's layers and cell types in visual transduction are outlined. Accommodation and errors of refraction are also summarized.
The document summarizes the embryological development of the skeletal system. It describes how the axial skeleton, including the vertebral column and ribs, and appendicular skeleton develop from somites in the embryo. It explains the three stages of development - blastemal/membranous, cartilaginous, and bony. It provides details on the formation of individual bones and joints, such as the development of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, and others from sclerotomes, notochord, and cartilage models.
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow inside of our bones.
Anatomy Lesson_ Realistic Skeleton for Education by Slidesgo (2).pptxarmacxstartup2021
The skeletal system has 206 bones that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the head, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments). The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It encloses and protects the brain, spinal cord, thoracic organs, and abdomen. The appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. Bones are joined together at joints, which can be fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, allowing different ranges of motion. Common disorders of the skeletal system include arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and other tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and produce blood cells. It includes two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Joints connect bones and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which allow different types of movement. Skeletal muscles contract through the sliding filament mechanism in response to neuronal signals at the neuromuscular junction.
The document discusses the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) including its embryology, anatomy, and radiology. Regarding embryology, the CVJ develops from the occipital somites which form parts of the occiput, atlas, and axis. Anatomically, the CVJ includes synovial joints between the occiput-atlas and atlas-axis that allow rotation. It is stabilized by ligaments like the transverse ligament. Radiologically, plain films and CT are used to assess the CVJ. Measurements like the Chamberlain's line evaluate for abnormalities like basilar invagination.
Neck pain can have many causes, but is generally due to soft tissue injuries or abnormalities of the cervical spine structures. The cervical spine is comprised of 7 vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and supporting ligaments and muscles. Common causes of neck pain include muscle strains, disc injuries such as herniations or protrusions, arthritis, and fractures or dislocations. Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause but often include neck pain and tenderness as well as reduced range of motion. Treatment involves physical therapy, medications, and sometimes surgery or injections depending on the severity and nature of the condition causing neck pain.
Neck pain is caused by abnormalities in the soft tissues or bones of the cervical spine. The most common causes are muscle strains or injuries from wear and tear. Cervical disc disease and cervical spondylosis are also common, where discs bulge or herniate, narrowing the spinal column and compressing nerves. Treatment involves physical therapy, medications like NSAIDs, and sometimes surgery to decompress the nerves.
Lecture 12 the skeleton embryology pdfMBBS IMS MSU
1. The vertebral column is derived from sclerotomes of somites, with each vertebra formed by fusion of portions from two adjacent somites.
2. The ribs are derived from ventral extensions of sclerotomal mesenchyme. The sternum is formed by fusion of right and left sternal bars.
3. The skull develops from mesenchyme around the brain, with some bones forming in membrane and some in cartilage. The limbs first appear as outgrowths from the body wall that get subdivided to form parts.
The vertebral column, or spine, is composed of 33 vertebrae in early development that fuse together into 26 vertebrae in adulthood. The vertebrae are organized into 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx vertebrae. Each vertebra has a body, vertebral arch, and 7 processes. Between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and allow movement. The spine has four normal curves that develop during childhood to maintain balance and absorb impacts during walking. The vertebrae permit flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation movements.
The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It has two divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the upper and lower limbs. The skeletal system performs many functions including movement, support, protection, blood cell production, and mineral storage. It contains over 200 bones that can be classified by shape and location in the body. Joints connect bones and allow different types of movement.
This document provides a summary of human skeleton development from embryology through adulthood. It describes how:
- The skeleton initially has 300 bones at birth, reducing to 206 bones in adulthood as some fuse together.
- The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton (80 bones including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones including the pectoral and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs).
- Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification where bones are formed within connective tissue membranes, and endochondral ossification where cartilage models are replaced by bone.
- Long bones in the limbs form from
The document provides details on the skeletal system, including:
1) There are 206 bones in the human body that make up the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, providing protection, support, and carrying other body parts. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
2) Bones are composed of organic and inorganic materials and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. They contain bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts that form and break down bone tissue.
3) The skeletal system functions to provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells.
The skeletal system develops from mesoderm and neural crest cells. Paraxial mesoderm forms somites which differentiate into sclerotome and dermomyotome. Sclerotome cells form the mesenchyme which can become bone, cartilage or connective tissue. Bones form through intramembranous or endochondral ossification, where cartilage templates are replaced by bone. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and limb bones.
