Party Identification
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Children develop their initial political views through formal education and the reinforcement of partisan opinions from peer groups like friends and coworkers. Religious institutions also teach values that influence political opinions on issues like authority, equality, and social justice. As citizens interact more with political leaders, institutions, and media coverage of issues and events, their political socialization is further shaped, which can differ across generations based on formative experiences. National scandals and events in particular play a role in political socialization.
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This document contains summaries of key concepts in political science:
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- It defines types of campaign funding: direct "hard money" donations and less regulated "soft money".
- It explains swing states that can support either party, and microtargeting of specific demographic ads.
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- It lists key factors that influence elections: the economy, presidential popularity, time in office of the incumbent party.
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This document discusses several key concepts relating to public opinion and political socialization. It defines public opinion and its components - collective political beliefs, of the public or subgroups, on important government issues. It also discusses factors that influence political socialization, such as family, peer groups, religion, media, national events, demographics and ideology. Finally, it notes some potential issues with public opinion polling through ambiguous, leading and biased word choice questions.
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This document provides an overview of political parties in the United States. It defines political parties as coalitions that recruit candidates, control government, and promote their ideas. It discusses the role of parties in elections, government organization, and linking citizens to government. It also examines factors like party identification, regional variations, and notable third parties. Duverger's law is noted, stating two parties typically emerge under plurality voting systems. Examples of realigning elections are provided.
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Political Participation Essay
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Political Participation Essay
American political parties are unique, because the only qualification is self identification. Of course, several factors impact how an individual politically identifies themselves. These factors may include family life, childhood environment, etc. One major aspect is education level. How an individual s education level impacts their political self identification in the political spectrum is a well researched topic. Education influences the binary decision to participate in politics, whether it be through voting or some other form of political activism. Education level also shapes an individual s various policy positions. Most directly, education (specifically political literacy) affects how well they perceive the larger political landscape and where they fit into it.
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Adam Berzinsky and Gabriel Lenz tried to study education as a cause for political participation in their article Education and Political Participation: Exploring the Causal Link . They compared levels of political participation among men who avoided...show more content...Hillygus analyzed whether the polarization in Washington, DC was representative of the American public in The Nature of Political Ideology in the Contemporary Electorate . They did this by focusing on responses to 23 questions from the 2000 American National Election Study that reflect a variety of politically relevant issues (Treier and Hillygus 684). This way, they could see how well a person s policy positions correlated to their ideological identification. These questions covered both economic and social issues, so they were able to look at economic/social policy positions as indepen
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This document discusses political socialization and ideology. It defines key terms like politics, government, and institutions. It then examines the major sources of political views, including social factors like family, religion, education, gender, as well as biological factors like genetics. It explores how these shape people's ideological beliefs, looking specifically at liberalism, conservatism, libertarianism, and populism in the US context. It also analyzes how social cleavages like class, region and age can influence political opinions.
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This study aimed to summarize the relationship between educational achievement and political conviction, as expressed through political participation. The study utilized data from the 2012 ANES survey, focusing on three dependent variables measuring different forms of participation: donations of money, vocal/written support, and contributions of time. It found a positive trend between higher education levels and higher levels of participation across all three variables. However, the correlations were relatively weak, indicating education is not strongly predictive of participation. Future studies should explore other predictive factors like gender, age, class, or partisanship. The study also noted a sharp increase in monetary donations at higher education levels, warranting further investigation.
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PPOL 511 Course Introduction
This document outlines the syllabus for the PPOL 511 Fall 2020 course. It introduces the instructor, Dr. Austin Trantham, and provides information on their teaching philosophy, research interests, and office hours. The course will meet live on Mondays over Blackboard Collaborate and participation is expected. Grading will be based on discussion leadership, exams, policy papers, and a capstone analysis. The document also outlines expectations for communication, attendance, assignments, classroom conduct, and the university's core values.
