The document discusses various patterns of development that can be used when writing across academic disciplines, including narration, description, definition, classification, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, and problem-solution. It provides examples and guidelines for each pattern of development to help writers structure paragraphs effectively.

1. PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING ACROSS THE
DISCIPLINE

2. The methods of development vary with the
individual purposes and reactions to different
situations and problems. There are all possible ways of
presenting and developing an idea. Skillful writers may
employ a combination of the methods in writing a
paragraph.
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

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4. Presentation title 4
P
E F F E C T
R
S O L U T I O N
U
N A R R A T I O N
S
D E S C R I P T I O N
E L O
F A N
I S P C
N S E N S O R Y L A N G U A G E
I I O U
T F B S
I I C L E
O C O E
N A N M
T T
I R
C O M P A R I S O N
N S
T

5. LESSONS
❑ NARRATION
❑ DESCRIPTION
❑ DEFINITION
❑ EXEMPLIFICATION/ CLASSIFICATION
❑ COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
❑ CAUSE AND EFFECT
❑ PROBLEM-SOLUTION ESSAY
❑ PERSUASION

6. NARRATION 6
➢the most basic form of paragraph
development, describes how,
when, and where an event or
occurrence actually happened.
➢It is used to tell a story or focus on
a set of related events. It also
explains something that
happened in the order of time.
The sequential
presentation of
events is essential
in developing a
narrative
paragraph. Using
sequence/transitio
n markers such as
first, next, then,
after, likewise,
suddenly and
finally indicates
the transition from
one event to the
next. These
transition markers
help to move the
story.

7. 7
STORY ARC
➢ illustrates the chain of events in a narrative story

8. 8
EXAMPLE:
Processing Questions:
1. Where and when did the
story happen?
2. What sequence
markers/transition signals are
used to show the
chronological order of events
in the narrative.?
3. How did the narration
commence?
4. What does the paragraph
tell?
5. What sequence is presented
in the story?

9. DESCRIPTION 9
➢ gives specific details about what
something looks, smells, tastes, sounds, or
feels like, using your sensory details which
come to your senses - smell, touch, taste,
hearing and sight.
➢ SENSORY LANGUAGES refer to the words
we used to describe how your subject
appears, sounds, feels, smells, or even
tastes.

10. 10
TWO TYPES OF DESCRIPTION
OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
❑is primarily factual, paying no attention to
the writer, especially the writer's feelings or
opinions.
Examples:
• The Sison Auditorium located in Lingayen,
Pangasinan was constructed in 1926 to 1927
before the World War II.
• Dagupan Bonuan Bangus or milkfish is
scientifically known as Chanos chanos and
is being pond-raised in a brackish water and
harvested in Bonuan, Dagupan City,
Pangasinan.
SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION
❑description includes attention to both the
subject described and the writer's reactions
(internal, personal) to that subject.
Examples:
• The regal and sophisticated Sison
Auditorium in Lingayen, Pangasinan is one
of the top-rated places listed as cultural
center in the province.
• Dagupan Bonuan Bangus has a very
distinctive taste and considered to be the
world’s tastiest and juciest pond raised
milkfish.

11. 11
EXAMPLE:

12. DEFINITION 12
➢ is a rhetorical style that uses various
techniques to impress upon the reader the
meaning of a term, idea, or concept. Each
definition consists three parts:
✔the term (word or phrase) to be defined;
✔the class of object or concept to which
the term belongs, and
✔the differentiating characteristics that
distinguish it from all others of its class.

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To further understand the discussion above,
consider this example where the word “Sigay
Festival” is defined.
Sigay Festival – is the term to defined
Celebration – is the class where the “Sigay
Festival" belongs
which is a tribute to the aquaculture industry,
the primary source of livelihood in the town
of Binmaley, Pangasinan– are the
characteristics that distinguish the owl from
the other birds.

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WHEN AND WHY USE DEFINITION?
✔ When your writing contains a term that may be
key to audience understanding and that term
could likely be unfamiliar to them
✔ When a commonly used word or phrase has layers
of subjectivity or evaluation in the way you
choose to define it
✔ When the etymology (origin and history) of a
common word might prove interesting or will
help expand upon a point

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HOW TO DISTINGUISH DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEFINITION?
1. Formal Definition. The definitions provided in dictionaries.
2. Informal Definitions. The three common informal definitions are operational
definitions, synonyms, and connotations.
a. Operational Definitions gives the meaning of an abstract word for one
particular time and place.
b. Synonyms or words that mean the same as another word.
c. Denotation is the exact meaning of the word
d. Connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or
things.
3. Definition Paragraph. It is a definition sentence which is extended into a paragraph
by adding meanings, descriptions, narrations, and other kinds of paragraph
development to make clear the term being defined.