The document discusses the locomotor system, which includes the skeletal system, joints, and muscles that allow for movement of the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. There are three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. It is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder girdle, upper and lower limbs). Joints connect bones and allow different types of movement.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the back, including:
- The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions that protect the spinal cord and support the body's weight.
- Typical vertebrae have a vertebral body, vertebral arch with 7 processes, and articular processes that form joints with adjacent vertebrae.
- Each vertebral region has distinguishing characteristics like size, facet orientation, and features of individual vertebrae. Injuries can cause cervical vertebral dislocations or fractures due to their structure.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body. It supports soft tissues and internal organs, and serves as an attachment point for muscles, allowing movement when muscles contract. The skeletal system includes long bones in the limbs, flat bones that provide protection, irregular bones like vertebrae, and sesamoid bones embedded in tendons.
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including:
1. Bones are made of tissues like osseous tissue, cartilage, and connective tissue. The skeletal system framework includes bones and cartilages.
2. There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton, divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and their attachments).
3. Key bones include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, clavicles, and bones of the upper and lower limbs. The skull has 28 bones including cranial and facial bones.
#seminar on how to approach a patient with anemiaLuzSan3
This document provides an overview and outline of a seminar on the approach to anemia. It defines anemia and discusses the epidemiology and causes of anemia including nutritional deficiencies, genetic disorders, infections, and physiologic anemia. It covers the classification of anemia based on morphology and pathophysiology. The document outlines the physiological adjustments in anemia and discusses the approach to evaluating an anemic child, including taking a history, physical exam, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count, reticulocyte count, and peripheral smear. General management of anemia including supplementation, dietary changes, and transfusions is also summarized.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the human visual system. It describes the eyeball's layers including the sclera, choroid, iris, ciliary body, retina and its structures like the macula and optic disk. It explains how light enters the eye and is refracted by the cornea and lens to form an image on the retina. The roles of the retina's layers and cell types in visual transduction are outlined. Accommodation and errors of refraction are also summarized.
This chapter discusses business planning and opportunity identification. It begins by outlining the chapter objectives, which are to understand how to identify opportunities in the environment, evaluate business ideas, explain the concept of business planning, identify business plan components, and develop a business plan. The chapter then covers opportunity identification and evaluation processes. It describes how to scan the environment, identify and develop opportunities, and evaluate them. It also discusses assessing the entrepreneurial team. Next, the chapter defines business ideas and describes methods for generating and screening ideas. It concludes by explaining the business planning process and identifying the essential components of a business plan.
This document provides information about blood stream infections (BSI) and discusses topics such as bacteremia, septicemia, types of bacteremia, epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It defines bacteremia and septicemia, classifies bacteremia by duration and place of acquisition. Common causative agents of bacteremia include bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci, viruses such as HIV and hemorrhagic fever viruses, and fungi such as Candida species. Signs and symptoms of sepsis and septic shock are described. Laboratory diagnosis involves blood culture collection and identification of pathogens. Treatment involves administering
The document discusses the special senses of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell. It focuses on the anatomy and physiology of hearing and balance. Key points include:
- The ear is divided into external, middle and inner sections. Sound waves cause the eardrum and ossicles to vibrate, transmitting vibrations to the cochlea.
- The cochlea contains the organ of Corti with hair cells that transduce vibrations into nerve impulses. Different hair cell regions respond to different frequencies.
- Loudness is determined by vibration amplitude and number of activated hair cells. Reflexes protect from loud noises.
- The vestibular system detects head position
This document provides an overview of protein nutrition for medical students. It defines proteins and amino acids, classifying amino acids as essential, nonessential, and conditionally essential. The document discusses protein digestion and absorption in the stomach and small intestine. It also covers protein classification based on nutritional value as complete or incomplete proteins, as well as other classification schemes. Food sources of proteins are mentioned.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
9. skeletal system-1.pptx
1. Skeletal System
Skeleton means dried up body
Skeletal system is composed of bone, cartilage, joints and
ligaments.
Each individual bone is an organ.
7/2/2023 skeletalsystem by:- Zufan T.(Msc) 1
2. Functions of Bone
Support –provides hard framework that supports the weight of
the body.
protection
Movement
Blood cell formation
Storage of minerals- calcium and phosphate
Serve as attachment for muscles
7/2/2023 skeletalsystem by:- Zufan T.(Msc) 2
3. Skeletal System:
• has two main parts:
1. Axial skeleton
• consists of the bones of the :-
– head (cranium),
– vertebrae bones
– ribs and sternum
– Hyoid bone
2. Appendicular skeleton
• consists of the bones of the:-
– limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and
pelvic girdles.