Financial Scandals
The document summarizes various corruption scandals that occurred during Ulysses S. Grant's presidency from 1869 to 1877, known as the "Era of Good Stealings". Speculators Jim Fisk and Jay Gould tried to corner the gold market, while the Secretary of the Treasury allowed private citizens to collect taxes in exchange for large commissions. Several cabinet members and the Attorney General were also found to have accepted bribes and misused government funds and contracts for personal gain. The Whiskey Ring conspiracy involved bribing IRS agents to avoid liquor taxes. The Credit Mobilier scandal revealed that Congress members received stock in the railroad company at below market value.
Bureaucracy
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the POL 205 course on the US bureaucracy. It discusses Max Weber's principles of bureaucracy, the three main functions of the US bureaucracy as implementation, regulation, and adjudication. It also outlines how political influences have shaped the bureaucracy historically from the spoils system to civil service reforms and key laws that have expanded bureaucratic powers like the Interstate Commerce Act and Federal Reserve Act.
More Sex Scandals
Several US politicians faced scandals related to inappropriate sexual behavior while in office. Representative Wilbur Mills had an affair with a stripper named Fannie Foxe. Senator Bob Packwood faced unspecified allegations. Senator Larry Craig was arrested in an undercover sting for allegedly soliciting sex in an airport bathroom. Senator Al Franken resigned from Congress after multiple allegations of inappropriate conduct, including groping a woman during a USO tour.
Clinton and Lewinsky
- Bill Clinton engaged in an inappropriate relationship with Monica Lewinsky and initially denied it. He later admitted the relationship was wrong.
- Republicans led impeachment proceedings against Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice related to the scandal. He was acquitted in the Senate trial.
- The scandal may have hurt Al Gore's 2000 presidential campaign by making Democrats less enthusiastic and the Gore campaign more cautious without Clinton's vigorous campaigning. This potentially changed the outcome of the close 2000 election where Gore lost Florida after a recount.
Plunkitt of Tammany Hall
This document discusses two types of political representation: delegate representation, where a representative follows the exact wishes of their constituents regardless of consequences, and trustee representation, where a representative listens to constituent views but makes their own judgment on the best course of action.
Political Machines
This document summarizes key political, economic, and social developments in the United States from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. It discusses the rise of political machines like Tammany Hall in response to immigration and industrialization. New inventions like the cotton gin and development of railroads transformed the economy and sparked labor conflicts. Reform movements like Progressivism sought to curb corruption and regulate large businesses in the Gilded Age.
State Legislatures
This document provides an overview of state legislatures, including their roles in lawmaking, representation, constituent services, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment. It discusses the structure of state legislatures, including the types and names of legislative chambers. The document also covers trends in legislative professionalism using Squire's measure of salaries, session length, and staff/resources. Different types of legislatures - professional, hybrid, and citizen - are defined. Additional topics include redistricting, the composition of state legislatures, and models of representation.
Governors and Executives
This document discusses the roles and powers of state governors. It examines governors' formal powers like appointment power, budgetary authority, and veto power. It also analyzes informal powers like using the bully pulpit to influence public opinion and persuade legislators. Governors can politicize the bureaucracy by appointing loyalists and can strengthen their party by campaigning with other members and aligning their agenda with party goals. The document also notes governors' roles in times of crisis and their ability to declare emergencies.
State Legislatures
This document provides an overview of state legislatures, including their roles in lawmaking, representation, constituent services, oversight, appropriations, and impeachment. It discusses the structure of state legislatures, including the types and names of legislative chambers. The document also covers trends in legislative professionalism using Squire's measure of salaries, session length, and staff/resources. Additionally, it addresses redistricting approaches and the demographics of state legislative membership.
Political Parties and Interest Groups
This document outlines the structure and roles of political parties at different levels of government in the United States. It discusses the basic units of precincts and wards and how they relate to congressional districts. It then explains the roles of county, state, and national party organizations in recruiting candidates, organizing conventions, fundraising, and strengthening local groups. Finally, it identifies two types of leaders for party organizations: pragmatists who prioritize electability and purists who are more principled and issue-oriented.
