GASTRITIS

1. GASTRITIS
THE WORD GASTRITIS COMES FROM TWO WORDS, "GASTRO" REFERRING TO THE
STOMACH AND "ITIS" A SUFFIX USUALLY USED IN MEDICAL CONDITIONS. MEANING
INFLAMMATION. GASTRITIS IS AN INFLAMMATION, IRRITATION, OR EROSION OF THE
LINING OF THE STOMACH (MUCOSA).
IT CAN OCCUR SUDDENLY (ACUTE) OR GRADUALLY (CHRONIC). THE STOMACH LINING
CONTAINS SPECIAL CELLS THAT PRODUCE ACID AND ENZYMES, WHICH HELP BREAK
DOWN FOOD FOR DIGESTION, AND MUCUS, WHICH PROTECTS THE STOMACH LINING
FROM ACID. WHEN THE STOMACH LINING IS INFLAMED, IT PRODUCES LESS ACID,
ENZYMES, AND MUCUS.

2. • TYPES OF GASTRITIS
• considered one of the most common Stomach 1. Acute Gastritis: Acute Gastritis is
types of gastritis. This is a painful inflammation of the lining of the stomach that
occurs suddenly and may also involve bleeding of the stomach mucosa. Bleeding is
primarily caused due to damage to the tissue caused by the acid found in
stomachs. The bleeding normally lasts for less than 24 hours. The principal cause
of acute gastritis is the Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which accounts for 90% cases.
This type of gastritis may also result from eating spoiled food, dead fish or
animals, bones, plastic, wood, chemicals, drugs or toxic plants, etc. Viral infection
is also considered a possible cause.
• 2. Chronic gastritis: Chronic gastritis, on the other hand, is more often found in
older people. Chronic gastritis involves long-term inflammation of the mucosal
lining of the stomach and this inflammatory condition of the upper digestive
system can last for years. Among numerous possible causes, the H. pylori bacteria
are found to be the primary reason. In case of chronic gastritis, the sphincter
above the stomach fails to do the job properly and as a result the acid goes up the

3. • There are two major types of chronic gastritis known as Chronic
Erosive Gastritis and Chronic Non-erosive Gastritis.
• A) Erosive gastritis:
mucosal erosion
due to alcohol consumption
NSAIDs
this leads to weight loss
B) Non erosive gastritis
In case of non-erosive gastritis, the body accidentally targets the
stomach as a foreign protein or infection. It makes antibodies against
it and, thus, severely damages or even destroys the stomach
and/or its lining.

4. • 3. Acute Stress Gastritis: The acute stress gastritis is another common
type of gastritis that mainly results from severe illness or injury. This is
most commonly found among patients in intensive care units,
especially among those with respiratory failure, sepsis (infection in the
blood), kidney failure, severe burns, peritonitis or neurologic trauma.
These problems usually do not directly affect the stomach.
• 4. Atrophic Gastritis: Atrophic Gastritis is a chronic form in which the
gastric mucosa becomes very thin (atrophy) and most of the cells that
produce digestive acids and enzymes are lost. This type of gastritis
usually occurs due to an autoimmune problem in which antibodies
attack the body's own tissues (autoantibodies).

5. • CAUSES OF GASTRITIS
• Gastritis usually develops when stomach's protective layer becomes
weakened or damaged. A mucus-lined barrier protects the wall of
stomach from the acids that help digest food. Weaknesses in the
barrier allow digestive juices to damage and inflame stomach
lining. A number of diseases and conditions can make stomach's
protective layer vulnerable to damage and increase risk of gastritis.
• Bacterial infection
• Use of analgesics
• Older age
• Excessive alcohol use
• Stress
• Use of cocaine

6. • Bile reflux disease
• Autoimmune disorder: type I diabetes, also vitamin b12
deficiency
• Other condition: HIV/AIDS

7. • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiological factors
Gastric mucous membrane become edematous and hyperemic
(congested with blood and fluid)
Gastric mucous membrane undergoes superficial erosion
Superficial ulceration may occur
Damage from irritant result in increased intracellular PH, impaired
enzyme function, disrupted cellular structure, ischemia, tissue death
Gastritis

8. • MANIFESTATIONS
• Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many people
there are no symptoms. However, the most common symptoms
include:
• A gnawing or burning ache or pain (indigestion) in upper abdomen
that may become either worse or better with eating
• Nausea and Vomiting
• A feeling of fullness in upper abdomen after eating
• Abdominal bloating
• Acid regurgitation particularly after meals
• Hiccups

9. • DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS
• Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia or low blood
count
• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
• H. pylori tests
• Double-contrast barium study
• Fecal occult blood test (stool test) X-ray of upper digestive system
• Histologic examination of a tissue obtained by biopsy
• Liver and kidney functions
• Urinalysis
• Gallbladder and pancreas functions

10. • MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Antibiotic: such as amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole,
tetracycline
• Antacids:
• Proton pump inhibitors
• Cytoprotective agents: these medications (sucralfate and
misoprostol) help to protect the tissue that line the stomach and
small intestine. By NSAIDs
• Antiemetics