7/2/2023 skeletalsystem by:- Zufan T.(Msc) 3
6. Cartilage
• A resilient, semirigid, avascular form of connective
tissue.
• forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is
necessary.
– e.g., the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.
• Periosteum :-
– Fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds bone.
• Perichondrium :-
– The fibrous connective tissue covering that
surrounds cartilage; excluding articular cartilage.
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7. Bones:
wo types:
Compact and
Spongy (trabecular or cancellous).
ey differ based on :-
The relative amount of solid matter and
The number and size of the spaces they contain.
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8. Transeverse sections of Femur
• All bones have a :-
– Superficial thin layer of
compact bone around a
central mass of spongy
bone.
• The spongy bone is
replaced by a medullary
(marrow) cavity.
• Within this cavity of
adult bones, and between
the spicules of spongy
bone blood cells are
formed.
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9. Classification of Bones
Bones are classified according to their length.
• Long bones :-
– Tubular structures.
• e.g., humerus in the arm; phalanges in the fingers.
• Short bones :-
– Cuboidal
– Found only in the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus).
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10. Classification of Bones
According to their shape
• Flat bones :-
– usually serve as protective functions
e.g., those of the cranium protect the brain.
• Irregular bones:-
– Bones of face, have various shapes other than long, short, or
flat.
• Sesamoid bones:-
– Develop in certain tendons.
– These bones protect the tendons from excessive wear and
– Often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their
attachments.
• e.g., patella, or knee cap
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11. The Axial skeleton
The skull
• Contain 22 bones.
• Rests on the
superior of vertebral
column.
• It is composed of
cranial bones
(neurocranium)
and facial bones
(viscerocranium).
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12. Neurocranium
• In adults formed by series
of 8 bones
• 4 singular bones centered
on midline
– Frontal,
– Ethmoidal,
– Sphenoidal, And
– Occipital
• 2 bilateral pairs
– Temporal
– Parietal
• Roof, the Calvaria
(skullcap)- flat bones
• F P O, united by
Sutures
• Floor or Cranial Base
(basicranium)-
irregular bones
Sphenoidal
Temporal
Ethmoid bone
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15. Viscerocranium (Facial skeleton)
• Forms the anterior part of the cranium
• 14 irregular bones
• 2 single
– Mandible &
– vomer
• 6 bones, as bilateral pairs
– Maxillae;
– Inferior nasal conchae
– Zygomatic,
– Palatine,
– Nasal, and
– Lacrimal bones
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16. The vertebral column
• Together with the sternum & ribs constitutes the skeleton
of the trunk of the body.
• Adult : contains 26 vertebras.
• Prior to fusion of sacral & coccygeal vertebrae the total
number is 33.
• Function
– Encloses & protect spinal cord,
– supports the head
– Serves as a point of attachment for the ribs & muscles
of the back.
• Inter vertebral discs
– Joint Between adjacent vertebrae
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19. The vertebral column…
Typical vertebra
• Consist of: body, vertebral arch and 7 processes.
1. The body (Centrum): thick, disc shaped, anterior part.
– Has superior and inferior roughened area for attachment
with IV discs.
2. The vertebral (neural) arch: extends posterior from the body
of the vertebrae.
- With the body it surrounds the spinal cord
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21. Typical vertebra …
Vertebral (spinal) canal
• Formed by foramina of all vertebras together.
Intervertebral foramen
• Formed by notch of pedicles superiorly & inferiorly
• Serves as passage of nerves that come out of spinal cord
Processes
1. Transverse processes : on both side extends laterally.
2. Spinous processes : extends posteriorly & inferiorly from the
junction of the laminae.
– Both the transverse & spinous processes are muscle attachments.
3. four articular processes form joints with other vertebra
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22. Ribs
• Curved, flat bones that form most of the thoracic cage,
• They are remarkably light in weight yet highly resilient.
• Three types of ribs:
1. True (vertebrocostal) ribs (1st- 7th ribs)
• attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages.
2. False (vertebrochondral) ribs (8th -10th ) ribs)
• have cartilages that are joined to the rib just superior to them.
