4. “Also called child birth.
Is a process during which the fetus ,
placenta and fetal membranes are
expelled from the mothers
reproductive part.
5. Labor
sequence of involuntary uterine
contractions that results in
-Dilation of uterine cervix.
-Expulsion of fetus and placenta.
Stages of labor:
1.DILATION
2.EXPULSION.
3.THE PLACENTAL STAGE.
6. 1.DILATION
Regular painful contractions of the uterus
occurs less than 10 minutes apart.
Contraction begin @ the upper portion of
uterus and sweep downward.
Increase in frequency and intensity of
contraction.
Cervical canal forced to open to maximum
diameter of approx. 10cm.
7. Dilation is divided into 2 phases-
• LATENT PHASE-Cervix 0-4 cm dilated.
• ACTIVE PHASE –Cervix 4-10 cm dilated.
Latent phase
-6 Hour-For a women who is giving birth for
the first time.
-Around 5 Hours-For a women who’s given
birth previously.
-For some it may last up to 8-12 Hours.
8. Active phase
-Cervix will dilate at a rate of 1 cm per hour:
for a women who’s giving birth for the first time.
-Cervix will dilate at a rate of 2 cm per hour:
for a women who previously had a vaginal birth.
9. 2.Expulsion
Begins when cervix is fully dilated.
Ends with delivery of the baby.
During this stage fetus descends through
the cervix and vagina.
Fetal membranes rupture.
Amniotic fluid is lost through the vagina.
Contraction of abdominal muscles—
powerful contraction of fetus’s head into
the birth canal.
10. Baby is pushed out of the uterus and down the
vagina , usually head first.
(leg first : BREECH BIRTH)
Once the head is born , rest of the body
follows much more easily.
2 Phases
-PASSIVE PHASE-Baby’s head moves
through the vagina.
-ACTIVE PHASE-The mothers feels a
need to push , or contract the abdominal
muscles in time with uterine contractions.
11. Active phase
-Last about 45 minutes for a women who’s
having her first baby.
-Lasts about 30 minutes for women who’ve had
vaginal delivery.
Passive phase
-End with the birth of the baby.
-Newborn baby is called NEWBORN INFANT
or NEONATE.
-Umbilical cord is clamped.
-Breastfeeding is encouraged.
12. 3.THE PLACENTAL STAGE
10-45 minutes after the birth—Uterus continues to
contract to a smaller and smaller size-causes a
shearing effect b/w the walls of placenta and uterus.
Placenta is separated from implantation site-causes
bleeding.
Average blood loss-350 ml-500ml.
(POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE).
13. If Doctor plays an
active role including
gently pulling on the
placenta
-Around 5 minutes.
Without assistance
-30 minutes.
16. HORMONAL ACTION
Fetal hypothalamus—CRH—Stimulates the anterior
Pituitary —ACTH—Stimulates adrenal cortex—Cortisol—
Involved in the synthesis of Estrogen—Stimulate uterine
contraction.
OXYTOCIN
-Released by posterior pituitary.
-Stimulate myometrial contraction.
-contraction of muscles of uterus , helping to
recover its normal tone after birth.
19. LACTATION-Secretion of milk by breasts or
mammary gland.
Contain ducts(LACTIFEROUS DUCT) that branch all
through the tissue and converge at nipples.
Ducts arise from sac like glands called ALVEOLI—
Secretes milk.
Alveoli--surrounded by Smooth muscle
fibers(myoepithelial fibers).
Contraction of muscles-release of milk.
Sinus-Expanded portion of each duct.
FUNCTION : Storage of milk.
20.
21. Onset of puberty—Estrogen—marked
enhancement of duct growth and branching ,
relatively little development of alveoli.
Pregnancy period
-Breast size increases due to the development
of milk glands[PROGESTERONE].
-Development of ducts[ESTROGEN].
Anterior pituitary—Prolactin—Milk production.
Through out pregnancy—presence of Estrogen
and Progesterone inhibits Prolactin secretion.
22. Birth—Loss of Placenta—fall in Estrogen and
Progesterone level—Prolactin no longer inhibited—
Production of milk.
Placental lactogen(Chorionic somatomammotropin)
Plays an important role in breast development.
MILK EJECTION REFLEX
-Is caused by the combined neurogenic and
hormonal reflex(Posterior pituitary hormone
-OXYTOCIN).
-Reflexly released in response to suckling.
23. COLOSTRUM
o First secretion following birth.
o Yellow color.
o Rich in protein globulin.
o Low fat content.
o Means of passing antibody IgA from
mother to baby.
24. Constituents of milk
4 major constituents.
Water
Proteins(Lactalbumin & casein)
Fat
Carbohydrate lactose(Milk sugar)
Made from the nutrients circulating in
the blood with the help of PROLACTIN ,
INSULIN , GROWTH HORMONE ,
CORTISOL Etc.
Significance : Reduces infant sickness
and mortality.
25. FACTS!!!
Breast feeding reduces the risk of:
Type I and II diabetes.
Leukemia.
Obesity.
High blood pressure.
High cholesterol levels.
Asthma.
Breastfeeding reduces mama’s risk of ovarian and
breast cancer, heart disease, and
osteoporosis. The longer she breastfeeds, the
higher the benefit.
Breastfed infants are at lower risk for sudden
infant death syndrome (SIDS)