Political Attitudes and Participation
This document discusses various topics related to voter participation and turnout in the United States, including: historical barriers to voting like discriminatory laws against Black voters; theories for why U.S. voter turnout lags other industrialized nations such as non-compulsory voting and weekday elections; factors influencing individual voter decisions like party identification, costs/benefits analyses, and retrospective vs prospective voting; and current issues like attempts to increase voter participation through reducing legal obstacles and voter mobilization efforts.
Presidency
This document provides an overview of the US presidency, including the selection process, qualifications, and basic duties and powers of the office. It discusses how presidents are chosen by the Electoral College to serve 4-year terms, with basic requirements including being a natural-born US citizen at least 35 years old who has resided in the US for 14 or more years. It also outlines the president's formal powers as Commander-in-Chief, to make treaties and appointments, and informal powers through tools like executive orders and public persuasion.
Congress
This document discusses the structure and functions of the United States Congress. It outlines that Congress is divided into two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House has 435 voting members elected by population, while the Senate has 100 members with 2 per state elected via state legislatures. Congress passes laws, declares war, regulates commerce, and oversees the executive branch through powers enumerated in the Constitution. The document also examines congressional leadership positions, the committee system, and the legislative process.
Civil Rights
This document provides an overview of key concepts and events related to civil liberties and civil rights in the United States. It defines civil liberties as restricting government action to protect individual rights, while civil rights require government action to secure individual rights. Major topics covered include the rights of Black Americans before and after the Civil War, key Supreme Court cases and amendments related to racial equality and voting rights, as well as landmark civil rights acts and events of the 20th century promoting desegregation and prohibiting various forms of discrimination.
POL 375 Trust Legitimacy Support for Government
This document discusses political support at the individual level and reassesses the concept. It covers three main conditions for individual-level political support: awareness of political authorities, awareness of their decisions and policies, and awareness of their goals and behavior. Political support can be based on specific policy actions and perceptions of general performance. It also discusses factors that can act as barriers to political support like cognitive incapacity and issues with measurement. Finally, it briefly outlines different types of legitimacy like traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal legitimacy.
Pol 375 Defining Scandal and Corruption
This document provides an introduction to the POL 375 course on the role of government scandals. It discusses reasons for studying scandals, such as understanding why some events become scandals and the effects of inappropriate behavior by public figures. It also presents definitions of key concepts like scandal, corruption, and political scandal. Scandals are defined as involving transgressions that become known and elicit a public response. Corruption refers to actions that deviate from a public role for private gain. The document outlines stages of scandals and possible counter-strategies. It also discusses factors that influence whether actions are seen as more or less corrupt.
POL 318 State Consitutions
This document provides information about state constitutions and how they differ from the U.S. Constitution. It discusses key features of state constitutions such as being more detailed documents that focus on specific policies, having undergone more revisions than the U.S. Constitution, and generally requiring balanced budgets. The document also notes some of the processes states use to amend their constitutions, such as legislative proposals, initiatives and referendums, constitutional conventions, and constitutional commissions.
POL 318 Federalism
This document outlines key aspects of the US federal system of government, including the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches at the federal level. It also discusses key features of federalism such as the division of powers between the national and state governments. Over time, the relationship between the national and state governments has shifted, moving from a "layer cake" model to a more cooperative "marble cake" approach. Contemporary issues discussed include immigration, tribal sovereignty, and privacy laws.
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Party Identification
- 3. INSTRUCTIONS Take the short Political Party Quiz from the Pew Research Center. If you feel comfortable, share your results with a neighbor. How can we measure party identification?
- 7. Children are broadly politically socialized through formal education.
- 8. A peer group can include friends, neighbors, and co-workers. They can reinforce or refine partisan opinions.
- 9. Religious institutions teach values relating to law and authority, equality, and social justice.
- 10. Citizens turn to political leaders and institutions when forming their political opinions. Different political ideologies have different opinions on issues.
- 11. Political socialization can depend on what the media covers, how they cover it, and the accessibility of coverage.
- 13. Younger people may have different attitudes and beliefs from older generations. Example: Those coming of age during WorldWar II versus those who grew up during theVietnamWar or 9/11
- 14. National events like Watergate and 9/11 can affect someone’s political socialization.