3. Floating (free) ribs (11th- 12th ribs)
• have rudimentary cartilages that do not connect even indirectly with
the sternum.
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25. Sternum
• The flat, vertically elongated
bone.
• Forms the middle of the
anterior part of the thoracic
cage.
• The sternum consists of three
parts: manubrium, body,
and xiphoid process
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27. The Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle
• Consists of the scapulae (left and right) and the clavicles (left
and right) bones
THE CLAVICLE (COLLAR BONE)
• It connects the upper limb to the trunk.
• Medial end: enlarged and triangular.
• Articulates with the manubrium at sternoclavicular (SC)
joint.
• It transmits forces from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
• Lateral end:
– is flat and articulates with the acromion of scapula at the
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint.
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29. Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
• It has 3 borders
Medial (vertebral) border,
Lateral (axillary) border &
Superior border.
• Acromion: lateral end of spine
– flat expanded part that articulate with the clavicle.
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32. Scapula….
• Glenoid cavity or fossa –
receives and articulates
with the head of the
humerus at the
glenohumeral jont.
• A shallow, concave, oval
fossa
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33. BONE OF THE ARM
HUMERUS
Provide skeletal
support for the arm.
Articulate with
scapula above
Parts
- Head
- Surgical & anatomical
necks,
- Greater and lesser
tubercles.
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35. Arm bones..
Anatomical neck of the humerus
separating head from the greater and lesser tubercles.
Surgical neck of the humerus,
a common site of fracture,
The narrow part distal to the head and tubercles.
Greater tubercle
At the lateral margin of the humerus,
The lesser tubercle projects anteriorly from the bone.
Bicipital groove - groove between tubercle
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36. Humerus…
Inferior end
– widens as the sharp medial and lateral supraepicondylar ridges
form.
– End distally in medial epicondyle and the lateral epicondyle.
Articular surface
– Trochlea
Articular surface for ulna
– Capitulum -
Articulate with radius
- Olecranon fossa :
– The largest of the fossa,
– Superior to the trochlea on the posterior surface.
– Accommodates the olecranon of the ulna during full extension of the
elbow
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37. Bones of Forearm
1. ULNA
• The medial and longer of the two forearm bones.
• Articulate with the humerus proximally and the head of the
radius laterally.
• Has two prominent projections:
(1) The olecranon: projects proximally from its posterior aspect.
(2) The coronoid process : which projects anteriorly.
• Both form the walls of the trochlear notch
• The ulna does not reach and therefore does not participate in
the wrist (radiocarpal) joint.
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39. RADIUS
• The lateral and shorter of the two forearm bones.
• proximal end has
– short head,
– neck,
– medially directed tuberosity.
• Head
– Discoid and concave.
– Articulate with the capitulum of the humerus.
– It also articulates peripherally with the radial notch of the ulna.
• The neck :
– A constriction distal to the head.
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40. RADIUS…
The shaft
• In contrast to the ulna, gradually enlarges as it passes distally.
• Its lateral aspect becomes increasingly ridge-like, terminating
distally in the radial styloid process.
• Radial styloid process:
– larger than the ulnar styloid process
– extends farther distally.
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41. Bones of Hand
Carpal bones
Are eight in number
arranged in two rows.
1. Proximal row:
• From the radial to the ulnar side are :
– Scaphoid,
– Lunate,
– Triquetrum,
– Pisiform;
2. Distal row: in the same order are :
– Trapezium
– Trapezoid,
– Capitate,
– Hamate.
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43. Metacarpus
– Forms the skeleton of the palm of the hand between the
carpus and the phalanges.
– composed of five metacarpal bones (metacarpals).
– Each consists of a :
• Base,: articulate with the carpal bones,
• Shaft,
• Head : articulate with the proximal phalanges .
• Phalanges
– Each digit has three except for the first (the thumb), which
has only two.
– Each has a base proximally, a shaft (body), and a head
distally.
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44. BONES OF LOWER LIMB
• Divided into two functional components:
– Pelvic girdle and
– Bones of the free lower limb.
• The pelvic girdle (bony pelvis) :
– A bony ring composed of:
– Sacrum and right and left hip bones joined anteriorly at the
pubic symphysis.
– Attaches the free lower limb to the axial skeleton.
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46. HIP BONE
• Each mature hip bone is formed by the fusion of three primary
bones:
• Ilium,
• Ischium, and
• Pubis.