16. CLASSIFICATION
16
➢ is sorting things into groups or categories on
a single basis of division.
➢ A classification paper says something
meaningful about how a whole relates to
parts, or parts relate to a whole.
➢ The purpose of classification is to break
down broad subjects into smaller, more
manageable, more specific parts.

17. EXAMPLE: 17
Cell phones have now become part of a
broad category. They can be classified as
feature phones, media phones, and
smartphones.
In a classification
paragraph, you tell
readers how a
collection of items
can be sorted into
categories. It is an
activity of sorting
items (people,
things, ideas) into
categories.

18. HOW TO EASILY DISTINGUISH
CLASSIFICATION IN PARAGRAPHS?
18
1. The following terms appear:
Aspects Kinds Qualities
Traits Areas Levels
Systems Types
2. The following transitional devices bridge one
sentence from the other:
can be divided can be categorized
can be classified the first type

19. COMPARISON - CONTRAST
19
A paragraph developed by comparison and
contrast has a unifying idea or purpose. Also, it
must be balanced in such a way that there is an
equal amount of information for each subject to
avoid bias.
➢ A comparison
identifies/tells
the similar
characteristics
of two
concepts or
objects.
➢ A contrast, on
the other
hand, provides
how these
concepts differ
from each
other.
The goal of a
comparison-contrast
pattern is to show that
one concept or idea is
superior to the other –
based on observed and
evaluated elements of
both concepts.

20. 20
Transitional Devices Examples
C
O
M
P
A
R
I
S
O
N
like The boy moves like a professional dancer.
both
Both Karen and Gina are classmates in this
Photography Class.
As…as Rina is as brave as her mother.
similarly Jinn and Bill are dressed similarly in this photoshoot.
the same way
We prepped for the holiday the same way we did last
year.
equally important
Cooperation and trust are equally important in
achieving success in our organization.
likewise.
Covid vaccines give us added protection from the
virus. Likewise, it decreases the chances of critical
conditions.
C
O
N
T
R
A
S
T
but Kaye is tough, but she cries sometimes.
Yet
Rich did not finish his degree, yet he became the most
successful entrepreneur in their town.
however,
Laura could not sing in front of a big crowd. However,
she recorded her debut song in her own studio
on the other hand
I would like to buy a new iPhone, but on the other
hand I should be saving money for my tuition fees.
in contrast
My shirt is in contrast with the group’s prescribed
shirt.

21. 21
Afritada and Caldereta
by Rhodora Kaye Cabrera
Afritada and Caldereta are local stews always present in a Pinoy lunch or
dinner table. They are both made up of meats and tomato sauce - creating a
festive red color. These two are easy to make, but some are still confused in
identifying these dishes. Afritada is traditionally made with chicken while
Caldereta uses beef or goat meat. Afritada is simmered in tomato sauce the
same way with Caldereta, but the latter is mixed with liver spread and
sometimes with cheese. When it comes to their veggies, they both have
potatoes and carrots. However, Afritada may also have green, yellow, or red
bell peppers. But even when they differ in ingredients, they still both taste as
good as heaven!
1. What two ideas/concepts are being described in the text?
2. What are their similarities? Their differences?
3. What transitional devices are used in the text?

22. 22
AFRITADA CALDERETA
Venn Diagram
-made with
chicken
-with green,
yellow, or red
bell pepper.
-both made up of meat
-simmered in tomato
sauce
-with potato and carrots
-both taste as good as
heaven
-uses beef of goat
meat
-mixed with liver
spread and/or
cheese

23. CAUSE AND EFFECT 23
➢ When used in developing a paragraph, it
explains why a sequence, condition, and
phenomenon happens and how they lead to
another.
➢ ● A cause states
why something
happens
➢ an effect is
what happens.

24. 24
Transitional Devices Functions Examples
Because Used to introduce reasons Trisha got vaccinated because she was afraid of
contracting the virus.
For May be used instead of because She was punished for being tardy at work.
So Connecting clauses indicating cause then
effect
Lisa is true to her friend Josh, so she kept her
promise.
Since Refers to a point after a specific time Since the whole family stayed at home during
the lockdown, no one got the deadly virus.
Consequently Signals causal relationship He did not receive his vaccine. Consequently,
he got hospitalized for severe COVID-19
infection.
Therefore Signals causal relationship. Also signals a
logical conclusion or reasonable inference.
Patrick studied his lessons religiously.
Therefore, he passed his final exam.
For this/that reason Signals causal relationship when reason is
explicitly stated.
Myrna effectively accomplished all her task for
the quarter. For this reason, her mom is
thinking of giving her a reward she will never
forget.
In that case Signals a conditional relationship, like if–
>then
All her students were not able to submit their
outputs on time. And in that case, Ms. Castro
moved the due date for three days.
The following are words and phrases that can be used as transition in a Cause-and-Effect pattern:

25. 25
There are three different ways to utilize the cause-and-effect writing pattern: cause to effect, effect to cause,
and consecutive cause and effect.
❖ Cause to Effect
In this pattern, the
cause, which is either
an event or action, is
stated right at the
beginning of a
paragraph, followed by
statements on its
effects.
This type of
organization is best for
explaining a single
cause with multiple
effects.
❖ Effect to Cause
In this pattern, the effect is
stated at the beginning of
the text, followed by
sentences and paragraphs
that explain further the
causes.
This type of organization is
best for presenting a single
effect with different causes.
❖ Consecutive cause
and effect
In this type of
organization, each cause
has its corresponding
effect, and they are
tackled one by one in a
few sentences or
paragraphs.
The writer explains each
cause and effect
completely before moving
on to the next pair of
cause and effect.

26. 26
EFFECTS
CAUSE 6
CAUSE 1 CAUSE 2 CAUSE 3
CAUSE 5
CAUSE 4
Underlying factors
of the CAUSE

27. 27
Read the text and study the graphic organizer that follows:
Effects of Alcohol
Letting alcohol take control over your life has many negative effects on a person and the
people around them. One important effect is the damage you can do to your body. Drinking can
lead to severe illness and even eventual death; some health consequences to consider might
be liver disease, kidney failure and, for pregnant women, the loss of their unborn child. Another
detriment is that an addiction could lead to drinking and driving; possibly causing a fatal car
accident for either yourself and/or an innocent by stander. Another concern to consider is the
relationships alcohol can destroy. Alcohol abuse can have very serious effect on a person’s
temperament, which can lead to spousal and even child abuse. Alcohol often is the number one
cause in divorce and spending time in jail. It can also affect relationships outside of the family;
many people have lost lifelong friends whether it is due to foolish arguments and behavior or
possibly death. Lastly, drinking has negative effects on self-esteem and rational thinking.
People become more self-centered, develop low self-esteem, doing things or behaving in ways
that they would not normally. They have little or no regard to the outcomes of what is said or
done when they grow reliant on getting that alcohol high. The negative effects of alcohol abuse
are overwhelming when considering the many consequences that drinkers and the people
around them must deal with.
Source:
http://english120.pbworks.com/w/page/19006810/cause%20and%20effect%20paragraphs

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Alcohol
Addiction
Relationship
with family
Mental
Health
Physical
damage
Severe illness such as liver
and kidney failure
Fatal car accident
Affects self-esteem and
rational thinking Loss of unborn child
Affects relationship with
friends
Spousal and Child abuse
Relationship
with other
people
CAUSE
EFFECTS

29. PROBLEM-SOLUTION 29
Problem- solution pattern is utilized to discuss a
problem and propose one or more solutions to fix
the issue.
The problem section highlights the problem, its
occurrence, and supporting details why this
needed to be addressed immediately.
The solution section contains answers on how to
solve the problem and why these solutions are
viable.

30. 30
The following are the signal words or phrases to look out for
when reading problem- solution text or you can use when
writing one.
problem need indicate
solution difficulty solve
because dilemma resolve
cause challenge plan
since issue as a result
answer in order to propose
so that suggest

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Example:
Poverty is a word to beat. The whole world thrives on getting rid of this
seemingly irresistible dilemma. All around the globe, the government,
together with the private sectors and other agencies, unite to improve
society's condition, most especially the far-flung areas. Leaders from
different countries gather in this weeklong forum to discuss resolutions
and plans for action.
PROBLEM SOLUTION
POVERTY
Leaders from different
countries gather in this
weeklong forum to discuss
resolutions and plans for action.

32. PERSUASION 32
- a writing pattern where you convince readers that your
opinion is the right one. When writing a persuasive
paragraph, you must have a subjective point of view as
you are in favor of one idea.
There are three techniques of persuasion: logos, pathos, and ethos.
Logos - to the reader’s
logic. You are going to
use facts when arguing
your point.
Pathos -appeals to the
reader’s emotions. You are
convincing your reader
through triggering or
affecting his/her feelings.
Ethos -appeals to the
writer’s credibility. You are
presenting yourself as a
reputable source of
information by giving
sound judgment.

33. 33
The following are the signal words or phrases to look out for in persuasive text which you can also
use when writing one.
When answering the opposition When listing evidence When drawing conclusions
Some may say/ but/ however First, second, third Therefore
Nevertheless Another/ next Thus
On the other hand Finally Hence
Consequently
Example:
Let us all get rid of apathy! First off, it is a poison to the soul. Also, it is not
beneficial to relationships. Let us learn to sympathize with others and love
genuinely. Life is something to celebrate. Spend every day thinking about how you
can help those who are in need. Of course, you are a blessing!

34. THANK YOU!