• At puberty, these bones are still separated by a triradiate
cartilage centered in the acetabulum.
• The cartilage disappears and the bones begin to fuse at 17
years of age
Ilium
• Forms the largest part of the hip bone
• Contributes the superior part of the acetabulum.
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47. Fig. 2: Parts of hip bone of 13 years old showing the triradiate cartilage.
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49. HIP BONE…
• Iliac tubercle : a prominence on the external lip of the crest.
– lies 5-6 cm posterior to the ASIS.
• Iliac fossa
– On medial aspect of each ala.
– Is a large, smooth depression.
– provides proximal attachment for the iliacus muscle.
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51. ISCHIUM
• Forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone.
• Ischiopubic ramus
– formed by union of ramus of ischium with the inferior ramus of
the pubis.
• Constitutes the inferomedial boundary of the obturator foramen.
• Body's weight rests on it when sitting.
PUBIS
• Forms the anteromedial part of the hip bone.
• Contribute to the anterior part of the acetabulum,
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52. ACETABULUM
• The large cup shaped cavity or socket on the lateral aspect of the hip
bone.
• Articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
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53. The Femur
• The longest and heaviest bone in the body.
• It transmits body weight from the hip bone to the tibia when a
person is standing
• Its length is approximately ¼ the person's height.
• Consists of :
– A shaft (body) and
– two ends, superior or proximal and inferior or distal
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55. The Femur…
Head of the Femur
• Smooth and forms about two-thirds of a sphere.
• Directed superomedially, slightly anteriorly to fit into the
acetabulum of the hipbone.
The Neck of the Femur
It connects the head to body.
It runs obliquely in an inferolateral direction.
Limited laterally by the greater trochanter and is narrowest in
diameter at its middle
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56. The Femur…
Trochanters
• Are blunt elevations where the neck joins the femoral
shaft.
Greater Trochanter
• A large, laterally placed.
• Projects superiorly and posteriorly.
• Can be easily palpated on the lateral side of the thigh.
• Provide attachment for abductors and rotators of the
thigh.
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57. The Femur…
• The Body (shaft) of the Femur
• It is slightly bowed (convex) anteriorly and is
narrowest at its midpoint.
The Condyles of the Femur
Make up nearly the entire distal end.
Articulate with menisci (crescentic plates of
cartilage) and tibial condyles to form the knee
joint
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58. Tibia and Fibula
TIBIA
• Articulates with the condyles of the femur superiorly and the
talus inferiorly.
• Located on the anteromedial side of the leg, nearly parallel to
the fibula
• The second largest bone in the body
• Superior (proximal) end :
– widens to form medial and lateral condyles
• Shaft : is truly vertical within the leg
– having three surfaces and borders: medial, lateral/
interosseous, and posterior.
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59. Tibia...
• Tibial tuberosity
– At the superior end of the anterior border,
– a broad provides distal attachment for the patellar ligament.
FIBULA
• Lies posterolateral to the tibia and is firmly attached to it by
the tibiofibular syndesmosis.
• Has no function in weight-bearing. It serves mainly for muscle
attachment
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61. FOOT
• Skeleton of the foot consists of :
– 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges .
• The hindfoot: talus and calcaneus.
• The midfoot: navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms.
• The forefoot: metatarsals and phalanges.
• TARSUS
• Consists of seven bones :
– Talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiforms.
– Only one bone, the talus, articulates with the leg bones.
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64. METATARSUS
• Consists of five metatarsals
• Numbered from the medial side of the foot.
• Each has a base proximally, a shaft, and a head distally.
• 1st metatarsal : is shorter and stouter than the others.
– on it’s base has large tuberosity.
– On it’s plantar surface of the head are prominent medial
and lateral sesamoid bones
• 2nd metatarsal : is the longest.
• 5th metatarsal
– It’s tuberosity projects laterally over the cuboid.
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65. Joints:
• A joint is an articulation, or the place of union or junction
between two or more rigid components.
• Classification of Joints:
• Three types of joints :-
– Classified according to the manner or type of material by
which the articulating bones are united.
• Fibrous,
• Cartilaginous, and
• Synovial)
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66. Joints…
• Fibrous joints:
• United by fibrous tissue (sutures of the vault of the skull).
• A gomphosis (dentoalveolar syndesmosis) :-
– A type of fibrous joint in which a peg-like fibrous process
stabilizes a tooth.
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67. Joints…
• Cartilaginous joints:
• United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
• Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses) :-
– United by hyaline cartilage.
– Permit growth of the length of the bone and
– Allow slight bending during early life, until the epiphysial plate
converts to bone and the epiphyses fuse with the diaphysis.
• Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses):-
– Strong, slightly mobile joints, united by fibrocartilage.
Ex- Intervertebral disc.
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68. Joints…
• Synovial joints:
• The articular cavity of synovial joints is a potential space that
contains a small amount of synovial fluid.
• Synovial fluid serves the dual function of nourishing the
articular cartilage and lubricating the joint surfaces.
• Usually reinforced by accessory ligaments.
NB - ligament is connective tissue that connects bone with
bone
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69. Types of synovial joints
1, Plane joints: permit gliding or sliding movements
ex:- acromioclavicular joint
2, Hinge joints:- permit flexion and extension Ex:- elbow joint
3, Saddle joints:- permit abduction and adduction as well as flexion
and extension. ex:- carpometacarpal joint
4, Condyloid joints:- similar with saddle is but axis more free to
move.
Ex:- metacarpophalangail joints
5, Ball and socket joints:- allow flexion and extension, abduction
and adduction, medial and lateral rotation
Ex:- shoulder joint
6, Pivot joints:- permit rotation around a central axis
ex:- atlantoaxial joint
69
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77. Common joints in our body
Joints of the Upper Limb
THE SHOULDER JOINT
• a ball and socket joint of the
synovial variety.
• most frequently dislocated
because of
most mobile of all joints;
shallow glenoid cavity
cavity accepts about one-third
of large convex head of
humerus
A lax capsule; lax capsular
ligament.
Inferior or antero-inferiorly
deficient:-most common site
of dislocation:
77
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78. Shoulder dislocation
• Is commonly dislocated by direct or indirect injury due to its
freedom of movement.
• 45% of all major joint dislocation in the body.
• Anterior/inferior dislocation: 95% to 97%
• Posterior/superior dislocation: 2 to 5%
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80. Joints of the Upper Limb
Elbow Joint:
• Consists of lower end of humerus & upper ends of
radius & ulna.
• Trochlear notch of ulna grasp the trochlea.
• Head of radius moves on capitulum.
• Movements at this joint are solely flexion & extension
(hinge like).
• Capsule surrounding elbow joint & superior radio-ulnar
joint is strengthened by medial & lateral ligaments of
Elbow J.
80
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81. Movement of elbow joint and superior radioulnar joints
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83. Nursemaid's elbow or pulled elbow
• Subluxation and
dislocation of the head
of the radius
• Caused by sudden lift
of child (jerked) by the
upper limb while the
forearm is pronated
(e.g., lifting a child into
a bus)
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84. Joints of the Upper Limb
Wrist Joint, or Radio-Carpal Joint:
B/n radius & a disc of fibrocartilage (which excludes
ulna from wrist joint) on one side & 3 carpal bones on the
other side (scaphoid, lunate & triquetrum).
Collateral ligaments( ulnar and radial) strengthen this
joint.
Movements at the wrist joint include: flexion &
extension, as well as adduction & abduction (ulnar &
radial deviation).
84
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87. 87
Hip joint
• The largest joint in the body
• Ball-and-socket synovial joint
• Forms connection between lower limb and pelvic girdle
• Articular surfaces
– head of femur
– Acetabulum of hip bone
Movements of the hip joint
– Flexion, Extension
– Abduction, Adduction
– Medial and lateral rotation
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89. 89
• The hip is usually
dislocated backwards
• posterior dislocation is
produced by a force
applied along the
femoral shaft with the
hip in the flexed and
adducted position,
• If the hip is abducted,
dislocation must be
accompanied by a
fracture of the
posterior acetabular
lip
Dislocation of the hip joint
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90. 90
Knee joint
• Articulations
– 2 femorotibial articulations (lateral and medial)
• Between femoral and tibial condyles
– 1 intermediate femoropatellar articulation
• Between patella and the patellar surface of the femur
• Movements of the knee
– flexion and extension
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93. 93
Ankle (talocrural) joint
• Articular surfaces
– lower end of the tibia and fibula forms malleolar socket
– trochlea of talus
• The weight of the body is transmitted to the talus by the
tibia
Movements of the ankle
– Plantar and dorsiflexion
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